THE EARTH!

EARTH’S LAYERS

1. CRUST:

• The rigid, rocky, thin outer

layer.

• 23.5 miles thick.

2. MANTLE:

• Rocky layer containing magma• thickest layer under the crust• Made of metals• 1775 miles thick•1600-6700 degrees

Magma is molten material under the surface of the earth.

3. OUTER CORE:• Made of molten iron-nickel• surrounds the inner core• 1420 miles thick. Liquid.• 6700-8000 degrees.

4. INNER CORE:

• Center of the earth• solid iron-nickel• very hot and under

great pressure.• 767.5 miles thick•13,000 degrees

Convection

• Circular movement where hot air or magma rises and the cooler air sinks causing a circular pattern.

• Causes the plates to move.

EARTH’S Atmosphere

The Earth’s atmosphere

The Earth’s atmosphere

1. Geosphere: the solid rocky surface and the inside of the planet.

2. Hydrosphere: earth’s water in seas and on land.

3. Atmosphere: the air that surrounds earth.

4. Biosphere: all living things on earth!5. Lithosphere: A layer that combines

the crust and the upper mantle.

•Pressure, density, and temperature increase the deeper into the surface of the earth.

•Pressure and density decrease the farther from earth.

ROCK CYCLE

SEDIMENTARYFORMS: *From

sediments compacting and

cementing together.

CHANGES:*under

weathering and erosion turns into sediments.

*Into metamorphic rocks under heat and pressure

EXAMPLES:

SandstoneLimestoneShale

Examples of SEDIMENTARY

ROCKS

SandstoneLimestone

Shale

IGNEOUSFORMS: *from

cooling magma

CHANGES:*under heat and

pressure turns into metamorphic rocks

*under weathering and erosion turns into sediments.

*can melt.

EXAMPLES:

GraniteBasaltPumiceObsidian

Examples of IGNEOUS ROCKS

Obsidian

Granite

Pumice

Basalt

METAMORPHICFORMS: *under

heat and pressure

CHANGES:*can melt and

turn into magma

*under weathering and erosion turns into sediments.

*into Igneous rocks when magma cools

EXAMPLES:

QuartzSlateMarble

Examples of METAMORPHIC

ROCKSSlate

Quartz

Marble

PLATE TECTONICS

Continental Drift Theory:•Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which states that parts of the Earth's crust slowly drift a top a liquid core. • Pangea—all landmasses connected.• Fossil records prove this to be true.

Plate Tectonic Theory• This theory explains the movement of the Earth's plates and also explains the cause of earthquakes, volcanoes, oceanic trenches, mountain range formation, and other geologic phenomenon.

Constructive processes:•Deposition•Mountain Building

Destructive processes• Weathering• Erosion• Mass Movement

TYPES OF CATASTROPHES:1. Volcano eruption2. Asteroid Impact

RESULTS FROM CATASTROPHES:

*change climate*causes mass extinction* noted in rock layers &

fossils

Three types of plate movement: Convergent: plates move together

causing mountain building

Divergent: plates moving apart

Lateral slipping (transform): plates slide beside each other, causing earthquakes

EARTHQUAKES

Caused by:Plates rubbing together

2 parts: Focus: the spot underground where

the earthquake begins.

Epicenter: the spot above ground where the earthquakes spreads out.

VOLCANOES

Caused by:Magma deep within the earth rises

to the surface due to the plates.

Volcanoes are located around plate boundaries

Types of volcanoes: a.Cinder coneb.Shield c.Composite

Ring of fire: Located around the pacific ocean where lots of volcanoes and earthquakes occur.

Weathering and Erosion

I. WEATHERING

I. WEATHERING A. PHYSICAL WEATHERING 1. DEFINITION: Breaks rocks

into smaller and smaller pieces

A. PHYSICAL WEATHERING 1. DEFINITION: Breaks rocks into

smaller and smaller pieces 2. Three types of Physical

Weatheringa. FROST WEDGING: b. ABRASION: c. LIVING ORGANISMS: plant roots, animals burrowing

B. CHEMICAL WEATHERING1. DEFINITION:

Changes rocks and minerals into new chemical combinations

B. CHEMICAL WEATHERING 1. DEFINITION: Changes rocks and

minerals into new chemical combinations

2. Three types of Chemical Weatheringa. SOLUTION WEATHERING: b. OXIDATION: oxygen combines with iron and water. Example: rusty nailsc. LICHENS AND MOSSES: release acid which breaks down rocks.

