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Kovfr`i Kcrifvcd

Si`vcrs`ty fh Ljunljoio

Hobulty fh Orts, Cigl`se Kcportmcit

[ec K`v`ic Roikmoi

Rummory

[ec ort`blc k`sbusscs tec `itr`bob`cs fh Ic`l Go`mois bfm`bs wfrd, [ec Roikmoi, terfuge

tec lcis fh rcbcpt`fi4 `t port`bulorly cxom`ics efw Koitc Ol`ge`cr`s mostcrp`cbc, [ec K`v`ic

Bfmcky, cbefcs terfuge te`s cp`b bfm`b. @t ift fily tr`cs tf nr`ig tfgctecr (fr rotecr

kcbfistrubt) tecsc twf prfhfuik wfrds fh ort hrfm k`vcrsc cros fh eumoi cxprcss`fi, nut olsf

k`sbusscs efw twf k`hhcrcit mfkcs fh ort`st`b cxprcss`fibfm`bs oik pfctrybfivcrgc fi o

mctolcvcl. @t olsf trcots tec gcicrol ioturc fh bfm`bs, kcift`ig nfte tec`r bfiicbt`fi w`te

l`tcroturc oik ort `i gcicrol4 efwcvcr, `i te`s rcspcbt `t olsf strcsscs tec icck hfr o scporotc

stuky fh tec bfm`bs mck`um, oik ift os mcrcly o gcirc fh c`tecr l`tcroturc fr ort.

Dcy wfrks: Roikmoi,K`v`ic Bfmcky, bfm`bs mck`um, wfrk-p`bturc bffpcrot`fi, rcbcpt`fi

Nfoisd` Roikmoi

Qfvzctcd

loicd sdfz` pr`zmf rcbcpb`jc fnroviovo str`pfvsdf kclf Ic`lo Go`moio, [ec Roikmoi, `i sc

fsrckftfo io vzpfrcki`bc s pfct`if mfjstrfv`if Koitcjo Ol`ge`cr`jo, Nfoisdf dfmck`jf.

loicd todf zkruujc ic somf kvc cpsd` kcl``z rozl`i`e fnkfn`j, tcmvc kvo rozl`io io`io

umcti`dcgo `zrooijo str`p `i pfcz`jf. Qr` rozlog` str`po jc pfukorcd io pfvczov` mck

l`tcroturf `i umctifstjf, `zpfstov` po sc tuk` iujifst lfcic fnroviovc str`po dft mck`jo `i ic

zgflj oiro l`tcroturc ol` umctifst`.

Dljuic ncsckc: [ec Roikmoi, Nfoisdo dfmck`jo, str`p dft mck`j, sfukcjstvfvoijc ncsckc

`i sl`dc, rcbcpb`jo

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[ec K`v`ic Roikmoi

Qrflfguc

[ec pogc turis. Kcst`iy bfit`iucs tf wold Ec `s eflk`ig o nffd. @is`kc tec nffd `s tec

Si`vcrsc. (Go`moi ct ol. >112, ?3>)

Weot modcs o grcot wfrd fh ort truly grcot6 @s `t tec bfmplcx`ty fh `ts strubturc6 @s `t tec

prfhfuikicss fh `ts mcssogc6 @s `t `ts rclcvoibc we`be stoiks tec tcst fh t`mc6 @s `t `ts row

ncouty oik `itr`botc ort`st`b kcvft`fi tf `ts sunjcbt mottcr6 Fr kfcs `ts grcoticss mcrclykcpcik fi `ts plobcmcit `i tec e`stfry fh tec ort`st`b wfrlk6 [ec cosy oiswcr tf oll fh tec

onfvc qucst`fis wfulk orguonly nc ycs, efwcvcr, tecrc `s mube mfrc tf oiy oik oll prfhfuik

ort`st`b wfrd `i oiy gcirc fr mck`um teoi mccts tec cyc. Wc boi `ihcr teot grcoticss boiift

nc brcotck ort`h`b`olly, iomcly terfuge cxtcriol st`mul`, nut terfuge tec outefrs pcrspcbt`vc

oik v`gfr, we`lc csscit`olly e`s fr ecr l`hc se`ics terfuge tec wfrd. Efwcvcr, sube o wfrd

must olsf rchlcbt ift fily tec t`mc `t `s prfkubck `i, nut `i fic woy fr oiftecr `t olsf iccks tf

cbef tec post oik nc `ik`bot`vc fh tec huturc4 `i ftecr wfrks tec wfrd stoiks tec tcst fh t`mcoik surposscs `ts e`stfr`b fr`g`i tf nc rchlcbtck ift just `i tec outefrs civ`rfimcit nut

cspcb`olly `i oll bulturcs fh tec (eumoi) wfrlk.

[f nc mfrc spcb`h`b, sube wfrds os Koitc Ol`ge`cr`s [ec K`v`ic Bfmcky, Jomcs Jfybcs

Slysscs, W`ll`om Reodcspcorcs Eomlct, Lcfiorkf ko X`ib`s Mfio L`so, Q`bossfs

Gucri`bo, Frsfi Wclls B`t`zci Doic, Ncctefvcis Rympefiy If. 0 `i K m`ifr, Fp. ?>3oik

Ic`l Go`mois [ec Roikmoioll k`sploy tec ncouty oik bfmplcx`ty fh tec`r rcspcbt`vc mck`o.

Os sube, tecsc grcot wfrds `i tec`r fwi r`get ift fily rchlcbt tec `igciu`ty fh tec`r ort`st`b

specrcs nut terfuge tec outefrs pcrspcbt`vcs ncbfmc tec`r mfst `mpfrtoit oik ult`motc

wfrds`i ftecr wfrks tec`r mostcrp`cbcs.?[ec mcrc sborb`ty>fh sube wfrds kfcs ift `mply

?[ec mostcrp`cbc `s oi ort`st`bolly oik tcbei`bolly cxbcllcit wfrd, we`be boi ncbfmc cpfiymfus hfr tec outefroik boi todc up tec mojfr`ty fh outefrs l`hc tf bfmplctc (`.c. [ec K`v`ic Bfmcky). Bumm`ig stotcs teot tec tcrmsuggcsts tec `kcit`h`bot`fi fh tefsc hcw wfrds teot eovc tec on`l`ty tf `isp`rc cmft`fi oik bfmmui`bot`vcmcoi`ig lfig ohtcr tec`r brcot`fi. (>113: >8)

>

[ecrc `s fily o smoll pcrbcit fh wfrds `i oiy ort we`be obe`cvc prfhfuik rcbfgi`t`fi (bh. Ron`i >1?1, 0).

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tec`r `mpfrtoibc, efwcvcr, tec`r `igciu`ty tf rchlcbt pfl`t`bol, sfb`ol, rcl`g`fus, ort`st`b oik

ftecr v`cws uiqucst`fionly kfcs.

Cvci tefuge tec onfvc mcit`fick grcot wfrds rcprcscit tec ort`st`b wfrlks fh pfctry, prfsc,

kromo, v`suol ort,2 h`lm, mus`b oik bfm`bs rcspcbt`vcly, tec eumoi ort`st`b cxprcss`fi `s

gcicrolly mfrc l`tcroturc-fr`citck. [ec on`l`ty tf uikcrstoik oik cxprcss ficsclh terfuge

wfrks surposscs oll ftecr mcois fh cxprcss`fi4 ot lcost teot `s tec prckfm`ioit ift`fi teot

cvcry fic fh us eos ncci pr`vy tf.;Os sube, mfrc cmpeos`s `s gcicrolly g`vci tf grcot wfrds

fh l`tcroturc teoi p`bturcs hfr cxomplc. [eot kfcs ift `mply teot tec `itr`bob`cs fh Slysscs

surposs tec bfmplcx`ty fh Gucri`bo, efwcvcr, tec ovcrogc pcrsfi `s st`ll mfrc l`dcly tf rclotc

tf tec h`rst wfrd teoi tec lottcr, s`ibc tec bun`sm cxprcssck `i Gucri`bo`s st`ll mfrc fnsburc

teoi tec iumcrfus l`tcrory ollus`fis tf tec oib`cit Grccd bulturc hfuik `i Slysscs. [e`s

fnscrvot`fi bcrto`ily rchlcbts ift just tec ovcrogc pcrsfi, nut cvci prfm`icit m`iks `i

l`tcrory tecfry. Bfm`ig hrfm oi obokcm`b h`clk we`be kcolt pr`mor`ly w`te l`tcroturc oik lcss

ort `i gcicrol, @ boi olsf rclotc tf tec bfmplcx`ty fh vor`fus ort hfrms oik mfvcmcits, we`be

boi nc fvcrweclm`ig tf o l`tcrory m`ik, os fppfsck tf oi ort`st`b sful. @i ort, iomcly,

cvci tec mfst tcbei`bol kcto`ls orckuc tf tec cxprcss`vc ioturc fh ortfhtci hclt rotecr teoi

uikcrstffk (os `s tec bosc `i l`tcroturc). Omfig tec mcit`fick wfrds, prfnonly tec mfst

qucst`fionlc fr rotecr tec lcost stro`gethfrwork fic `s [ec Roikmoi. @ korc tf plobc o bfm`bswfrd tec nostork be`lk fh wfrks oik p`bturcs teot l`igcrs `i tec purgotfry fh l`tcrory

cxprcss`fi`i oi `llustr`fus grfup fh grcot wfrds hfr twf rcosfis: tec wfrd `tsclh rcprcscits

tec mogi`tukc oik pftcit`ol fh tec bfm`bs mck`um, nut mfrc `mpfrtoitly, [ec Roikmoi`s fi

tec l`st ncbousc qu`tc s`mply teot `s `ts plobc.

[e`s ort`blc k`sbusscs tec `itr`bob`cs fh [ec Roikmoi terfuge tec lcis fh rcbcpt`fi4

port`bulorly `t cxom`ics efw tec grcot pfcm, [ec K`v`ic Bfmcky,cbefcs terfuge te`s cp`b

bfm`bs wfrd. @i ftecr wfrks, my `itcit`fi `s ift fily tf nr`ig tfgctecr (fr rotecr hrfm my

2X`suol ort `i tec l`tcrol scisc fh tec wfrks cibfmposscs nfte wfrds fh ort sube os po`it`igs (Mfio L`so) oik

l`tcroturc, s`ibc wfrks fi popcr orc v`suol symnfls we`be orc fnscrvck terfuge tec scisc fh s`get just os po`itfi boivos. Icvcrteclcss, tec nrfokcst k`bt`fiory kch`i`t`fi suggcsts teot v`suol ort gcicrolly rchcrs tf po`it`igs

oik sbulpturcs (`.c. h`ic orts), we`lc l`tcroturc eos ncci k`stoibck hrfm te`s kch`i`t`fi. Rfurbcs:ettp://folk5.fxhfrklcoricrsk`bt`fior`cs.bfm/k`bt`fiory/ort oikettp://www.techrcck`bt`fiory.bfm/v`suol+ort.

;Rbeffls plobc mfrc cmpeos`s fi obt`v`t`cs bfiicbtck w`te tec lcht ecm`specrc fh tec nro`i (`.c. rcok`ig) teoi

tec r`get ecm`specrc (we`be cionlcs fur mfrc ort`st`b cikcovfrs, .c. rcok`ig p`bturcs fr bfmprcecik`ig mus`b),s`ibc fur bulturc tcobecs us lfgfbcitr`sm orguonly eflks prcbckcibc tf onstrobt`fi. Rfurbc:

ettp://hroid.mtsu.cku/~stuksdl/ek/ecm`s.etml.

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pcrspcbt`vc kcbfistrubt) tecsc twf prfhfuik wfrds fh ort hrfm twf k`vcrsc cros fh eumoi

cxprcss`fi, nut olsf tf fnscrvc efw twf k`hhcrcit gcircsbfm`bs oik pfctrybfivcrgc fi o

mctolcvcl. @i tec prfbcss, @ `itcik tf pfrtroy tec gcicrol ioturc fh bfm`bs, k`sbuss`ig tec`r

`iecrcit bfiicbt`fi w`te l`tcroturc oik ort `i gcicrol, nut `i te`s rcspcbt olsf strcss`ig tec

icck hfr o scporotc stuky fh tec bfm`bs mck`um, oik ift os o gcirc fh c`tecr l`tcroturc fr ort.

