The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
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Transcript of The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
![Page 1: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
![Page 2: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
![Page 3: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
![Page 4: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
A. Oxygen Demand
all eukaryotes require oxygen.
![Page 5: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
A. Oxygen Demand
all eukaryotes require oxygen.
bacteria show greater variability:
- obligate anaerobes - die in presence of O2
- aerotolerant - don't die, but don't use O2
- facultative aerobes - can use O2, but don't need it
- obligate aerobes - require O2 to live
![Page 6: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
A. Oxygen Demand
all eukaryotes require oxygen.
bacteria show greater variability:
- obligate anaerobes - die in presence of O2
- aerotolerant - don't die, but don't use O2
- facultative aerobes - can use O2, but don't need it
- obligate aerobes - require O2 to live
represents an interesting continuum, perhaps correlating with the presence of O2 in the atmosphere.
![Page 7: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
B. Nutritional Categories:
![Page 8: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
B. Nutritional Categories:
- chemolithotrophs: use inorganics (H2S, etc.) as electron donors for electron transport chains and use energy to fix carbon dioxide. Only done by bacteria.
![Page 9: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
B. Nutritional Categories:
- chemolithotrophs: use inorganics (H2S, etc.) as electron donors for electron transport chains and use energy to fix carbon dioxide. Only done by bacteria.
- photoheterotrophs: use light as source of energy, but harvest organics from environment. Only done by bacteria.
![Page 10: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
B. Nutritional Categories:
- chemolithotrophs: use inorganics (H2S, etc.) as electron donors for electron transport chains and use energy to fix carbon dioxide. Only done by bacteria.
- photoheterotrophs: use light as source of energy, but harvest organics from environment. Only done by bacteria.
- photoautotrophs: use light as source of energy, and use this energy to fix carbon dioxide. bacteria and some eukaryotes.
![Page 11: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
B. Nutritional Categories:
- chemolithotrophs: use inorganics (H2S, etc.) as electron donors for electron transport chains and use energy to fix carbon dioxide. Only done by bacteria.
- photoheterotrophs: use light as source of energy, but harvest organics from environment. Only done by bacteria.
- photoautotrophs: use light as source of energy, and use this energy to fix carbon dioxide. bacteria and some eukaryotes.
- chemoheterotrophs: get energy and carbon from organics they consume. bacteria and some eukaryotes.
![Page 12: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
B. Nutritional Categories:
- chemolithotrophs: use inorganics (H2S, etc.) as electron donors for electron transport chains and use energy to fix carbon dioxide. Only done by bacteria.
- photoheterotrophs: use light as source of energy, but harvest organics from environment. Only done by bacteria.
- photoautotrophs: use light as source of energy, and use this energy to fix carbon dioxide. bacteria and some eukaryotes.
- chemoheterotrophs: get energy and carbon from organics they consume. bacteria and some eukaryotes.
![Page 13: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
C. Their Ecological Importance
![Page 14: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
C. Their Ecological Importance
- major photosynthetic contributors (with protists and plants)
![Page 15: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
C. Their Ecological Importance
- major photosynthetic contributors (with protists and plants)
- the only organisms that fix nitrogen into biologically useful forms that can be absorbed by plants.
![Page 16: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
C. Their Ecological Importance
- major photosynthetic contributors (with protists and plants)
- the only organisms that fix nitrogen into biologically useful forms that can be absorbed by plants.
- primary decomposers (with fungi)
![Page 17: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
The key thing about bacteria is their metabolic diversity. Although they didn't radiate much morphologically (spheres, rod, spirals), they DID radiate metabolically. As a group, they are the most metabolically diverse group of organisms.
C. Their Ecological Importance
- major photosynthetic contributors (with protists and plants)
- the only organisms that fix nitrogen into biologically useful forms that can be absorbed by plants.
- primary decomposers (with fungi)
- pathogens
![Page 18: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
III. Domain Archaea and The Early Earth
![Page 19: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
III. Domain Archaea and The Early EarthThe three Archaean groups exploit extreme environments (like early Earth?):
![Page 20: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
III. Domain Archaea and The Early EarthThe two Archaean groups exploit extreme environments (like early Earth?):
Crenarchaeota:
'thermacidophiles' - reduce sulphur compounds in geothermal sulphur springs and geothermal vents.
![Page 21: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
III. Domain Archaea and The Early EarthThe two Archaean groups exploit extreme environments (like early Earth?):
Crenarchaeota:
'thermacidophiles' - reduce sulphur compounds in geothermal sulphur springs and geothermal vents.
Euryarchaeota:
'methanogens' - reduce CO2 and harvest small amounts of energy.
