The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
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Transcript of The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Culture revealed
Culture is revealed through the beliefs, customs and traditions,
the architecture and arts, the systems of communication and
political systems of a particular group of people in a particular time and place.
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
About this presentation:
• Daniel: Frameworks to understand cultures
• Mariano: A Culture Map comparing national cultures
• Ashok: Measuring cultural difference
• Point of view -> Worldview -> Cultural assumption
• To remind us that …
“Just because we aren’t all the same it doesn’t mean we have nothing in common”
Kirk Kerekes
Culture
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Knower(s)
Reason Language
Perception Emoti
on
Ways of Knowing
Areas of KnowledgeMathematics
Natural Sciences
Human
Scien
ces
History
The Arts
Ethi
csFa
ith/B
elief
“Culture is the subconsciousprogramming of the mind”
E.G.Hall
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Different types of Culture• Western Culture• Islamic Culture• African Culture• National Culture• Ethnic Culture• Tribal Culture
Subcultures: groups with distinctive characteristics within a larger culture • Organisational Culture • Youth Culture• RCNUWC Culture• ‘Area of Specialization' Culture (Subjects)
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Daniel …
Characteristics
Of Culture
Adaptive
LearnedShared
Symbolic
Patterned
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Economic Dimension
SocialDimension
Environmental Dimension
ViabilityResponsibility
Equi
ty
Cultural DimensionQuality of Life, Values, Aspirations, Diversity,
Innovation, Relationship, Vitality
Source: Catherine Runnelis, 2006MA Thesis for Royal Rhodes University
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Values
Rituals
Heroes, Stories
Symbols
Practices
Shallow
Deep
Shallow Visible
Invisible
Visible
Hofstede’s Onion Model
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Hofstede’s Dimensions of National Culture
• High/Low Power Distancedegree of acceptability of inequity of wealth & privilege
• Individualism/Collectivismrelative weakness/strength of relationships between individuals and the in-group
• Masculinity/Femininityextent of clarity and distinctiveness of gender roles
• High/Low Uncertainty Avoidancehow upset people get about ambiguity and future doubt
• High/Low Time Orientation
Source: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/1360130201001.png
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
BasicUnderlying
Assumptions
Espoused Values
Mission StatementEthical Code
Artefacts
Shallow
Deep
Shallow Visible
Invisible
Visible
Schein’s Levels of Culture Model
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Cultural Web
ParadigmCore Values
StoriesAbout
important events, people and deviants
SymbolsUniforms,
logos, titles, jargon
Routines &Rituals
Taken-for-granted ways we do things
around here, education models
PowerGenerally about the
most powerful group and their core
values
ControlsPerformance
measurements and reward systems and what they focus on
Organization Structures
Hierarchies, chain of command, rules,
formal functions
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Cultural Web of UK National Health Service
Paradigm•NHS is a ”Good Thing”•Public service•Free at point of delivery•Clinicians values•Providers know best•Acute sector superior•“Ours”
Stories•Cures•Villains (politicians)•Heroes and heroism•Change agents are fools•Abuse of managers•The golden age
Symbols•Terminology•White coats/uniforms•Retinues•Mobile phones•Doctors’ dining room•Big institutions•“Royal”
Routines •Clinical rituals•Consultation ceremonies•Patient infantalising - waiting rooms - putting to bed - waking up•Ward rounds
Power•Fragmented: - professional bodies - doctors - senior clinicians•“Old Boy” network•Politicians
Controls•Financial reporting•Waiting lists•Consultant episodes•Professional responsibility
Organization Structures
•Hierarchical•Mechanistic•Pecking order of services•Tribal/Functional
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Mariano …
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map of the World
One way of conceptualizing and comparing cultures
& cultural values
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
• Relative importance of family, friends, work, leisure-time, politics, religion
• Relative importance of qualities to teach children: independence, hard work, religion, responsibility, imagination, tolerance, thrift, perseverance, unselfishness, obedience
• Who would make the worst neighbours: drug addicts, different race, immigrants, homosexuals, different religion, heavy drinkers, AIDS, unmarried couples, different language
• Would people try to take advantage of you if they got a chance, or would they try to be fair?
• etc
Questionaires
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Ashok …
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Does Culture shape how we look at faces?
• Face processing, amongst many basic visual skills, is thought to be invariant across all humans.
• Culture shapes perception so fundamentally that it may determine the way we look at faces.
• East Asians focus their gazes on the center of faces; Westerners looked to first the eyes, and then to the mouth.The findings were produced by University of Glasgow psychologists who tracked the eye motions of observers as they looked at portraits.
• The study was small and hasn't been replicated, but the differences were stark.
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
• Scholars believe that differences in worldview — an increasingly popular term to describe the fundamental thoughts which cause people to commit or omit certain actions — are the root of all differences between nations and civilisations that potentially cause clashes. Hence, the so-called ‘clashes of civilisations’.
• A worldview is basically the way we see things of fundamental value in our life, such as God, religion, humanity, knowledge, politics, happiness and truth. A worldview is a direct product of culture, religion, race and belief.
• Individual learning depends on culture and language.Once people have learned to learn in a given way it is extremely difficult to learn in any other way. Culture reflects the way one learns.
• Does Biology and Culture shape the way we parent?
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
Points of view………..
The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing
It’s all about your point of view- and your point of viewshapes, and is shaped by
Culture