Beoptcr FicCitcr Roikmoi

@t `s icvcrfily o krcom T...] Ecrc lcss teoi ftecr plobcs ...(Go`moi ct ol. >1?1, 08)

Fic fh tec ncst cxomplcs fh o bfm`bs wfrd rchlcbt`ig fi tec bfmplcx`ty fh `ts mck`um, we`lc

strcss`ig tec `itr`botc `ibfrpfrot`fi fh prfsc oik ort, `s tec bfm`bs mcgo-wfrd, [ec Roikmoi,

we`be `s bfis`kcrck fic fh tec h`icst brcot`fis `i tec bfm`bs mck`um. [ec wfrds wr`tcr, Ic`l

Go`moi,3 oik o plctefro fh mfrc teoi >1 ort`sts `i vor`fus rflcs8mct`bulfusly bfistrubtck

te`s bfm`bs mostcrp`cbc hfr olmfst o kcbokc (?055-?008). [ec 73 mfitely bfm`b nffd `ssucs

fr ?1 trokc popcrnobd ck`t`fis tfgctecr prfkubc o h`i`tc cp`b stfry fh hoitosy oik efrrfr,

spoii`ig fi mfrc teoi >111 pogcs. [ec ift`fi fh h`i`tcicss `s prfnonly mfrc stro`gethfrwork`i l`tcroturc, wecrc tec trok`t`fi fh hfllfw`ig mfitely `istollmcits fh o hovfrck wfrd fr o

prchcrrck outefr `s ift os r`be os `t `s `i tec bfm`bs mck`um. Obtuolly, bfm`bs os susto`ick

oik ui`h`ck wfrds (prcv`fusly uipunl`seck `i mfitely `istollmcits)7orc st`ll rclot`vcly icw

oik orguonly hcw `i iumncr bfmporck tf tec prckfm`ioit scr`cs punl`seck `i mfitely

cp`sfkcs. Omcr`boi bfm`bs orc iftfr`fus hfr tec`r lfigcv ty oik punl`b oppcol,5sf tf ift fily

3 Silcss stotck ftecrw`sc, @ w`ll hfr tec sodc fh s`mpl`b`ty ny stot`ig fily Go`mois iomc olsf rchcr tf tec

`llustrot`vc ort`st, wef bfitr`nutck just os mube tf tec bfmplct`fi fh [ec Roikmoi.

8[ec prfbcss fh brcot`ig o bfm`bs wfrd `s oiyte`ig nut stro`gethfrwork fr l`icor, s`ibc tec bfmplct`fi fh o

port`bulor wfrd moy hcoturc bfitr`nut`fis hrfm vor`fus ort`sts: hrfm tec wr`tcr fh tec stfry, pcib`lcr, `idcr,bflfr`st tf tec lcttcrcr oik h`iolly tec ck`tfr, teus hurtecr strcss`ig tec bffpcrot`vc ioturc fh vcrnol oik p`btfr`olort `i bfm`bs.

7Rube os tec grope`b ifvcl, o mfrc cxtcis`vc oik bfmprcecis`vc typc fh bfm`bs wfrd, we`be fi fic eoik

rcprcscits tec moturot`fi fh tec mck`um, yct eos ncci ncbousc fh `ts obbcss`n`l`ty oik mo`istrcom obbcptoibch`ioib`olly cxplf`tck.

5Rupcrmoi, os tec flkcst oik tec h`rst glfnolly subbcsshul bfm`bs scr`cs `s olmfst 51 ycors ohtcr `ts brcot`fi st`ll

punl`seck mfitely, omfuit`ig tf fvcr 711 s`iglc `ssucs.

Rfurbc: ettp://kbu.nlfg.kbbfm`bs.bfm/>1?1/18/>;/ncriork-beoig-fi-supcrmoi-711/.

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cik o pfpulor bfm`b, sube os [ec Roikmoi, nut rotecr `mog`ic oi cxtcis`vc bfm`bs wfrd

w`te o h`i`tc cik tf stort w`te, wos mfrc fr lcss uiecork fh.0

[ec rcbcpt`fi fh [ec Roikmoios o bfmplctc wfrd `s tefrfugely k`hhcrcit hrfm tec rcbcpt`fi

fh `ts `ik`v`kuol 73 beoptcrs. @kcolly, o wfrd teot boi nc rcok `i fic s`tt`ig g`vcs tec rcokcr

o mfrc bfmprcecis`vc p`bturc fh `ts ort`st`b csscibc oik boi prfv`kc o mfrc `is`gethul

cxpcr`cibc teoi o wfrd we`be eos tf nc rcok fvcr o pcr`fk fh koys fr wccds. [ec Roikmoi,

efwcvcr, cxtciks te`s rcok`ig pcr`fk qu`tc bfis`kcronly. Cvci `h tec rcokcr ifwokoys (os tec

bfmplctc Roikmoi bfllcbt`fi `s ovo`lonlc) `s onlc tf h`i`se fic fh tec tci `ik`v`kuol

`istollmcits `i o koy, tec prfbcss fh k`gcst`ig oi cp`b wfrd fh prfhfuik lcigte w`te

iumcrfus l`tcrory ollus`fis, `itcrtcxtuol clcmcits oik trcmcikfus bfmplcx`ty `s oiyte`ig nut

stro`gethfrwork. Oltefuge tec bfmplct`fi fh o wfrd fh sube mogi`tukc boi nc `mmciscly

rcwork`ig, tec `ion`l`ty tf h`i`se tec wfrd `i fic s`tt`ig e`ikcrs tec rcok`ig cxpcr`cibc os o

weflc oik urgcs tec rcokcr tfworks hurtecr rcrcok`ig(s). [e`s ift`fi oppl`cs pcrhcbtly tf [ec

K`v`ic Bfmckyos wcll.

R`ibc [ec Roikmoiwos fr`g`iolly punl`seck mfitely, `t wos tec mfitely rcokcrs wef wcrc

tec fics rcspfis`nlc hfr tec `i`t`ol pfpulor`ty fh tec scr`cs oik tec bfit`iuot`fi fh tec stfry

hfr c`get ycors. Efwcvcr, s`ibc tecy bfulk rcok fily fic `ssuc (fh >; pogcs fi tec ovcrogc)

pcr mfite, tec`r rcbcpt`fi fh tec wfrd os o weflc wos grcotly e`ikcrck. Dccp`ig tec`r

ottcit`fi-spoi kur`ig tefsc mfitely pcr`fks wos rcmordonlc, lct olfic eov`ig tf wo`t c`get

ycors hfr tec sogo tf bfmc tf oi cik. Orguonly, fic bfulk strcss teot tec mfitely rcokcrs

wfulk eovc omplc t`mc nctwcci `ssucs hfr bfmmcits oik k`sbuss`fi (cvci w`te tec brcotfrs),

tecrchfrc obtuolly go`i`ig o grcotcr cxpcr`cibc fh tec scr`cs. Rt`ll, @ wfulk orguc teot tec seccr

bfmplcx`ty oik k`hh`bulty fh strubtur`ig tec rclcvoibc fh vor`fus `ik`v`kuol stfr`cs hfr tec

wfrd os o weflc dcpt tec mfitely rcokcrs hor owoy hrfm oi okvoitogcfus pfs`t`fi. Bur`fs`ty

wfulk eovc bcrto`ily dcpt tecm `itr`guck, efwcvcr, tec bfmplcx`ty fh tec iorrot`vc oik tec

se`ht`ig hfbus nctwcci stfr`cs rclot`ig mfrc k`rcbtly tf Krcom oik stfr`cs rchcrr`ig tf m`ifr

beorobtcrs bfulk eovc just os cos`ly stroyck tecm owoy hrfm tec scr`cs.

0[rute nc tflk, tec Roikmoi prfnonly cmcrgck `itf o h`i`tc tolc fily ohtcr tec h`rst bfuplc fh mfitely `ssucs,

we`be goricrck cifuge `itr`guc hrfm tec rcokcrs teot Go`moi wos onlc tf hfbus mfrc fi tec prfgrcss`fi fh tecstfry oik lcss fi dccp`ig tec scr`cs ol`vc cvci hfr tec sodc fh bfecs`fi oik bfmplctcicss, os `s tec bosc `i

moiy bfm`bs scr`cs (bh. Ncikcr >1?1).

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Qorollcl tf tec ift`fi fh efw lfig [ecRoikmoiwos nc`ig brcotck, tec brcot`fi fh [ec K`v`ic

Bfmckywos olsf oi orkufus prfbcss, hrfm nfte tec stoikpf`it fh tec bfmplcx`ty fh tec pfcm

os wcll os tec hobt teot Koitc eok ncci wr`t`ig `t hfr fvcr ?1 ycors, mfst fh we`be ec spcit `i

cx`lc (bh. Ol`ge`cr` ?003, ;8-3>). [ec rcokcrse`p fh tec twf wfrds boiift nc bfmporck fi

vor`fus lcvcls4 tecrc `s oi olmfst 711-ycor gop nctwcci tec`r bfmplct`fis, tecy rcprcscit

k`hhcrcit ort`st`b hfrmots, oik Koitcs wfrd go`ick rcbfgi`t`fi ift just ohtcr tec pfcts kcote

nut obtuolly `i tec hfllfw`ig bcitur`cs. [ec lcgoby fh [ec Roikmoi wos mfrc fr lcss

`istoitoicfus, oltefuge t wos (fr rotecr st`ll `s) rclcgotck tf tec opprcb`ot`fi fh tec bfm`bs

`ikustry oik `ts rcokcrs, ift sf mube tec obokcm`b wfrlk fr ort `i gcicrol (fr tec gcicrol

punl`b), os `s tec bosc w`te [ec K`v`ic Bfmcky, we`be `s ift just opprcb`otck os o grcot pfcm,

nut bfis`kcrck o groik loikmord `i oll ort.

[ec bffpcrot`vc chhfrt fh [ec Roikmois outefrs `s csscit`ol hfr tec rcokcrs?1 rcbcpt`fi,

s`ibc tec nlcik fh tec`r stylcs (`i tec`r rcspcbt`vc ort`st`b h`clks) brcotcs o hor k`hhcrcit ort`st`b

oik cmft`fi rcspfisc teoi `i o bfm`b wr`ttci oik krowi just ny fic outefr. [ec lottcr

prfbcss fh brcot `fi boi nc scci os mfrc bfmplctc, s`ibc vor`fus clcmcits fh bfmpfs`t`fi fr

cvci bfecs`fi oik bfecrcibc `i gcicrol boi nc lcss k`st`ibt `i o bfm`bs wfrd fh mfrc teoi

fic outefr. Efwcvcr, te`s bffpcrot`fi moy ncich`t tec wfrd os o weflc, ift e`ikcr `t, s`ibc

tec `llustrotfr boi obtuolly kcp`bt o port`bulor bfm`bs poicl

??

fr beorobtcr cvci ncttcr teoi tecwr`tcr civ`s`fick `t.?>We`lc tec pfrtroyol fh [ec Roikmoiboi nc nfte cieoibck os wcll os

e`ikcrck ny tec bffpcrot`vc ioturc fh tec wfrd, tec grcotcst bfibcri hob`ig tec rcokcr fh [ec

K`v`ic Bfmcky `s sfmcweot k`hhcrcit. [ec bfmplcx`ty fh tec pfcm oik `ts r`be `itcrtcxtuol

clcmcits, we`be rcqu`rc o kcto`lck cxom`iot`fi ot tec lcost, orc uikci`only o grcot fnstoblc

hfr oiy rcokcr. Efwcvcr, s`ibc tec pfcm wos fr`g`iolly wr`ttci `i @tol`oi, `t `s obtuolly tec

loiguogc norr`cr teot prcscits tec h`rst mojfr fnstoblc `i tec rcok`ig prfbcss. @ mysclh eovc tf

rcly fi Cigl`se oik Rlfvcic troislot`fis fh tec wfrd (Ol`ge`cr` ?0034 Ol`ge`cr` >113o, >113n,

>113b), s`ibc ift fily `s my difwlckgc fh tec @tol`oi loiguogc sl`m, nut tec bopob`ty tf

uikcrstoik o bfmplcx wfrd sube os [ec K`v`ic Bfmcky `i `ts fr`g`iol`ty `s cvci mfrc

?1 [f ovf`k omn`gu`ty, tec tcrm rcokcr (uilcss stotck ftecrw`sc) w`ll mcoi bfm`bs rcokcr os wcll oik w`ll,

tecrchfrc, `iblukc tec ospcbts fh rcok`ig nfte wfrks oik `mogcs.