![Page 22: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
I. An Overview
II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'
III. Domain Archaea and The Early EarthThe two Archaean groups exploit extreme environments (like early Earth?):
Crenarchaeota:
'thermacidophiles' - oxidize sulphur compounds in geothermal sulphur springs and geothermal vents.
Euryarchaeota:
'methanogens' - reduce CO2 and harvest small amounts of energy.
'halophiles' - live in saline environments; some have a very primitive form of photosynthesis.
![Page 23: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
A. Characteristics
- membrane bound nucleus
- organelles
- sexual reproduction
![Page 24: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
B. Origins
infolding of membrane
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The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
B. Origins
endosymbiosis - mitochondria and chloroplasts (Margulis - 1970's)
![Page 26: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
B. Origins
endosymbiosis - mitochondria and chloroplasts (Margulis - 1970's)
![Page 27: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
C. Phylogeny
![Page 28: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
![Page 29: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
![Page 30: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
![Page 31: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
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The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
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The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
![Page 34: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
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The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
- green alga
Same chlorophyll as plants
alternation of generation
genetic analysis confirms relatedness
![Page 36: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
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The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
- Choanoflagellates
![Page 38: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Diversity of Life
IV. Domain Eukarya
D. Diversity
E. Ecological Roles
- symbiotes – wood-digesting protists in insect guts
- parasites/disease - Plasmodium (Malaria)
- productivity – 25% of NPP by photosynthetic protists (diatoms and alga)
![Page 39: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
IV. Fungi
A. Overview
1. General Characteristics
![Page 40: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
IV. Fungi
A. Overview
1. General Characteristics
- multicellular eukaryotes
![Page 41: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
IV. Fungi
A. Overview
1. General Characteristics
- multicellular eukaryotes
- heterotrophic
![Page 42: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
IV. Fungi
A. Overview
1. General Characteristics
- multicellular eukaryotes
- heterotrophic
- absorptive nutrition:
excrete enzymes into environment and absorb the product of that digestion. They digest dead matter (decomposers) or live matter (pathogens), or may be symbiotes.
![Page 43: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
IV. Fungi
2. Classification
![Page 44: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
IV. Fungi
2. Classification
- Chytridiomycota
- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
Single celled members of these groups are all called “yeasts”. They are distinguished from protists based on a chitinous cell wall and absorptive (rather than phagocytic) nutrition.
![Page 45: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
IV. Fungi
3. General Biology
- The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae”
![Page 46: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
IV. Fungi
3. General Biology- The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae”- The hypha can be coenocytic (without divisions) or septate (with incomplete cell walls between)
![Page 47: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
IV. Fungi
3. General Biology- The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae”- The hypha can be coenocytic (without divisions) or septate (with incomplete cell walls between)- These have a huge surface area/volume ratio for absorption.
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IV. Fungi
3. General Biology- The organism is composed of threadlike “hyphae”- The hypha can be coenocytic (without divisions) or septate (with incomplete cell walls between)- These have a huge surface area/volume ratio for absorption.- The largest organisms known… 37 acres.
![Page 49: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
IV. Fungi
4. Ecological Roles
- decomposers: Fungi decompose lignin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest.
![Page 50: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
IV. Fungi
4. Ecological Roles
- decomposers: Fungi decompose lignin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest.
* antibiotics:
- Fungi and bacteria compete with one another for resources. They have both evolved chemical defenses that will kill or stop the reproduction of the other. The chemicals are antibiotics...and we use them to kill bacterial and fungal and protistan infections when they occur in the human body.
Penicillin - produced by the Penicillium bread mold.
Tetracyclins - produced by a bacteria.
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IV. Fungi
4. Ecological Roles
- decomposers: Fungi decompose liginin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest.
* antibiotics
- mycorrhizae: fungal symbiotes of certain plants. The fungus increases the absorbance area of roots dramatically, and passes water and nutrients to the plant. The plant feeds the fungus with glucose.
- many of these fungi are more sensitive to pollutants and toxins that their host tree. For example, acid rain acidifies the soil and kills the mycorrhizae that feed spruce and fir trees. The trees die.
![Page 52: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
IV. Fungi
4. Ecological Roles
- decomposers: Fungi decompose liginin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest.
* antibiotics
- mycorrhizae: fungal symbiotes of certain plants. The fungus increases the absorbance area of roots dramatically, and passes water and nutrients to the plant. The plant feeds the fungus with glucose.
- lichens – symbiote with alga
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IV. Fungi
4. Ecological Roles
- decomposers: Fungi decompose liginin and cellulose, which most free-living bacteria can’t digest.
* antibiotics
- mycorrhizae: fungal symbiotes of certain plants. The fungus increases the absorbance area of roots dramatically, and passes water and nutrients to the plant. The plant feeds the fungus with glucose.
- lichens – symbiote with alga
- pathogens – