The effect of ball features on health risks in competitive ... · Horst Wein (2016) named 25...
Transcript of The effect of ball features on health risks in competitive ... · Horst Wein (2016) named 25...
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The effect of ball features on health risks in competitive children and youth football conducted by the Friedrich-Alexander University
Erlangen-Nuremberg (Condensed Version)
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 2
2. Methods ............................................................................................................................ 4
3. Results ............................................................................................................................... 7
4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 11
Table of Figures ................................................................................................................... 12
References ........................................................................................................................... 13
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1. Introduction
There has been an ongoing discussion about the risks of heading in football over the past
decades focusing on the risk of concussion during games, negative long-term effects of
consecutive heading and the protection of the head. However, most of these studies
investigated an adult population but not the possible risks for children. Furthermore, these
studies focused on concussions while other health risks due to the ball itself were often
excluded from the scope. To give a sound statement on the influence of ball features on
various factors of children’s health in football, a systematic analysis and review of the current
state of research based on internationally accepted standards is needed.
Here, various features of the ball need to be taken into account in order to show the whole
picture. These features are the size of the ball, the weight of the ball, ball pressure, the ball’s
texture and its rate of absorbing water in wet weather conditions (cf. Figure 1).
Looking at how physiology and technique in football are developed, these two have a clear
pathway of how to be taught. Subcategories such as the size of the pitch, the size of the
goal, the number of goals, the number of players, substitution systems, the duration of the
game, the system of rules and the form of organization (cf. Figure 2) impact the
periodization. Hence, they are being used at a certain age or at a certain level of skill. The
same holds true for parameters of the ball, as mentioned above. Children should play with a
ball that is appropriate for their age and skill level (Wein, 2016).
Figure 1: Properties of the ball (Lochmann, 2017)
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Horst Wein (2016) named 25 reasons why children should use age appropriate balls for their
football development (cf. Figure 3), which can be further divided into three categories such
as tactical development, technical development and health development.
Figure 2: Features to design competitions age appropriately (Lochmann, 2016)
Figure 3: The main hypothetical advantages of age appropriate parameters of the ball (Lochmann, 2016)
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2. Methods
The systematic review of the existing literature followed the guidelines of the Cochrane
handbook for systematic reviews (Higgins, 2016). Here, a three phase process consisting of
generating the keyword list for the literature research, screening the identified literature
based on predefined criteria and the qualitative analysis of the remaining literature was
conducted.
Figure 4 shows the analysis scheme of the systematic literature review according to the Flow
Diagram of Moher et al. (2009), conducted by the scientists at the Department for Sport and
Sport Science at the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany. In the
process of identifying relevant papers, 203 records were found, 34 of which ultimately were
classified eligible for full-text analysis (cf. Figure 6).
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Figure 4: Analysis Scheme of the systematic literature review conducted by the Department of Sport and Sport
Science at the FAU
Going into greater detail, Figure 5 shows the list of key words which were chosen to search
for valid records in databases such as Pubmed, Scopus and google scholar, representing
categories such as language, health threats, ball features, long-term effects on bio-medical
health and demographic.
From: Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 6(6): e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed1000097
Formoreinformation,visitwww.prisma-statement.org.
AnalysisSchemebasedon
PRISMA2009FlowDiagram
Databases:Pubmed|Scopus|googleScholar
Recordsidentifiedthroughdatabasesearching
(n=229)
Screen
ing
Inclu
ded
Eligibility
Iden
tifica
tion Additionalrecordsidentified
throughothersources(n=0)
Recordsafterduplicatesremoved(n=203)
Recordsselected/screened(n=203)
Recordsexcluded(n=169),withreasons:noreferencetotheballoritsfeatures,noreferencetochildrenorwomen,noreferencetophysiology,notransfertopotentialinjury/threatforhealth;
Full-textarticlesexcluded(n=2),withreasons:poor
quality,problemsretrievingfulltext
Studiesincludedinqualitativesynthesis
(n=32)
Studiesincludedinquantitativesynthesis
(meta-analysis)(n=0)
Full-textarticlesassessedforeligibility(n=34)
Notmeaningfulduetoaninsufficientsetof
calculabledata
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After the records were screened, 34 records fulfilled the criteria for eligibility and were taken
into full-text analysis.