??[ec poicl `s tec `mogc tec rcokcr fnscrvcs, we`be cibopsulotcs tec stot`b ioturc fh tec `mogc.

?>Go`moi, hfr cxomplc, lcht tec pfrtroyol fh tec prftogfi`st oik e`s s`nl`igs `i tec`r `ihoit`lc stotcs purcly `i tec

eoiks fh tec `llustrotfr J`ll [efmpsfi oik ecr (pfpulor) bortffiy kcp`bt`fi eos cxbcckck e`s cxpcbtot`fis (bh.

Ncikcr >111).

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kouit`ig. [e`s `ssuc `s ovf`kck `i [ec Roikmoi. We`lc tec wfrd eos ncci troislotck `itf

ftecr loiguogcs, tec wfrd cxom`ick ecrc `s tec fr`g`iol Cigl`se vcrs`fi. Weci kcol`ig

w`te o troislot`fi, tec rcbcpt`fi fh o wfrd `s ift fily mfrc gu`kck, nut tec on`l`ty tf

bfmprcecik tec wfrd fh ort `i `ts fr`g`iol hfrm `s e`ikcrck. Rpcb`h`bolly, `i troislotck pfctry

iumcrfus pfct`b clcmcits boi gct fvcrlffdck, we`lc tec ncouty fh tec pfcm bfiscqucitly

gcts lfst. [ec K`v`ic Bfmcky`s bfmpfsck fh ?11 Boitfs, cobe fh we`be hfr cxomplc ut`l`zcs

tec tcrzo r`mo(fr tr`plc reymc). We`lc tec Rlfvcic troislot`fi usck tr`cs tf bfivcy nfte tec

ort`stry oik tec mcoi`ig fh tec pfcm ny ift fm`tt`ig tec reymc, tec Cigl`se troislot`fi `s

mfrc l`tcrol (hfr tec sodc fh ncttcr uikcrstoik`ig). Rube prfsc troislot`fis hurtecr strcss tec

bfmplcx`ty fh tec pfcm, we`lc hfbus`ig mfrc fi tec `itr`bob`cs fh tec pfcm rotecr teoi `ts

ort`st`b ncouty.?2

Okk`t`fiolly, mfst ck`t`fis fh [ec K`v`ic Bfmcky orc obbfmpoi`ck ny

bfmplcx iftcs, we`be orc fi fic eoik cxtrcmcly eclphul, yct tecy `mpckc fi tec rcok`ig

prfbcss oik bfiscqucitly rcokcrs rcbcpt`fi fh tec pfcm boi nc fvcrtly gu`kck rotecr teoi

cxpcr`cibck, we`be `s tec csscibc fh te`s grcot wfrd.

Icvcrteclcss, kcsp`tc `ts bfmplcx`ty (fr rotecr ncbousc fh `t), tec pfcm boi nc obbcssck fi

k`hhcrcit lcvcls. Just os o Koitc sbeflor moy bfmc blfscst tf scc`ig tec pfcm `i `ts hull glfry,

o gcicrol rcokcr moy cxpcr`cibc tec wfrd os oi okvciturc stfry, wecrc tec prftogfi`st

subbccks `i fvcrbfm`ig tec fkks oik rcobecs tec K`v`ic prcscibc. Just os [ec K`v`icBfmcky boi nc fvcrs`mpl`h`ck oik mcrcly v`cwck os Koitcs jfuricy terfuge @ihcrif,

Qurgotfr`f oik ult`motcly Qorok`sf (fr Ecll, Qurgotfry oik Ecovci, rcspcbt`vcly), tec

stfry fh [ec Roikmoi hfbuscs fi tec prftogfi`st Krcom fh tec Ciklcss wef `s tec

pcrsfi`h`bot`fi fh krcoms e`s pciult`motc trog`b cik oik ult`motc `mmfrtol`ty. [ec seccr

bfmplcx`ty fh tec vor`fus `ik`v`kuol stfr`cs modcs tec wfrd k`hh`bult tf rchlcbt upfi kur`ig

tec h`rst rcok`ig, o ift`fi teot `s orguonly cvci mfrc strcsshul weci rcok`ig [ecK`v`ic

Bfmcky. We`lc tec pfcm rcl`cs fi tec ncouty oik mct`bulfus orroigcmcit fh pfct`b

loiguogc, tec bfm`bs cp`b strcsscs iumcrfus p`btfr`ol clcmcits os tec kr`v`ig hfrbc fh `ts

v`suol iorrot`vc. Go`moi `s iftfr`fus hfr se`ht`ig nctwcci stfr`cs teot bcitcr fi Krcom oik

(fr) e`s s`x s`nl`igs, bollck tec Ciklcss (Kcst`iy, Kcote, Kcstrubt`fi, Kcs`rc, Kcspo`r oik

Kcl`r`um), oik stfr`cs teot hcoturc m`ifr beorobtcrs, tecrchfrc brot`ig o k`beftfmy fh tolcs

teot boi fily modc scisc weci tec rcokcr bfiblukcs [ec Roikmoi. [ec stfry `ibfrpfrotcs

vor`fus lfbol bfm`bs beorobtcrs (os wcll os sfmc Roikmoioutefrs tecmsclvcs), probt`bolly

?2

Bfiscqucitly hurtecr strcss`ig tec prcbckcibc fh lfg`bol rcosfi`ig fvcr efl`st`b `itcrprctot`fi.

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uidifwi tf tec gcicrol rcokcrse`p futs`kc tec KB?;bfm`bs ui`vcrsc, efwcvcr, tec`r huibt`fi

`s ift orn`trory, os tec`r m`ifr rflcs ui`tc tec huikomcitol mcssogc fh tec wfrd iomcly `ts

troisbcikcibc. @i rctrfspcbt, te`s `s o s`m`lor mfkcl tf Koitcs grcot pfcm, we`be bcitcrs fi

tec outefrs nclfvck Hlfrcibc fh tec lotc ?2tebcitury oik teus hcoturcs moiy lfbol oik hrfm

mfkcri pcrspcbt`vc uidifwi beorobtcrs. Hurtecr, Koitc g`vcs e`msclh o lft fh brcot`vc

hrcckfm, s`ibc e`s wfrd hrccly hcoturcs nfte h`bt`fiol beorobtcrs os wcll os e`stfr`b h`gurcs,

yct oll beorobtcrs, cvci Koitc e`msclh, orc nut o mcois fh strcss`ig tec ioturc fh [ec K`v`ic

Bfmcky oik `ts mcssogc, we`be okkrcsscs tec rcokcr k`rcbtly4 iomcly tec strugglc w`te

ficsclh `i scorbe fh `itcllcbtuol, sp`r`tuol oik cmft`fiol hulh`llmcit.

Beoptcr [wf[f Ecll oik Nobd

L`hc, l`dc t`mc, `s o jfuricy terfuge kordicss.(Go`moi ct ol. ?002, >??)

Cvcry jfuricy fh k`sbfvcry oik cil`getcimcit rcqu`rcs tec trovclcr tf fvcrbfmc tec

k`hh`bult`cs fi `ts woy. Just os Koitc h`iks e`msclh lfst `i tec kord hfrcst fh crrfr, oik Krcom

ncbfmcs citroppck `i o specrc `i o kord bcllor, sf kfcs tec rcokcr fh tecsc wfrks ncg`i `i obfm`bs vf`k. Os Koitc todcs tec h`rst stcp tfworks kordicss fi e`s orkufus pote fh

`llum`iot`fi oik Krcom hrccs e`msclh hrfm e`s bcll fily tf nc terust ift `itf l`get nut

kordicss, sf must tec rcokcr ncg`i tec k`sbfvcry fh tec pfwcr fh bfm`bs terfuge tec`r

`iicrwfrd`igs.

[ecsc fpcrot`fis moy scci stro`gethfrwork `i o mck`um we`be fpcrotcs w`te wfrks olfic,

efwcvcr, `i o mck`um fpcrot`ig w`te wfrks just os mube os (`h ift mfrc) p`bturcs, tec tosd fh

tec rcokcr w`kcis cxpficit`olly. [ecy must ift fily scporotcly `ihcr tec wfrks oik p`bturcs,

nut mfrc `mpfrtoitly kckubc tec mcoi`ig fh tec bfmplcx rclot`fise`p nctwcci tecm. [ec

mck`um `i qucst`fi `s fh bfursc tec bfm`bs mck`um. Oltefuge p`bturc nffds oik be`lkrci s

nffds orc port fh l`tcroturc os oi ort hfrm (`ibfrpfrot`ig p`bturcs `itf tec`r mfstly wfrk-

fr`citck nosc), tec bfmplcx`ty, `itcrtw`icmcit oik `itcrobt`fi fh tec wfrk-p`bturc

rclot`fise`p `i tec bfm`bs mck`um surposscs `ts l`tcroturc-nosck nrcterci. [ec ui`quc

?;

KB bfm`bs (olfig w`te Morvcl tec lorgcst bfm`bs bfmpoiy) wos tec fr`g`iol punl`secr fh [ec Roikmoi.

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rclot`fise`p fh wfrks oik p`bturcs `s tec ecort fh bfm`bs. Oltefuge o port`bulor wfrd boi nc

mfrc wfrk fr p`bturc-fr`citck, tec rcosfis wey bfm`bs `s ift o suns`k`ory fh c`tecr l`tcroturc

fr ort orc `mnckkck `i tec bfmplcx `itcrobt`fi oik sunscqucit rcprcscitot`fi fi tec pogcs fh

cvcry s`iglc bfm`bs wfrd. W`ll C`sicr stotcs teot tec hfrmot fh bfm`bs rcprcscits o mfitogc

fh nfte wfrk oik `mogc, oik tec rcokcr `s teus rcqu`rck tf cxcrb`sc nfte v`suol oik vcrnol

`itcrprct`vc sd`lls. [ec rcg`mcits fh ort T] oik l`tcroturc ncbfmc supcr`mpfsck upfi cobe

ftecr. (C`sicr >115o, >) @t `s bcrto`ily ift nflk tf blo`m teot rcbcpt`fi fh bfm`bs rcqu`rcs

mfrc hrfm tec rcokcr teoi l`tcroturc fr ort `ik`v`kuolly, s`ibc `i bfm`bs tec rcokcr `s

cxpcbtck tf uikcrstoik te`igs l`dc `mpl`ck t`mc, spobc, mft`fi, sfuik oik cmft`fis. @i frkcr

tf kf te`s, o rcokcr must ift fily krow fi v`sbcrol rcobt`fis nut modc usc fh oi

obbumulot`fi fh cxpcr`cibcs os wcll os rcosfi`ig,(C`sicr >115n, ;5) os C`sicr cxplo`is tec

bfitrobt w`te tec rcokcr.[ec prfbcss fh rcok`ig bfm`bs os fppfsck tf o vcrnol tcxt fr o

pfcm boi nc qu`tc k`hhcrcit. Hroid M`llcr iftcs teot tec rcosfi wey mfst nffds orc vcrt`bol

`s ncbousc Ttecy orc] prfsc, oik wc Tkf ift] woit tf rcok l`ics fh prfsc teot orc tff lfig. Nut

tec ioturol woy fh rcok`ig bfm`bs `s efr`zfitolly. (C`sicr oik M`llcr >113, ?>)

O brub`ol pf`it iccks tf nc strcssck4 iomcly teot p`btfr`ol `mogcs orc mfrc k`sbcrionlc teoi

vcrnol clcmcits. Fur nro`i rcqu`rcs t`mc tf prfbcss `mogcs teot oppcor nchfrc fur cycs,

rcgorklcss `h tecy orc kcp`btck `i twf-k`mcis`fiol hfrm (fh tec nffd hfrmot) fr `i tercck`mcis`fis fh fur obtuol rcol`ty. Efwcvcr, te`s prfbcss `s k`hhcrcit w`te p`bturcs teoi wfrks.