II. EROSION DEFINITION: The removal or transporting of rocks.

II EROSION A. Four Types of Erosion

1. GRAVITY: causes mass movement. 2. RUNNING WATER: carries particles

away and sorts them. MOST POWERFUL3. ICE: rocks frozen in ice contribute to physical weathering by abrasion. Glaciers4. WIND: particles are picked up and carried off.

III. DEPOSITIONA. Sand grains have formed due to weathering and erosion and have been transported by wind, water, and ice.

B. The sand is then deposited in a new area and forms sedimentary rocks.

A. sediments settle and form a flat, horizontal layer.B. The rock layer on the bottom is the oldest.C. The processes we observe today have occurred this way throughout Earth’s history.

IV. Other Rock Information

Soil

SOIL1. Soil is a layer of dirt between the

atmosphere and the bedrock in the tectonic plates.

2. Soil is found on the surface of the lithosphere.

SOIL3. It is made up of minerals (rock, clay, sand, silt), water, air, and organic (plants and animals) material.

4. There are many types of soil. Each unique by color, texture, and minerals.

SOIL5. Soil is formed slowly as rocks

erode.

6. Organic matter decays and mixes with inorganic material to form soil.

7. Soil is divided into layers. They are called horizons.

8. The bottom horizon develops first.

9. Humus is rich organic material.

Water Notes

Water cycleWater cycle

Transpiration

Subsurface runoff

Water1.Found on the earth:

oceans, seas2.Found under the earth:

streams, drains3.Found in the

atmosphere: vapor, clouds

Ocean Water1. Oceans cover about 70% of the earth’s surface.2. Oceans contain roughly 97% of earth’s water supply. 3. We are the only planet with water. 4. Oceans affect the weather and temperature of earth. 5. Oceans moderate the earth’s temperature by absorbing incoming solar radiation and stores it as heat energy.

Ocean Water6. Ocean currents are constantly moving and distribute heat energy around the world. 7. All the oceans are connected to each other. 8. As water flows in rivers it picks up small amounts of mineral salts from rocks and soil. Then it flows into the oceans and seas. Salt does not evaporate like water, which is why the ocean water gets salty.

Fresh Water1.Fresh water is located in

streams, lakes, and rivers. 2.Reservoirs store water for

future use. 3.Estuaries are where fresh

water and salt water mix.

Geological Timeline

EONEON: the largest division of : the largest division of time.time.

2. 2. ERA:ERA: broad span of time broad span of time based on the life that existed. based on the life that existed. “Zoic” refers to animal life. “Zoic” refers to animal life.

3. 3. PERIOD:PERIOD: shorter spans of time shorter spans of time—based on earth’s crust and —based on earth’s crust and rock formation.rock formation.

4. 4. EPOCHEPOCH: based on layers of : based on layers of rock. Names are based on the rock. Names are based on the % of fossils in the rocks % of fossils in the rocks represented by animals and represented by animals and plants living today.plants living today.

FOSSILS

FOSSILSFOSSILS

Any remains, trace or imprint of a plant or animal that has been

preserved in the earth.

Index FOSSILSIndex FOSSILS

A fossil found in only A fossil found in only one layer of rock in an one layer of rock in an area. It can identify the area. It can identify the age of the specific rock age of the specific rock

layer it is found in.layer it is found in.

Paleontologist: scientist who Paleontologist: scientist who studies fossils.studies fossils.

Geologist: scientist who studies Geologist: scientist who studies the earth…rocksthe earth…rocks

scientists

Wegener• Came up with the Continental Drift Theory.

Lamarck•Defined the word Fossil.

•Father of paleontology

William “Strata” Smith

Father of stratigraphy and historical geology.

James HuttonCame up with uniformitarianism which means: “the present is the key to the past.”