Here, criteria from van Tulder (2003) were applied in order to give a qualitative analysis of
the 34 records, 2 of which had to be excluded due to poor quality and difficulty to retrieve.
Figure 6 shows the qualitative criteria that all 32 records were analyzed by.
Figure 5: Key Word List
Figure 6: Criteria for quantitative analysis
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3. Results
All in all, the epidemiological data, i.e. the studies that report on past events such as
recorded and cataloged data are not useable to address the question what effect ball
features have on the health risk in competitive children and youth football. Hence, only three
studies with theoretical data and some minor experimental trials within them are shown in the
following section. Figure 7 shows all results after the qualitative criteria were applied.
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Shewchenko et al. (2005) use a numerical model in combination with laboratory data to
describe the increase of linear head acceleration when the player’s head comes into contact
with the ball, when ball mas increases through the absorption of water (cf. Figure 8) or
through increased ball pressure (cf. Figure 9).
Figure 8: Numerical Model from Shewchenko et al. (2005), p.i35
Figure 9: Numerical Model from Shewchenko et al. (2005), p.i35
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Queen et al. (2003) use another theoretical calculation in order to describe how linear head
acceleration increases using a size 3 ball at 12 psi inflation at various speeds. Three
different head masses are illustrated in Figure 10. The lower the head mass of the player, the
higher its linear acceleration while maintaining constant size and inflation of the ball.
Babbs (2017) uses another theoretical calculation to show sampling distributions for head
acceleration. Ultimately, accelerations of the head, are experienced to be greater by children
than those experienced by adults. The soccer ball which is currently used in youth soccer,
does not make up for the difference in size, weight and pressure of young players. “However,
a modified size 4 ball can make heading as safe for children as it is for adults” (Babbs, 2017)
Figure 11 shows three different types of balls and the respective mean head acceleration
they cause.
Figure 10: head acceleration at different head masses from Queen et al. (2003), p.2072
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4. Conclusion
To conclude, it can be stated that parameters such as the weight, size and inflation of the
ball as well as its capability to absorb water do have an effect on the health risks in children
and youth football. However, due to the lack of conclusive epidemiological studies, the
conclusions made are based on theoretical calculations only and therefore experimental
studies with a high methodological quality are highly recommended. These studies would
then allow a detailed insight into the true epidemiological effects of individual parameters on
children and youth players and would allow further efforts to be made to reduce these injury
risks.
Figure 11: Head velocity change from Babbs (2017), p.9
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Table of Figures
Figure 1: Properties of the ball (Lochmann, 2017) .................................................................. 2
Figure 2: Features to design competitions age appropriately (Lochmann, 2016) .................... 3
Figure 3: The main hypothetical advantages of age appropriate parameters of the ball
(Lochmann, 2016) ........................................................................................................... 3
Figure 4: Analysis Scheme of the systematic literature review conducted by the Department
of Sport and Sport Science at the FAU ............................................................................ 5 Figure 5: Key Word List .......................................................................................................... 6
Figure 6: Criteria for quantitative analysis ............................................................................... 6
Figure 7: Qualitative Analysis according to van Tulder (2003) of 32 retrieved Studies ............ 8 Figure 8: Numerical Model from Shewchenko et al. (2005), p.i35 ........................................... 9
Figure 9: Numerical Model from Shewchenko et al. (2005), p.i35 ........................................... 9
Figure 10: head acceleration at different head masses from Queen et al. (2003), p.2072 .... 10 Figure 11: Head velocity change from Babbs (2017), p.9 ..................................................... 11
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