We`lc nfte orc csscit`olly seopcs oik rcqu`rc kcbfk`ig, tec mctefk hfr wfrk-prfbcss`fi `s

mfrc orkufus st`ll. Rbftt MbBlfuk `i e`s scm`iol wfrd, Sikcrstoik`ig Bfm`bs, hfr cxomplc,

k`st`igu`secs nctwcci p`bturcs os rcbc`vck `ihfrmot`fi oik wfrks os pcrbc`vck `ihfrmot`fi

(bh. MbBlfuk ?00;, >;-30).

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Q`bturc ?: Rbftt MbBlfuks k`st`ibt`fi nctwcci tec bfmprcecis`fi fh p`bturcs oik wfrks

(MbBlfuk ?00;, ;0).

[ec hfllfw`ig scqucibcs fh poicls prfv`kc o gl`mpsc ot sfmc fh tec cxprcss`vc pftcit`ol fh

seopcs `i gcicrol, we`be orc tec nos`b clcmcits fh p`btfr`ol rcprcscitot`fi.

Q`bturc > (lcht): Cxprcss`vc pftcit`ol fh seopcs (`n`k., ?>3)

Q`bturc 2 (r`get): oik p`bturcs (`n`k.,??0).

Mflly Noig hfr cxomplc k`sbusscs o s`m`lor ift`fi, we`lc hurtecr strcss`ig tec `mpobt fh

bflfr `i p`bturcs, `i ecr wfrd Q`bturc [e`s: Efw Q`bturcs Wfrd.?3

Q`btfr`ol kcp`bt`fi `s,

tecrchfrc, tec kfm`ioit hobtfr `i bfm`bs oik te`s rcprcscitot`fi `s weot tec rcokcr rclotcs tf

tec mfst. Cvci tefuge rcbcpt`fi `s ui`quc tf k`hhcrcit ort hfrms (hrfm l`tcroturc oik mus`b tf

ort oik bfm`bs),?8

port`b`pot`fi `s mfrc fr lcss poromfuit `i oll fh tecm, ftecrw`sc tec

wfrds lfsc mube fh tec`r pfwcr, rclcvoibc, ort`stry oik ncouty. Kuiboi oik Rm`te hurtecrstrcss teot hfr o bfm`b nffd tf nc chhcbt`vc, tec rcokcr eos tf nc obt`vcly `ivflvck `i brcot`ig

prfbcss T] Brcotfrs hob`l`totc te`s prfbcss w`te tec`r kcb`s`fis onfut weot tf sefw oik efw

tf sefw `t. (>1?1, ?80) ^cbcpt`fi fh o bfm`bs wfrd `s prckfm`ioitly o p`btfr`ol rcbcpt`fi,

?3Hfr mfrc `ihfrmot`fi fi tec `mpfrtoibc fh uikcrstoik`ig nos`b seopc oik bflfr (bh. Kcrifvcd >110).

?8W`ll C`sicr fnscrvcs efw rcokcrs eovc k`hhcrcit rcok`ig cxpcr`cibcs `i ftecr mck`o, we`be `ihlucibc cobe

ftecr (bh. C`sicr >115n, 80).

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wecrc p`btfr`ol clcmcits borry tec `i`t`ol rcspfisc hfr tec rcokcr.?7Xcrnol clcmcits bfmc `i

scbfik, cvci `h tecy orc mostcrhully bfivcyck oik kcp`btck, os `i [ec Roikmoi.C`sicr seorcs

o s`m`lor `kco4

@i rcol`ty, obt`fi prcbckcs wfrks. @i bfm`bs, tecrchfrc, tec k`olfguc `s obtuolly

bfibc`vck ohtcr tec obt`fi `s kcv`sck. T] [ecrc `s o k`hhcrcit bfgi`t`vc prfbcss

nctwcci rcok`ig wfrks oik p`bturcs. Nut `i oiy cvcit, tec `mogc oik tec k`olfguc

g`vc mcoi`ig tf cobe ftecro v`tol clcmcit `i grope`b stfrytcll`ig. (>115n, 30)

[ec gcicrol kch`i`t`fi fh bfm`bs ort ny C`sicr os scqucit`ol ort (>115o, ?) fr, hurtecr, os

juxtopfsck p`btfr`ol oik ftecr `mogcs `i kcl`ncrotc scqucibc (?00;, 0) ny MbBlfuk

prfv`kc tec tcbei`bol nobdnfic hrfm we`be csscit`olly oll bfm`bs `igciu ty, k`st`ibt`vcicss

oik splcikfr or`sc. Kuiboi oik Rm`te bfmmcit fi tec csscit`ol hobtfr fh tec juxtopfs`t`fi `i

rclot`fi tf tec bfm`bs iorrot`vc oik rcokcr v`cwcrse`p: [ec rcokcr pcrhfrms oi figf`ig

bfistrubt`fi fh mcoi`ig ny bfis`kcr`ig cobe poicl `i k`rcbt rclot`fise`p tf tec fic

`mmck`otcly nchfrc `t, os wcll os `i tec bfitcxt fh oll prcv`fus poicls . (>110, ?;?) We`lc

nfte bfm`bs oik l`tcroturc seorc te`s scqucit`ol ospcbttec h`rst cmplfys `mogc-tf-`mogc oik

poicl-tf-poicl subbcss`fi, tec lottcr wfrk-tf-wfrk oik scitcibc-tf-scitcibc subbcss`fi`t `s

tec v`suolly kfm`iot`ig p`btfr`ol ospcbt oik p`bturc-wfrk `itcgrot`fi teot k`st`igu`secs

bfm`bs os o ui`quc ort`st`b nroibe.

[ec wfrk-p`bturc rclot`fise`p `i p`bturc nffds fr be`lkrcis nffds `s supplcmcitory4 `i ftecr

wfrks tec wfrks oik p`bturcs rcprcscit tec somc ift`fi(s) oik mcoi`ig(s).?5

Efwcvcr, tec

bfmplcx`ty fh te`s rclot`fise`p `i bfm`bs `s hor mfrc bfmplcx. Kuiboi oik Rm`te iftc teot

tec bfm`b nffd hfrm `s ot `ts mfst pfwcrhul weci wfrks oik p`bturcs gf eoik-`i-eoik tf

bfivcy oi `kco teot ic`tecr bfulk bfivcy olfic. (`n`k., ?;8) Efwcvcr, ift fily boi tec

mcoi`ig fh o poicl oik tec wfrks w`te`i `t fily nc uikcrstffk terfuge mutuol bffpcrot`fi,

nut rcprcscitot`fi boi nc obtuolly `itcit`fiolly bfihl`bt`ig. [ec hfllfw`ig cxomplcs k`sploy

tec bffpcrot`vcicss oik k`sogrccmcit fh tec wfrk-p`bturc rclot`fise`p, rcspcbt`vcly.

?7@t `s `mpfrtoit tf ncor `i m`ik teot tec sf bollck s`lcit bfm`bs (bfm`bs w`te if fr w`te sporsc vcrnol clcmcits)bfivcy purcly o p`btfr`ol mcoi`ig. Fi tec ftecr eoik, tecrc orc if purcly vcrnol bfm`bs, ncbousc tecy wfulknc h`rstly `ik`st`igu`seonlc hrfm prfsc wfrds oik scbfikly tec (v`suol) nosc fh o bfm`bs wfrd `s gcicrolly op`bturc `itf we`be wfrks orc rcikcrck terfuge bopt`fis oik wfrk nollffis (oik ift tec ftecr woy orfuik).

?5

MbBlfuk hfr cxomplc bolls te`s ift`fi tec kuf-spcb`h`b bfmn`iot`fi fh wfrks oik p`bturc (?00;, ?32).

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Q`bturc ; (lcht): Bffpcrot`fi fh vcrnol oik p`btfr`ol clcmcits (Go`moi ct ol. >1?1o, ?>0).

Q`bturc 3 (r`get): Wfrk-p`bturc bfihl`bt w`te`i o poicl (Go`moi ct ol. >1?1o, ?>0).

[ec lcht poicl pfrtroys terfuge nfte vcrnol oik p`btfr`ol kcsbr`pt`fi efw Mfrpecus ncg`is tf

cx`t Ecll, os tec efrkcs mcrcly ollfw e`m possogc. [ec r`get poicl, efwcvcr, p`btfr`olly

`ik`botcs teot ec eos moiogck tf poss tecm uieormck, yct efpc oik subbcss orc `i bfihl`bt

w`te Lub`hcrs wfrks,we`be plckgc Mfrpecuskcstrubt`fi. [ec r`get poicl teus `itcit`fiolly

pfrtroys ift o efpchul `mogc nut `i obtuol`ty o prclukc tf k`sostrfus huturc cvcits. [e`s

fvcroll `mogc `s obtuolly cvci mfrc strcssck, s`ibc tecsc twf poicls orc port fh tec somc pogc,

teus `mply`ig efw efpc boi `istoitoicfusly nc tewortck.

Nfte Krcom oik Koitc orc gr`ppck w`te hcor nchfrc citcr`ig Ecll. [ec h`rst ncbousc fh tec

uidifwi s`tuot`fi ec h`iks e`msclh `i, surrfuikck ny s`gets oik sfuiks fh efrrfr, ift tf

mcit`fi tec kcn`l`tot`ig `isbr`pt`fi onfvc tec gotc fh Ecll, wori`ig oll wef citcr tf onoikfi

oll efpc (bh. Ol`ge`cr` ?003, 85). Krcoms hcor, fi tec ftecr eoik , rcs`kcs `i e`s wcodcick

stotc kuc tf e`s `mpr`sfimcit nchfrceoik oik tec obdifwlckgck grcotcr pfwcr fh Lub`hcr (bh.

Go`moi ct ol. >1?1o, ?15-0). [ec grcotcst `rfiy `i te`s bosc `s tec hobt teot Krcom e`msclh `s

tec d`ig fh i`getmorc `i e`s fwi rcolm oik oi `mmfrtol nc`ig flkcr teoi gfks oik wfrlks. Os

Koitc (tec outefr) plobcs cmpeos`s fi tec koigcrs fh Ecll ny kcsbr`n`ig efrr`nlc pui`semcits

hfr tec s`iicrs, tec ort`sts fh [ec Roikmoi brcotc tec efrr`kicss mfrc p`btfr`olly teoi

kcsbr`pt`vcly os tec bfm`bs hfrm ollfws. Icvcrteclcss, nfte rcspcbt`vc Eclls orc

obdifwlckgck os ult`motc kwcll`igs fh tec komick,?0

wecrc if fic, lct olfic tec rcokcr,

kcs`rcs tf kwcll.

?0[ecrc orc vor`fus k`rcbt rchcrcibcs tf [ec K`v`ic Bfmcky`i [ec Roikmoi, sube os tec wffk fh tec su`b`kcs

(bh. Ol`ge`cr` ?003, ??> oik Go`moi ct ol. >1?1o, ??>).

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?2

Oi `mpfrtoit k`hhcrcibc `i tec jfuricy tf Ecll `i nfte wfrds l`cs `i tec hobt teot Krcom

trovcllck tecrc ny e`s fwi vfl`t`fi, we`lc Koitc owfdc bfihusck `i tec kord wffk fh crrfr,

pcreops nc`ig gu`kck tfworks te`s jfuricy (terfuge Ecll) cvci nchfrc e`s obtuol gu`kck

jfuricy (ny Xcrg`l, Ncotr`bc oik Ro`it Ncriork, rcspcbt`vcly) ncgoi. Icvcrteclcss, wc bfulk

blo`m teot Krcom wos `i csscibc olsf hfrbckfr rotecr `ibl`ick tf gf tf Ecll, s`ibc ec wos

scorbe`ig hfr oi `tcm v`tol tf e`s cx`stcibc. Hurtecrmfrc, Krcoms h`rst jfuricy tf Lub`hcrs

rcolm wos obtuolly o prclukc tf e`s scbfik oik mfrc `mpfrtoit brfss`ig `itf tec loik fh tec

komick, weci ec tr`cs tf bfrrcbt o grovc crrfr fh jukgmcit, yct `s `istcok eoikck tec dcys tf

Ecll `tsclh, we`be `i turi nr`ig e`m mfrc sfrrfw teoi jfy (Go`moi ct ol. ?00>, 55 oik ?88).

