The Division of Asia

Chapter 27

Section 3

The Division of AsiaRead to Find Out

• Main Idea: The countries of Asia responded in various ways to imperialism

• Terms to define: Sepoy, viceroy, sphere of influence, culture system, westernization

• People to meet: Ci Xi, SunYat-sen, Mathew C. Mutsuhito, Diponeggoro, Emilio Aguinaldo

• Places to locate: Beijing, the East Indies, the Philippines, Indochina

The Division of AsiaOverview

• The Italian explorer Marco Polo wrote the book, Description of the World – Many stories mentioned about Zipangu– East Asian Island– Filled with endless supply of gold– Inspired generations to look eastward to Asia

dreaming of wealth

The British in India

• With sea routes, trade opened up to Asia

• No longer difficult overland routes

• British trade dates back to the 1500s

• In 1600, traders formed the East India Company—very powerful and influential comapany

The British in India

• After founding of East India Company, they built trading posts and forts throughout India

• The French East India Company also built trading posts and forts

• Robert Clive, East India Company agent, used British and Indian troops to defeat the French at the Battle of Plassey

• British expanded their influence with wars and commercial activities

The British in IndiaThe Sepoy Rebellion

• As a result of steady expansion, the East India Company came to control most of India by 1857

• Sepoys were Indian Soldiers– They rebelled against their British commanders – There had been an earlier rebellion about the British

coating the bullets for the new rifles with the fat of pigs and cows. The sepoys, soldiers in the British army, were outraged

– Hindus regard cows as sacred and Muslims cannot touch pigs

The British in IndiaThe Sepoy Rebellion

• Before the greased bullet rumor, the sepoys resented the attempts by the British to convert them to Christianity and European customs

• Sepoy rebellion spread across northern and central India, often killing British men, women, and children

• British forces put down the uprising with great bloodshed—bitterness on both sides

• British tighten control• Sent viceroy to rule—representing the king• Treaties secured loyalty of independent states

The British in IndiaIndian Nationalism

• British try to quell unrest by investing– Built roads, railway system, telegraph line, schools,

universities, canals

• British officials discriminate against Indians: attempted to change ways– Farmers told to grow cotton for British textile mills

instead of wheat: million starved

• Indians formed the Indian National Congress to seek independence through political action

China Faces the West

• Britain and other European countries trade with China

• During 1500s, Chinese civilization is highly advanced– Little interest in European products– Limited trade during next 300 years

• Under Qing Dynasty, China’s political, economic and military position languishes

• Qing emperors ruled 1644-1912

China Faces the WestThe Unequal Treaties

• British merchants use opium to break trade barrier with China– In exchange for silk, tea, and porcelain—and to avoid

paying cash—merchants smuggled in opium • Drug came from India and turkey• Opium would be worth lots of $ on the market• China attempts to stop the opium trade• British gun ships put down China’s resistance• China lacks modern weapons

China Faces the WestThe Unequal Treaties

• British victory in the opium war led to Treaty of Nanking in 1842– First of many “unequal treaties” over 60 years– Yield many rights to western powers– Granted British war payments and the island of Hong

Kong– British citizens permitted to live under different laws– Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) weakened Qing

Dynasty

China Faces the WestThe Unequal Treaties

• In 1890s, European powers and Japan claimed large sections of china as spheres of influence—exclusive trading rights

• United States did not claim sphere of influence

• U.S. tried to open trade relations through the Open Door Policy– Other powers reluctantly agreed to this policy

in 1899

China Faces the WestChinese Responses

• Some reformers in China did attempt to modernize and end some Western practices of extraterritoriality – Lack of government support– China remained weak and lost war with Japan

in 1894—Japan gained island of Taiwan, Liaodong Peninsula, trading benefits, and influence in Korea

China Faces the WestChinese Responses

• China launches 100 days of reform under young emperor under Guang Xu (gwang-SHYOO)– Attempt to modernize– Conservative led by his mother, Ci Xi

(TSUH*SEE) returned to power, arrested th emperor, and halted the reforms

China Faces the WestChinese Responses

• Anti-foreign feelings led to secret societies– The Righteous and Harmonious Fists

• Practiced Chinese form of boxing• Westerners called them the “Boxers”• Boxers carried out attacks against foreigners and

Chinese Christians

– Western powers and Japan sent multinational force and put down the rebellion

China Faces the WestThe Revolution of 1911

• Chinese people lost confidence in Ci Xi and Qing Dynasty– Revolutionaries wanted reform– Sun Yat-sen, a doctor, was revolutionary

leader• Formed the United league-Guomingdang

(Nationalist Party)

China Faces the WestThe Revolution of 1911

• Nationalist Party goal to modernize based on three principles– Nationalism—no foreign control– Democracy—representative government– Livelihood—good economy

• The Qing Dynasty weakened further and an uprising from workers, soldiers, and court officials swept Sun Yat-sen into office

Modernization in Japan

• Japan resisted trade with the West

• Cut off all trade with West until early 1600s

• Military commander called shogun ruled Japan

• Japan had an emperor but basically no power

Modernization of Japan

• In 1853, Commodore Mathew C. Perry sailed into the bay at Edo (Tokyo) Japan and proposed a trade treaty– Japan, concerned about what happened with

China, signed the agreement

The Meiji Leaders

• Other treaties followed with European nations: Britain, France, Holland, etc– All favored the European nations– Unhappy with the situation, the Japanese

replaced the shogun leader with a new emperor, Mutsuhito

• Known as the Meiji (MAY*jee) “enlightened” leader• Japan’s new leaders were called Meiji

The Meiji Leaders

• Attempted to make Japan a great power

• Japan wanted to compete with Europe– Their slogan: “Rich country, strong military”– Introduced parliamentary government– Boosted the military– Moved forward with industrialization– Universal education

• Goal: loyal, skilled citizens

Industrialization

• Revised the tax structure for “seed” money

• Developed modern currency

• Built infrastructure– Postal, telegraph, railroads, ports

• Growing population—cheap labor

• By 1914, Japan had become a leading industrial nation

Japan as a World Power

• Japan began to look to increase its strength further– Korea was the likely choice for imperialistic

actions

• Japan gained partial control over Korean trade

• But, Russia also had interests in Korea

Japan as a World Power

• Japan and Russia fought the Russo-Japanese War– Japan defeated Russia– The Battle of Port Arthur was the deciding

battle

• Japan’s defeat of Russia was significant because a non-European nation had defeated a European nation

Southeast Asia

• Islands– The East Indies– The Philippines

• Mainland– To the north and west is Southeast Asia

• Includes Indochina and Malay Peninsula

• Review map for review of colonizers

The Islands of Southeast Asia

• When the Philippines helped the United States defeat Spain in 1898, the U.S. promised to give them independence– The U.S. broke its promise and rule the

Philippines as a colony– Philippines rose up against the U.S., but the

U.S. defeated them.

Mainland Southeast Asia

• Struggles between Europeans for economic control brought destruction and disturbance to Southeast Asia– Traditional ways of life changed– Forced to grow cash crops– Forced to work mines