The EarlyCold War:1947-1955

The EarlyCold War:1947-1955

Adapted from Ms. Susan M. PojerAdapted from Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Adapted from Ms. Susan M. PojerAdapted from Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

The Cold War: The Cold War: An Ideological An Ideological

StruggleStruggleSoviet & Eastern Bloc

Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism (???)

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.

METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation] & Space race

Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World/non-aligned peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

Propaganda wars

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended across has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

1.1. Civil War in Greece. (communist v. Civil War in Greece. (communist v. non)non)

2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

3.3. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…minorities or outside pressures… We must assist free peoples to We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in work out their own destinies in their own way.their own way.

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe; Europe; ExtendedExtended to Eastern Europe to Eastern Europe & USSR, & USSR, but this was rejectedbut this was rejected

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]5. Symbolized America’s commitment…5. Symbolized America’s commitment…

6. Am $$ & Euro ingenuity…6. Am $$ & Euro ingenuity…

improve & modernize…improve & modernize…

‘ ‘German Miracle’ German Miracle’

7. Other effects7. Other effects

reduced trade barriers reduced trade barriers

created world marketcreated world market

America benefits America benefits

Sharpened divisions….Sharpened divisions….

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

• Germany KEY…

• Debate over reconstruction $$

• By May ’46, joint admin broke down

• Blockade

• Airlift

• Two Germanies

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

German Occupation Zones

Two Germanies Two Germanies

Berlin: Within East Germany

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

• Soviets fail….

• Yugoslavia

• Euro divided East & West

Stalemate in EuropeStalemate in Europe

Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev

About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

• Japanese Revival– US occupation

– Government

– Powerhouse

Cold War AsiaCold War Asia

Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949

Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!

The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-

1953)1953)

““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

• Post-war: Korea divided…

• 1950- North invades South– Gamble

• UN & Truman denounce

• Back & forth war involving…

• Armistice (1953) • Results

The Korean War:The Korean War:

• Firm belief…

• Hydrogen Bomb

• 1955 • Cautious calm…

End of Round OneEnd of Round One