[ec `mpfrtoibc fh o port`bulor sct fh dcys `s strcssck `i Koitc os wcll4 efwcvcr, tecy

rcprcscit suprcmc popol pfwcr, `ibluk`ig teot fh onsflv`ig s`is, (Ol`ge`cr` ?003, 817) teus

`ik`bot`ig popol bfrrupt`fi. Hurtecr, os Koitc olsf rcobecs tec h`iol gotc fh Ecll oik tec

Lub`hcr citroppck `i `bc, ec `i csscibc olsf obqu`rcs dcystf Ecll teot lcok e`m fut fh tec

kccpcst port fh Ecll oik grcotcst cv`l tfworks tec scvci-stfrcy mfuito`i fh Qurgotfry. @i oiy

bosc, Ecll `i nfte wfrds rcprcscits tec h`rst mojfr rcolm wecrc nfte p`lgr`ms hobc tcrr`hy`ig

koigcr, bfihus`fi oik mfst `mpfrtoitly s`iicrs, tefuge wefsc m`stodcs tecy grokuolly ncg`i

tf lcori tec crrfr fh tec`r s`ihul woys.

Beoptcr [ercc [ec Beoigc

Oik tec oigcl ^cm`cl osbciks `itf tec sdy fh tec uikcrwfrlk, bfih`kcit teot `t eos ncgui tf

beoigc te`igs. [f sunst`tutc rckcmpt`fi hfr komiot`fi, bfrrcbt`fi hfr kcspo`r

(Go`moi ct ol. ?00>, >?7)

[ec csscibc fh tec jfuricys `i [ec Roikmoioik [ec K`v`ic Bfmcky`s tec ift`fi fh beoigc.

Os Krcom oik Koitc ncg`i grokuolly oik orkufusly tf scc tec crrfr fh tec`r woys, sf `s tec

rcokcr urgck tf fnscrvc te`s beoigc `i frkcr tf efpchully obe`cvc grokuol troishfrmot`fi hfr

nfte ficsclh oik tec grcotcr gffk. R`ibc Koitc (tec beorobtcr) `s mcrcly o eumoi, we`lc

Krcom `s oi `mmfrtol nc`ig, tec weflc bfibcpt fh beoigc boi nc cxpcbtck tf nc obtuolly

cos`cr hfr Koitc. Oltefuge wc boi blo`m teot oi ogc-flk nc`ig sefulk pfsscss o mube e`gecr

lcvcl fh sp`r`tuol `itcll`gcibc oik v`rtuc, `t `s tec vcry `mmfrtol ospcbt fh Krcom teot e`ikcrs

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e`s lcori`ig cxpcr`cibc. Ec `s oi ogclcss nc`ig teot eos lfig ogf scttlck `i e`s (fvcrtly) prfuk

(oik hlowck) beorobtcr tro`ts oik `s teus obtuolly kcpr`vck fh o hostcr mfrol beoigc teoi

Koitc, rcgorklcss fh tec eumois s`ihul woys.

Krcoms `mmfrtol`ty `sprcscitck fi twf k`hhcrcit lcvcls. Fi fic eoik, ec `s tec prftogfi`st

fh o br`t`bolly obblo`mck bfm`bs wfrd, pfrtroyck os tec oll-pfwcrhul (we`lc pfwcrlcss ot

t`mcs), stf`b oik rulc-kr`vci `ik`v`kuol, wef eos k`hh`bulty gctt`ig blfsc tf oiyfic, yct ncg`is

tf ncbfmc mfrc eumoi terfuge tec stfry oik kcsp`tc e`s kcstrubt`fi prcvo`ls os oiftecr

ospcbt fh e`msclh. Fi tec ftecr eoik, ncbousc fh tec `ihlucibc oik tec subbcss fh tec wfrd,

e`s `mmfrtol`ty `s go`ick terfuge tec rcokcrs os wcll, wef ncbfmc ottobeck tf tec beorobtcr

oik rclotc tf tec prck`bomcits teot gfvcri e`s nc`ig. Krcom, iomcly, h`iks e`msclh `i oi

`mpfss`nlc pfs`t`fi, wecrc tec ift`fis fh weot ec eos tf kf oik weot ec sefulk kf brcotc o

nlobd eflc `itf we`be ec `s ult`motcly subdck `itf. Hurtecr, tec bfm`bs mck`um eos o ui`quc

on`l`ty tf rcprcscit sube beorobtcr`st`bs oik beorobtcr tro`ts terfuge nfte wfrks oik p`bturcs,

teus prfv`k`ig tec rcokcrs w`te ift just tec vcrnol pcrbcpt`fi oik tec p`btfr`ol fic(s), nut

(mfrc `mpfrtoitly) w`te tec kuol rcprcscitot`fi, wecrc wfrks oik p`bturcs os o ui`h`ck

bfm`bs loiguogc brcotc o ui`quc nlcik. Kuiboi oik Rm te strcss teot

tec brcot`vc prfbcss T`i bfm`b nffds] `s rckubt`vc, nut tec rcok`ig prfbcss `s okk`t`vc

... Brcotfrs rckubc oi `mog`ick stfry tf cibopsulotck hrogmcits (pogcs oik poicls),

oik rcokcrs okk tefsc hrogmcits tfgctecr, olfig w`te tec`r fwi nobdgrfuik

difwlckgc, tf brcotc o stfry.(>110, ?3;)

Koitc oik Krcom seorc o s`m`lor pfs`t`fi `i tec`r rcspcbt`vc iorrot`vcs. Koitc tec p`lgr`m

uikcrgfcs tec jfuricy fh ult`motc mfrol cxpcr`cibc, yct `t `s Koitc tec outefr wef rcg`stcrs

tec pote hrfm s`i tf solvot`fi. Hurtecrmfrc, tec v`tol ospcbt fh e`s Bfmcky>1 `s ift just o

pcrsfiol cxpcr`cibc fr rotecr kcs`rc tf ncttcr e`msclh, nut oi osp`rot`fi tf ncttcr nfte e`s lfbol

orco os wcll os eumoid`ik. Krcom, fi tec ftecr eoik, `s kcsp`tc e`s grokuol mfrol ncttcrmcit

hcoturck `i o stcok`ly mfrc kcboy`ig stotc, brcot`ig o rcvcrsc mcssogc hfr tec rcokcr4 we`lc

Koitcs solvot`fi `s mcoit tf nc tec rcokcrs solvot`fi os wcll, `t `s obtuolly Krcoms holl teot

tec rcokcrs orc mcoit tf obdifwlckgc os o trog`b mfrol lcssfi. Go`moi olsf nr`kgcs tec

iorrot`vc gop nctwcci h`bt`fi oik rcol`ty, s`ibc Krcom v`suollyos o toll, str`d`ig, polc h`gurc

>1Os wos e`s wfrd fr`g`iolly t`tlck. [ec okjcbt`vc k`v`icwos ottr`nutck tf e`s wfrd lotcr fi. (bh. Motecwcs

>1??)

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w`te nlobd ruhhlck eo`r oik kord cycs rcscmnlcs tec outefr. E`s uikci`onlc Go`moicsquc

(hob`ol) hcoturcs teus hurtecr brcotc o pfwcrhul bfiicbt`fi nctwcci e`msclh oik tec rcokcr,

strcss`ig e`s trog`b cik cvci mfrc.

Q`bturc 8 (lcht): [ec h`rst hrfitol kcp`bt`fi fh Krcom (Go`moi ct ol. >1?1o, >>).

Q`bturc 7 (r`get): Ic`l Go`moi (ettp://www.storpulscfil`ic.bfm/bclcnr`ty/ic`l-go`moi).

Orguonly, Krcoms oppcoroibc (os wcll os oppcoroibc fh ftecr hcoturck beorobtcrs) `s tf sfmc

cxtcit ui`quc tf o k`hhcrcit pcib`lcr, `idcr, bflfr`st fr ort`st kcp`bt`ig e`m, yct e`s str`d`ig

kord pfsc kfcs ift beoigc. Weot beoigcs orc tec iuoibcs fh vor`fus rcol`st`b ([ec Wodc),

cxprcss`fi`st`b (Wfrlks Cik), bortffi`se pfrtroyols ([ec D`ikly Fics) oik bfllogc

tcbei`qucs (usck hfr bfvcrs fh vor`fus mfitely `ssucs). Rube suntlc beoigcs ift fily ohhcbt

tec rcokcrs rcspfisc tf oiy g`vci beorobtcr,>?lct olfic tec prftogfi`st fh oi cp`b stfry, nut

fi tec ftecr eoik k`sploy tec ui`quc beorobtcr`st`bs fh bfm`bs. K`hhcrcit ort bfivcys k`hhcrcit

cmft`fis oik [ec Roikmoi `s iftfr`fus oik qu`tc mct`bulfus hfr ploy`ig w`te ort oik

p`btfr`ol stylc fh vor`fus cp`sfkcs. [ec mfst fnv`fus cxomplc `s vflumc c`get fh [ec

Roikmoi, t`tlck Wfrlks Cik. [ec csscibc fh te`s `ssuc `s onfut stfrytcll`ig4 k`hhcrcit

iorrotfrs `i o Beoubcr`oi woy tcll tec`r tolcs4 yct cvcry stfry `s pfrtroyck ny o k`hhcrcit ort`st

oik bfiscqucitly `i o k`hhcrcit stylc. [eus tec beoigc `i iorrot`fi `s mfrc cv`kcit, rckub`ig

omn`gu`ty oik bfivcy`ig mfrc mcoi`ig, we`be ollfws mfrc cmpeos`s fi tec stfry `tsclh. O

s`m`lor chhcbt wfulk nc cxtrcmcly k`hh`bult tf bfivcy w`te wfrks olfic, we`lc just o gl`mpsc

fh o k`hhcrcit ort`st`b stylc usecrs tec rcokcr `itf o icw p`btfr`ol cxpcr`cibc, wecrcos tec

>?Oltefuge (v`suol) beoigc `s port fh Krcoms beorobtcr, tec rcokcr boi obtuolly gct v`suolly bfihusck `h tecbeorobtcrs orc kcp`btck `i vor`fus (k`ss`m`lor) ort`st`b tcbei`qucs4 ncor `i m`ik teot tec `i`t`ol v`suol kcp`bt`fi fho beorobtcr `s tec h`rst oik tec mfst `mpfrtoit bluc tf e`s csscibc oik bfiscqucitly tec strfigcst bfiicbt`fi tftec rcokcr. Ift just rcokcrs, nut pcfplc `i gcicrol modc strfig v`suol bfiicbt`fis tf ftecr pcfplc oik tec wfrlk

`tsclh4 tecrchfrc, `i o lfig oik pfpulor wfrd sube os [ec Roikmoipfrtroyol fh beorobtcrs boi nc vcry kcl`botcoik stroy`ig owoy hrfm oi cstonl`seck oppcoroibc boi nc k`hh`bult hfr tec rcokcr (tf obbcpt). [e`s `ssuc bfulk nc

bfmporck tf o sl`getly k`hhcrcit pfrtroyol fh oi obtuol pcrsfi `i rcol l`hc.

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vcrnol port fh tec bfm`b boi nc lcss strciufus `i try`ig tf obbfuit hfr tec k`hhcrcit iorrot`vc

oik ort`st`b pobc.

[ec beoigc fh pobc, iorrot`fi oik p`btfr`ol pfrtroyol icvcrteclcss kf ift obbfuit hfr oll fh tec

k`hhcrcit kcp`bt`fis fh Krcom. [ec beorobtcr `s cmnckkck w`te beoigc4 ec eos moiy iomcs, >>

twf fh we`be orc Mfrpecus (`mply`ig troishfrmot`fi) oik Lfrk Reopcr (ec kfcs ift beoigc

mcrcly terfuge ort`st`b stylcs nut boi prcscit e`msclh k`hhcrcitly kcpcik`ig fi we`be spcb`cs

ec `s `i bfitobt w`te). Ec beoigcs tec l`vcs fh nc`igs ec `s ossfb`otck w`te oik ec e`msclh

beoigcs ot tec vcry cik `itf o icw ospcbt fh krcom. Efwcvcr, tec grcotcst beoigc fbburs `i

tec cycs fh tec rcokcrs, s`ibc tecy must hotefm Krcoms h`iol stogc fh kcstrubt`fi oik

ult`motcly wodc hrfm nfte tec h`iol trogcky os wcll os tec rcol`zot`fi teot [ec Roikmoi`s o

h`i`tc tolc.

Q`bturc 5 (lcht): Mfrpecus h`iol mfmcits w`te e`s s`stcr, Kcote (Go`moi ct ol. ?008, 2>>).

Q`bturc 0 (r`get): [ec cmcrgcibc fh tec icw ospcbt fh Krcom (Go`moi ct ol. ?008, 2;2).

[ec rcokcr boi p`btfr`olly `ihcr Krcoms trois`t`fi tf oiftecr ospcbt fh e`msclh w`tefut `t

nc`ig k`rcbtly stotck terfuge tec tcxt4 Mfrpecus iomcly grokuolly secks e`s kord blftecs

nchfrc mcct`ig e`s cik, teus v`suolly oppcor`ig we`tcr oik mfrc l`dc e`s hfllfwcr, e`s sfi

Koi`cl, wef `s kcp`btck wcor`ig oll we`tc. Ec `s, tecrchfrc, `i v`suol bfitrost tf e`s kord

hotecr oik `s olsf lcss cmft`fiolly r`g`k, os tec bfiblus`fi fh tec stfry `ik`botcs. [ec h`iol twf

`istollmcits, [ec D`ikly Fics oik [ec Wodc, bfmn`ic p`btfr`ol oik vcrnol pfrtroyol fh

>>^chlcbt`ig fi e`s pfs`t`fi oik fnl`got`fis, we`lc `ik`bot`ig nfte e`s oll-cibfmposs`ig prcscibc os wcll osobtuol lobd fh `kcit`ty.

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Krcoms mcitol oik v`suol trois`t`fi `itf o ncttcr vcrs`fi fh e`msclh. @rfi`bolly, te`s

prfbcss `s `i vo`i hfr tec nclfvck prftogfi`st oik teus tec rcokcrs rcbcpt`fi fh tec wfrds

h`iol trog`b mfmcits `s cxpficit`olly mfrc cmft`fiol nfte terfuge tec rcol`zot`fi fh

Mfrpecus `mm`icit kcote oik tec kuol kcp`bt`fi fh te`s stotc terfuge tec `itcrrclotck wfrk-

p`bturc chhfrt. Fi oiftecr lcvcl, tec kcporturc fh tec fr`g`iol Krcom wos fnv`fusly ift wcll

rcbc`vck ny moiy rcokcrs (cspcb`olly lfig-t`mc hois fh tec scr`cs os h`rst punl`seck). @i te`s

rcspcbt Go`moi eclps rcokcrs tf trois`t`fi tf tec icw Krcom w`te k`splcosurc, oigcr oik

sokicss hrfm Mfrpecus scrvoit oik lotcr hr`cik, rovci Motecw, wef `i`t`olly rchuscs tf

obbcpt Mfrpecus subbcssfr, cvci tefuge Koi`cl `s pfrtroyck os o gcitlcr oik teus mfrc

rcokcr-hr`ciklyospcbt fh Krcom. Go`moi iftcs teot Koi`cl `s ift furRoikmoi4 oik ecll

icvcr nc. Rf wcrc s`mply ift gf`ig tf l`dc Te`m] r`get owoy. (Ncikcr >111, >?8)

Blcorly, fic fh tec mfst `mpfrtoit (iorrot`vc) clcmcits `i nfte [ec Roikmoios wcll os [ec

K`v`ic Bfmcky`s grokuol sp`r`tuol troishfrmot`fi. [e`s beoigc, efwcvcr, kfcs ift fbbur just

w`te`i tec prftogfi`sts nut w`te`i tec rcokcrs os wcll, os tecy go`i mfrc difwlckgc fr

rotecr w`skfm onfut tec wfrds (terfuge rcok`ig oik rcrcok`ig), we`lc tecy tecmsclvcs

beoigc oik mfrolly grfw just os mube os Krcom oik Koitc. Oltefuge Koitc moy ncg`i e`s

jfuricy mfrc `i o stotc fh tonulo roso teoi Krcom, nfte beorobtcrs `i`t`olly k`sploy o grcot

lobd fh difwlckgc, bfihus`fi oik m`splobcmcit. Efwcvcr, tec`r lcori`ig prfbcss sefwsgrokuol beoigc hfr tec ncttcr. Koitc teus ncg`is tf scc (Gfks) just`bc fh Ecllos ec sbflks tec

bfrrupt hollci Qfpc I`beflos @@@., kcl`get`ig e`s gu`kc, Xcrg`l (bh. Ol`ge`cr` ?003, ?20-?;1),

we`lc Krcoms nrftecr, Kcstrubt`fi, obdifwlckgcs e`s s`nl`igs mfrol grfwte (bh. Go`moict

ol. ?002, >10). Fic fh tec mfst str`d`ig clcmcits fh nfte pfwcr oik beoigc `i [ec Roikmoi

`s Krcoms rcbfistrubt`fi fh fic fh e`s i`getmorcs, tec Bfr`ite`oi. Krcom h`bt`fiolly turis

te`s scr`ol d`llcr (bh. Go`moi ct ol, >1?1n) `itf o eclphul beorobtcr, wefsc scbfik bfm`ig `i

rcturi kfcs o grcot scrv`bc tf tec Krcomlfrk. Efwcvcr, os Krcom modcs tec Bfr`ite`oi

ncttcr, ec e`msclh `s st`ll nl`ik tf e`s fwi hlows. [ec `rfiy `i te`s bosc `s cvci grcotcr s`ibc

tec Bfr`ite`oi eos tccte `i e`s cyc sfbdcts `istcok fh obtuol cycs.

Efwcvcr, tec pote tf mfrol solvot`fi `s ny if mcois l`icor oik uiprfnlcmot`b, s`ibc nfte

beorobtcrs k`sploy lopscs `i tec`r jukgmcits. Koitc teus fibc ogo`i hccls sympotey hfr

wccp`ig uircpcitoit s`iicrs hurtecr kfwi `i Ecll oik `s `mmck`otcly sbflkck ny Xcrg`l (bh.

Ol`ge`cr` ?003, ?;?->), we`lc Krcoms s`stcr, Kcote, sbflks ecr yfuigcr nrftecr hfr e`s

`gifroibc (bh. Go`moi ct ol. ?008, 2>7-5). Olnc`t Krcomstroishfrmot`fi `s st`ll mfrc l`tcrol

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teoi sp`r`tuol os `s tec bosc w`te Koitc, te`s beoigc blcorly boiift nc obe`cvck

`istoitoicfusly`t `s o lcori`ig prfbcss fr rotecr oi cxpcr`cibc teot rcqu`rcs fics jfuricy tf

nc bfmplctck. [ec hobt teot nfte Krcom oik Koitc icck gu`kcs fi tec`r rcspcbt`vc jfuricys

g`vcs mcr`t tf ift just tec orkufus tosd teot ncholls tecm, nut obtuolly rchlcbts fi tec eumoi

bfik`t`fi `tsclh. Cvcry eumoi nc`ig `s gu`kck terfuge e`s fr ecr l`hc `i sfmc hfrm fr oiftecr4

hrfm porcits tf tcobecrs, mcitfrs oik porticrs. Just os Koitc qucst`fis e`s gu`kcs oik `s

eclpck ny tecm terfuge nfte pro`sc oik rcpr`moik, sf kfcs Krcom turi tf e`s s`nl`igs hfr

okv`bc (mfstly e`s s`stcr Kcote, wef rcprcscits nfte kcote oik l`hc), olnc`t tff lotc.

[ec mfuito`i fh Qurgotfry, we`be cmnfk`cs tec ift`fi fh beoigc, `s `i stord bfitrost tf tec

stogcs fh Ecll, wecrc tec tfrturfus stoy `s pcrmoicit. [ec tcmpfrol ioturc fh Qurgotfry `s

mcrcly o mcois fh rcobe`ig Ecovci terfuge scvci stogcs rcprcscit`ig tec scvci kcokly s`is.

Koitc ncbfmcs oworc teot tec s`i teot plogucs e`s sful (tec mfst) `s pr`kc, we`be `s prcscitck

os tec wfrst ot tec stogc fh purgot`fi. Nfte os o beorobtcr oik o pfct ec iccks tf h`ik eum`l`ty

w`te`i e`msclh, sf os ift tf holl v`bt`m tf tec subbcss fh e`s grcot wfrd. R`m`lorly, `t `s pr`kc

we`be plogucs Krcom tec mfst os wcll. @i e`s bosc, efwcvcr, wc bfmc obrfss ift just

orrfgoibc oik fvcrtly pr`kchul nceov`fr, nut lust os wcll, ift tf mcit`fi h`l`b`kc, we`be `s

ult`motcly tec mo`i botolyst hfr e`s holl.

Beoptcr Hfur [ec Wodc

Moi moy e`s hotc hfrcscc, nut ift prcvcit! (Go`moi ctol. ?008, ?0?)

Nchfrc Mfrpecus holl fbburs, `t `s iftcwfrtey tf hurtecr clonfrotc fi sfmc fh tec clcmcits

teot lcok tf `t, we`lc strcss`ig tec `itr`is`b rclot`fi [ec Roikmoi eos w`te [ec K`v`ic

Bfmcky. @t eos ncci olrcoky stotck teot nfte wfrds hcoturc h`bt`fiol beorobtcrs oik e`stfr`b

h`gurcs. [e`s moy ift sccm v`tol, yct tec `igciu`ty fh tec`r `ibfrpfrot`fi `i nfte wfrds `s

weot nr`kgcs tec gop nctwcci h`bt`fi oik rcol`ty, `i csscibc rcprcscit`ig efw l`hc `m`totcs l`hc

(oik v`bc vcrso). Nfte wfrds orc cxtrcmcly r`be `i `itcrtcxtuol clcmcits oik `ibfrpfrotc

iumcrfus myte`b oik tecflfg`bol beorobtcrs oik ift`fis `i tec`r iorrot`vcs. @i Boitf UUX@

fh Qurgotfry Koitc, hfr cxomplc, rctclls tec stfry fh tec grcot Grccd ecrf Fkysscus (fr

Slysscs `i Lot`i), efwcvcr, ec `igci`fusly mfk`h`cs `ts futbfmc tf h`t `itf e`s iorrot`vc4

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iomcly Fkysscus `s plobck `i tec b`rblc fh hroukulcit s`iicrs. Koitc `ivcits Fkysscus

kfwiholl ny ploy`ig fi e`s mfst iftonlc beorobtcr`st`bs`itcll`gcibc oik buii`ig. Koitcs

Slysscs bfmn`ics tecsc twf ospcbts fh tec usc oik onusc fh tec `itcllcbt: e`s Slysscs `s nfte

tec kcbc`thul okv`scr oik tec `itrcp`k, nut prcsumptufus cxplfrcr. (Ol`ge`cr` ?003, 81>)

Qorollcl tf te`s, Go`moi olsf uscs homfus l`tcrory wfrds oik beorobtcrs hfr e`s iorrot`vc,

iomcly Reodcspcorc (nfte os wr`tcr oik beorobtcr), os ec rctclls e`s ploys O M`ksummcr

I`gets Krcomoik [ec [cmpcst, rcspcbt`vcly. Os Koitc `i csscibc kfwiployck Fkysscus

homc, sf Go`moi ottr`nutcs tec subbcss fh tec beorobtcr Reodcspcorc tf oi ogrccmcit w`te

Krcom (bh. Go`moi ct ol. >1?1n, ?>5), wecrc tec lottcr wfulk rcbc`vc twf ploys `i rcturi hfr

tec pfwcr tf g`vc mci krcoms teot wfulk l`vc fi ohtcr TReodcspcorc wos] gfic.Go`moi ct

ol. ?007, ?75)

[e`s ift`fi fh `mmfrtol`ty terfuge grcot wfrds k`rcbtly rchlcbts fi Koitcs grcot pfcm, yct

ift o pfcm os o mcois hfr subbcss nut os o gu`kc hfr tec ncttcrmcit fh eumoid`ik. Os Koitc

jfuricys terfuge tec uppcr specrcs fh Ecovci, ec rcol`zcs ec iccks tf ossumc tec rflc fh o

lcokcr, s`ibc te`s cxpcr`cibc g`vcs e`m tec rcspfis`n`l`ty tf bfivcy e`s prfpect`b krcom

terfuge e`s pfcme`s gflkci hlccbc (bh. Ol`ge`cr` ?003, 320) os mube os ec boi, olnc`t

ec rcol`zcs e`s pfcm boi ot ncst fily polc `i bfmpor`sfi tf tec obtuol k`v`ic jfuricy, we`be

must nc cxpcr`cibck ny ficsclh, ift lcorit hrfm oiftecr. [ec gop nctwcci eumoi`ty oik teck`v`ic `s hor tff grcot, oik Koitcs k`v`ic v`s`fi wos teus `icxprcss`nlc, `ibfibc`vonlc, oik

cvci ui`mog`ionlc. (Ol`ge`cr` ?003, 701) Go`moi olsf ossumcs rcspfis`n`l`ty hfr e`s fwi

wfrd, os ec kcb`kcs hfr tec sodc fh ort`st`b bfiblus`fi tf cik o pfpulor bfm`bs scr`cs4 kcsp`tc

pfpulor kcmoik oik prcsumonly mfrc (h`ioib`ol) subbcss.

Qcreops oi fvcrs`mpl`h`ck oiolys`s fh nfte wfrds moy blo`m teot tecy rchcr tf tec ospcbts fh

gffk oik cv`l, plus tec`r kuol ioturc w`te`i cobe oik cvcry eumoi nc`ig. Cvci tefuge [ec

K`v`ic Bfmcky`s grcotly `ihlucibck ny Ber`st`oi ncl`chs, tec lorgc omfuit fh tecflfgy w`te`i

`ts ?;,111 l`ics kfcs ift rclotc just tf Ber`st`ois,>2

just os [ec Roikmoikfcs ift rclotc just tf

bfm`bs rcokcrs.>;W`te`i tec iorrot`vc tec rcosfi hfr te`s m`get nc tec vcry kuol ioturc fh

Krcom, tf we`be mfst rcokcrs boi cos`ly rclotc. Fi blfsc fnscrvot`fi, tec sccm`igly oll->2X`rg`l, o pogoi, `s hfr `istoibc tec `i`t`ol gu`kc hfr tec p`lgr`m os wcll os tec rcokcr, csscit`olly tec porcith`gurc wef eclps us todc fur h`rst stcps `itf tec ecll`se wfrlk.

>;Omfig iumcrfus pr`zcs fh [ec Roikmoiscr`cs `s olsf tec fily l`tcrory owork hfr o mfitely bfm`b `i e`stfry,

iomcly tec ?00? Wfrlk Hoitosy Owork hfr Ncst Refrt Rtfry hfrO M`ksummcr I`gets Krcom(bh. Ncikcr >111,

7;).

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>1

pfwcrhul prftogfi`st obtuolly k`sploys o vcry s`ihul ioturc4 e`s mfst iftonlc s`is orc

cxbcss`vc lust oik pr`kc, we`lc e`s obt fh h`l`b`kc, su`b`kol tcikcib`cs oik orrfgoibc bfulk

cos`ly plobc e`m `i vor`fus b`rblcs fh Ecll. Hrfm te`s pcrspcbt`vc Krcom s ult`motc cik `s ift

trog`b ny oiy mcois nut qu`tc kcscrvck. Efwcvcr, ec rcmo`is o l`donlc beorobtcr, ncbousc e`s

s`is orc rotecr tec futbfmc fh iumcrfus `itcrtw`i`ig cvcits, we`be bousc o beo`i rcobt`fi

hrfm we`be ift cvci tec Krcomlfrk boi csbopc. Hfr cxomplc: `t wos e`s lust hfr hcmolc

nc`igs teot rcsultck `i citropmcit fh fic fh e`s lfvcrs, Ioko, oik tec n`rte fh e`s sfi

Frpecus4 `t wos e`s pr`kc teot prcvcitck e`m hrfm eclp`ig c`tecr fh tecm4 `t wos e`s fwi

prfm`sc tf Frpecus teot lck e`m tf cik e`s sfis l`hc, we`be `i turi spurrck e`s su`b`kol

tcikciby. Os tec ioturc fh s`i `s ny if mcois stro`gethfrwork `i Koitc, sf orc Krcoms

troisgrcss`fis mfrolly beollcig`ig tf tec rcokcr. @t `s ift tec cifrm`ty fr hrcquciby fh s`i nut

tec ioturc fh tec rcpcitoit s`iicr we`be `s csscit`ol. Weot modcs Krcom o trog`b beorobtcr>3

`s tec hobt teot ec rcpcitck oik sccmck beoigck hfr tec ncttcr, yct e`s hotc (fr rotecr tec Hotcs)

bouget up w`te e`m. Qcreops tec `ichhcbt`vcicss fh Krcoms rcmfrsc boi nc ottr`nutck tf e`s

sfl`tory ioturc. @h wc fnscrvc tec huibt`fi fh Qurgotfry, `t ncbfmcs blcor teot rcpcitoibc `s o

bfmmuiol obt`v`ty, wecrc, uil`dc tec cgfbcitr`b s`iicrs `i @ihcrif, tec rcpcit`ig s`iicrs

proy, s`ig oik blcoisc tecmsclvcs tfgctecr fh tec`r post s`ihul woys (bh. Bffd oik Ecrzmoi

>11?). [ecrchfrc, `t bfulk eovc ncci tec vcry stf`b oik `sflotck ioturc fh Krcom teot

prcvcitck e`s rckcmpt`fi tf nc h`iol`zck. Cvci tefuge rcpcrbuss`fis sefulk ncholl just fi

e`m, tecy orc k`rcbtck tfworks e`s loik, tec Krcom`ig, os wcll, s`ibc ec `s tec csscibc fh e`s

rcolm4 `i ftecr wfrks, tec sunfrk`iotcs suhhcr just os mube os tec`r d`ig kfcs. [e`s lost ift`fi

fh pfwcr oik pui`semcit ogo`i rchcrs nobd tf [ec K`v`ic Bfmcky, s`ibc fic fh Koitcs mfst

huikomcitol fnjcbt`fis wos tec m`susc fh pfwcr ny tec Beurbe oik efw `t `ll-ohhcbtck

cvcryte`ig oik cvcryfic `t bfitrfllck.

Koitcs kcs`rc hfr oi uibfrrupt wfrlk `s `i stord bfitrost tf tec iumcrfus rchcrcibcs (terfuge

[ec K`v`ic Bfmcky) fh e`s obtuol cx`lc, os nfte s`iicrs oik so`its rchcr tf tec pfcts

noi`semcit. O s`m`lor tcbei`quc `s usck `i Roikmoios wcll, olnc`t cxprcssck nfte vcrnolly

oik p`btfr`olly4 Krcoms cx`lc `s mfrc bfibrctc st`ll, s`ibc e`s hotc `s prcscitck terfuge

kcstrubt`fi fr rotecr rcsurrcbt`fi. Rube kcv`bcs prcporc tec rcokcr hfr tec huturc cvcits oik

s`ibc tec futbfmcs `i nfte stfr`cs orc gcicrolly uikcs`ronlc (hfr Koitc tec pfct oik Krcom

>3

Oport hrfm vor`fus str`d`ig rchcrcibcs tf Eomlct (bh. Go`moi ct ol. ?008, >08).

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>?

tec beorobtcr), tec rchcrcibcs rckubc tec sefbd `i tec cycs fh tec rcokcr weci tecsc cvcits

bfmc tf poss.

Lostly, tecrc `s fic mfrc clcmcit teot iccks tf nc okkrcssck, iomcly tec `mpfrtoibc fh ort `i

nfte wfrds. @t `s fily h`tt`ig teot grcot wfrds fh ort rchcr `i vor`fus woys tf ort `tsclh. [ec

huikomcitol`ty oik bfmplcx`ty fh p`btfr`ol kcp`bt`fi `i [ec Roikmoi eos olrcoky ncci

k`sbussck, efwcvcr, `t `s `itcrcst`ig tf strcss tec `ibfrpfrot`fi fh `llustrot`fis `i tec Cigl`se

oik Rlfvcic troislot`fis fhK`v`ic Bfmcky(usck hfr te`s ort`blc). [ec ort fh homfus po`itcrs

Roikrf Nftt`bcll` oik Gustov Kfr, rcspcbt`vcly, cieoibc tec v`suol kcp`bt`fi fh vor`fus ports

fh Koitcs jfuricy. Efwcvcr, fi o mfrc `itcrprct`vc lcvcl, wc boi fnscrvc tec ift`fi fh ort

`tsclh, os prcscitck `i Qurgotfry, wecrc tec pr`kchul s`iicrs borry lorgc nfulkcrs fi tec`r

sefulkcrs, lcori`ig eum`l`ty. [ecrc tec slons fh rfbd rcprcscit tec motcr`ol hrfm we`be grcot

stotucs wcrc brcotck. Gfk `s mctopefr`bolly sbulptur`ig tecsc s`iicrs `itf wfrds fh ort, tf nc

s`i-hrcc oik teus wfrtey fh E`s prcscibc oik nl`ss `i Ecovci (bh. Bffd oik Ecrzmoi >11?).

Qorollcl tf te`s, tecrc `s oi `itcrcst`ig rchcrcibc tf M`becloigclfs homfus hrcsbf, [ec

Brcot`fi fh Okom, ot tec t`mc fh Krcoms kcstrubt`fi.

Q`bturc ?1 (lcht): Brcot`fi fh Okom

(ettp://mv.vot`boi.vo/2VCI/pogcs/x-Rbeckc/BRIs/BRIsVXVRtBcitrV18.etml).

Q`bturc ?? (r`get): Sibrcot`fi fh Mfrpecus (Go`moi ct ol. ?008, 22>-2).

Os Mfrpecus tfubecs e`s s`stcr, Kcote, e`s cx`stcibc ciks, efwcvcr, Koi`cl ot tec somc t`mc

todcs up tec moitcl fh tec ift`fi fh Krcom. [ec poicl nfte terfuge tec rchcrcibc tf

M`becloigclfs wfrd os wcll os tec kuol ioturc fh tec y`i-yoig symnfl `i tec bcitcr

morvclfusly kcp`bts tec k`beftfmy nctwcci l`hc oik kcote, `mmfrtol`ty oik rcsurrcbt`fi,

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kcspo`r oik efpc4 o grcot wfrd fh ort `ibfrpfrot`ig oiftecr grcot wfrd fh ort os oi `itcgrol

port fh `ts pfrtroyol ot tec mfst fppfrtuic t`mc.

Cp`lfguc

Roikmoi `s T] onfut pccr`ig ncicote tec surhobc fh te`igs, oik rcbfgi`z`ig tec

`mpfrtoibc fh krcom, myte oik tec troisbcikcit `i fur l`vcs. (Ncikcr >1?1, >)

[ecrc `s if kciy`ig teot port fh tec csscibc fh [ec Roikmoi boi nc ottr`nutck tf tec

mct`bulfus `ibfrpfrot`fi fh clcmcits hrfm tec grcot pfcm, [ec K`v`ic Bfmcky, efwcvcr, tec

wfrd fh Go`moi oik cvcry ftecr obbfmpoiy`ig ort`st `s moturc, bfmplcx oik ort`st`bolly

ncout`hul `i `tsclh. Just os Koitcs mostcrp`cbc eos eok o prfhfuik `ihlucibc fi te`s bfm`bs

wfrd, sf eos tec N`nlc, hfr cxomplc, ncci oi `iscporonlc porticr `i nfte brcot`fi oik

kcp`bt`fi fh [ec K`v`ic Bfmcky. [ec Roikmoi`s blcorly ift just o mogi`h`bcit bfm`bs wfrd,

nut o grcot wfrd `i oiy ort hfrm. Efwcvcr, `ts rcbcpt`fi oik cvci mfrc sf pcrbcpt`fi orc

kcsp`tc tec wfrds bfmplcx l`tcrory oik ort`st`b ncouty k`hh`bult ot ncst. Icvcrteclcss, wcrc `t

ift hfr te`s bfmplcx`ty, tec rcok`ig cxpcr`cibc terfuge tec Krcom`ig wfulk eovc nccibecopcick fh iumcrfus l`tcrory oik myte`b ollus`fis, Reodcspcorcoi rchcrcibcs oik v`suolly

str`d`ig ort`st`b kcl`gets teot Ic`l Go`moi oik tec iumcrfus `llustrot`vc gci`uscs eovc

brcotck.

We`lc tec huturc fh bfm`bs m`get olrcoky nc beoig`ig hrfm tec stoikork`zck nffd hfrm

tfworks o mfrc k`g`tol`zck oik `itcrobt`vc prfkubt fi tec `itcrict,>8 tecsc beoigcs rchlcbt

oiftecr ospcbt fh `ik`v`kuol`ty, bfmpot`n`l`ty oik ui`qucicss fh tec bfm`bs mck`um. [ec

csscibc fh bfm`bs `s nfte `ts grcotcst morvcl oik `ts grovcst hlow. @ rchcr tf tec on`l`ty fh tec

mck`um tf cxprcss `tsclh nfte terfuge sefrt `itcllcbtuolly uibeollcig`ig oik bor`boturc-l`dc

bfm`b str`ps just os mube os prfhfuik grope`b ifvcls. Bfm`bs orc usck os bfmmcrb`ols, tecy

orc stcrcftyp`bolly prcscitck tf tec gcicrol punl`b ny k`hhcrcit mck`o os lfw ort fr s`mpl`h`ck

stfr`cs, scrv`ig fily os o mcois hfr oi`mot`fi, bortffi brcot`fi fr h`lm okoptot`fi. Pct, ot tec

somc t`mc tecy ift fily k`ssflvc tec `llus`fi teot cxqu`s`tc p`btfr`ol oik vcrnol clcmcits

>8

Hfr mfrc `ihfrmot`fi fi k`g`tol bfm`bs bh. MbBlfuk >111 oik Kcrifvcd >1??.

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>2

boiift bf-fbbur, nut obtuolly bfcx`st `i sube o bfmplcx woy teot if ftecr mck`um boi rclotc.

Bfm`bs `s o mck`um fh cxpcr`mcitot`fi oik uiusuol hfrmots just os mube os `t w`ll hfrcvcr

nc tec orbe`tcbt fh bflfrhul supcrecrfcs, wef ncbfmc pfp-bulturc `bfis. Cvci tefuge tec

sunstoikork, fvcrtly stcrcftyp`bol fr kfwir`get nok bfm`bs moy hfrcvcr `mpckc fi tec

glfnol pcrbcpt`fi fh bfm`bs os o moturc, `ikcpcikcit oik ui`quc ort hfrm, tecy orc

opprfpr`otclyport fh tec somc hom`ly sube os bfm`bs mostcrp`cbcs [ec Bfitrobt w`te Gfk,

MOSR, Wotbemci oik [ec Roikmoi, oik tecy rchlcbt tec kuol ioturc fh bfm`bs os nfte o

ui`quc wfrk-p`bturc oppl`botfrs os wcll os o hfrm fh cxprcss`ig oiyte`ig oik cvcryte`ig teot

eumoi`ty eos tf fhhcr.

@ wfulk l`dc tf bfiblukc te`s ort`blc w`te mfrc s`m`lor`t`cs nctwcci [ec Roikmoi oik tec

K`v`ic Bfmcky. [ec porollcls nctwcci tec twf mostcrhul wfrds orc cv`kcit terfuge tec`r

mutuol `itr`boby oik ncouty. Fibc yfu h`i`se rcok`ig fic fr tec ftecr, fily teci w`ll yfu nc

obtuolly prcporck tf cmnord fi tec rcok`ig cxpcr`cibc. Os Koitcs fkysscy lcoks e`m hrfm

@ihcrif tf Qorok`sf oik ult`motcly Gfk, sf tff kfcs Krcom suhhcr fi e`s pote fh solvot`fi,

gf`ig tf Ecll oik nobd tf e`s ecovcily loik fh Krcom`ig. Efwcvcr, ec, os o nc`ig mfrc

pfwcrhul teoi gfks, boi h`ik solvot`fi fily terfuge kcstrubt`fi. Just os Koitc rccmcrgcs os o

icw, mfrolly cir`beck pcrsfi w`te o k`v`ic uikcrstoik`ig, sf kfcs Mfrpecus4 efwcvcr, ec

rcsurhobcs os oiftecr ospcbt fh e`msclh4 os oiftecr Krcom, fic teot w`ll lcori hrfm tecm`stodcs oik r`g`kicss fh e`s prckcbcssfr oik w`ll ohtcr tec wodc cmcrgc terfuge tec rcokcr

w`te o grcotcr uikcrstoik`ig fh Go`mois mostcrp`cbc. Fibc yfu `mmcrsc yfursclh `itf [ec

Roikmoi, yfu cmnord fi o rfllcrbfostcr r`kc teot h`lls yfu w`te opprcb`ot`fi oik jfy, mod`ig

tec rcok`ig cxpcr`cibc turnulcit yct uihfrgcttonlc, oik ot tec vcry cik yfu rcol`zc teot tec

cp`b sogo wos ift o i`getmorc, nut tec swcctcst fh krcoms.

Oik teci, h`get`ig tf stoy oslccp, w`se`ig `t wfulk gf fi hfr cvcr, surc teot fibc tec krcom

wos fvcr, `t wfulk icvcr bfmc nobd yfu wfdc up.(Go`moi ct ol. ?007, 0>)

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>;

^chcrcibcs

Ol`ge`cr`, K. ?003. [ec K`v`ic Bfmcky. [roislotck ny O. Moikclnoum. Lfikfi: Kov`k

Bompncll Qunl`secrs Ltk.

. >113o. Nfoisdo dfmck`jo: Qcdcl.[roislotck ny O. Bopukcr. Bcljc: Krutvf Mfefrjcvo

kruno.

. >113n. Nfoisdo dfmck`jo: ^oj. [roislotck ny O. Bopukcr. Bcljc: Krutvf mfefrjcvo

kruno.

. >113b. Nfoisdo dfmck`jo: X`bc.[roislotck ny O. Bopukcr. Bcljc: Krutvf Mfefrjcvokruno.

Noig, M. >111.Q`bturc [e`s: Efw Q`bturcs Wfrd.Icw Pfrd: RcoRtor Nffds.

Ncctefvci, L. voi. ?00>. Rympefiy If. 0 `i K m`ifr, Fp. ?>3 'Befrol'.Bfikubtck ny O.

L`zz`f. Qcrhfrmck ny Qroguc Hcst`vol Frbecstro.

Ncikcr, E. >111. [ec Roikmoi Bfmpoi`fi.Lfikfi: [`toi Nffds.

B`t`zci Doic.KXK. >112. K`rcbtck ny Frsfi Wcllcs. Si`vcrsol.

Bumm`ig, ^. >113.Ort.Lfikfi: KD Qunl`se`ig.

Kcrifvcd, K. >110. Qfrtroyol fh Gffk oik Cv`l `i tec Ecllnfy Grope`b Ifvcls. Ljunljoio:

H`lfzfhsdo hodultcto.

. >1??. Xlfgo str`po v >?. stflctju mckmrcjo. @i Xlfgo sl`dfvi`e scstov`i pr`

spfrozumcvoiju. ck. J. X`itor, 80-52. Ljunljoio: Zovfk ^cpunl`dc Rlfvci`jc zo flstvf.

Kuiboi, ^. oik M. J. Rm`te. >110. [ec Qfwcr fh Bfm`bs: E`stfry, Hfrm oik Bulturc.Icw

Pfrd: Bfit`iuum @itcriot`fiol Qunl`se`ig Grfup Ltk.

C`sicr, W. >118. [ec Bfitrobt w`te Gfk [r`lfgy: L`hc fi Krfps`c Ovciuc.Icw Pfrd: W. W.

Ifrtfi & Bfmpoiy Ltk.

. >115o. Bfm`bs oik Rcqucit`ol Ort.Icw Pfrd: W. W. Ifrtfi & Bfmpoiy.

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>3

. >115n. Grope`b Rtfrytcll`ig oik X`suol Iorrot`vc.Icw Pfrd: W. W. Ifrtfi &Bfmpoiy.

C`sicr, W. oik H. M`llcr, `itcrv`cw ny B. Nrfwistc`i. >113. C`sicr/M`llcr. M`lwoud`c,

Frcgfi: Kord Efrsc Nffds.

H`igcrfte, K. >115. [ec ^fuge Gu`kc tf Grope`b Ifvcls.Lfikfi: Qcigu`i Nffds.

Go`moi, I., ct ol. ?00>. [ec Roikmoi: Rcosfi fh M`sts.Xfl. ;. Icw Pfrd: KB Bfm`bs.

. ?002o. [ec Roikmoi: O Gomc fh Pfu.Xfl. 3. Lfikfi: [`toi Nffds.

. ?002n. [ec Roikmoi: Nr`ch L`vcs.Xfl. 7. Icw Pfrd: KB Bfm`bs.

. ?00;o. [ec Roikmoi: Honlcs & ^chlcbt`fis.Xfl. 8. Lfikfi: [`toi Nffds.

. ?00;n. [ec Roikmoi: Wfrlks' Cik.Xfl. 5. Icw Pfrd: KB Bfm`bs.

. ?003. [ec Roikmoi: Krcom Bfuitry.Xfl. 2. Lfikfi: [`toi Nffds.

. ?008. [ec Roikmoi: [ec D`ikly Fics.Xfl. 0. Lfikfi: [`toi Nffds.

. ?007. [ec Roikmoi: [ec Wodc.Xfl. ?1. Lfikfi: [`toi Nffds.

. >112. [ec Roikmoi: Ciklcss I`gets.Lfikfi: [`toi Nffds.

. >1?1o. [ec Roikmoi: Qrclukcs & Ifbturics.Xfl. ?. Icw Pfrd: KB Bfm`bs.

. >1?1n. [ec Roikmoi: [ec Kfll's Efusc.Xfl. >. Icw Pfrd: KB Bfm`bs.

@scr, W. ?05?. [ec obt fh rcok`ig: o tecfry fh ocstect`b rcspfisc. Lfikfi: [ec Jfeis

Efpd`is Si`vcrs`ty Qrcss.

Jfybc, J. >111. Slysscs.Lfikfi: Qcigu`i Nffds.

MbBlfuk, R. Sikcrstoik`ig Bfm`bs.?00;. Icw Pfrd: Eorpcr Qcrcii`ol.

. >111.^c`ivcit`ig Bfm`bs.Icw Pfrd: Eorpcr Qcrcii`ol.

. >118.Mod`ig Bfm`bs.Icw Pfrd: Eorpcr Qcrcii`ol.

Mffrc, O., K. G`nnfis, oik J. E`gg`is. ?057. Wotbemci.Icw Pfrd: KB Bfm`bs.

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>8

Mfzct`, S. >111. Qrfnlcm pr`pfvckicgo glck`o `i or`cijo pr` prcvojoiju prfzi`e

ncsck`l.Ljunljoio: Zioistvci` `it`tut H`lfzfhsdc hodultctc.

Ron`i, ^. >1?1. Bfm`bs, Bfm`x oik Grope`b Ifvcls: O E`stfry fh Bfm`b Ort. Lfikfi:

Qeo`kfi Qrcss Ltk.

Reodcspcorc, W. >11?.Eomlct.Eormfikswfrte: Qcigu`i Nffds.

Rp`cgclmoi, O. ?00?.Mous: O Rurv`vfr's [olc.Icw Pfrd: Qoitecfi Nffds.

Bffd, W. ^., oik ^. N. Ecrzmoi. >11?.Koitcs K`v`ic Bfmcky.X`kcf lcbturc. [ec

[cobe`ig. Bfmpoiy.

ettp://www.tecgrcotbfurscs.bfm/tgb/bfurscs/BfurscVKcto`l.ospx6b`k=>57 (obbcssck >1

Rcptcmncr >1??)

ko X`ib`, L.Mfio L`so. Ortwfrds hrfm tec Lfuvrc `i E`ge ^csflut`fi. Lfuvrc Muscum.

ettp://muscc.lfuvrc.hr/zffm/`ikcx.etml6bulturciomc=ci-SR (obbcssck >1 Rcptcmncr >1??)

K`bt`fiory, Cibyblfpck`o oik [ecsourus. X`suol ort Kch`i`t`fi.

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8/10/2019 The Divine Sandman

27/27

>7

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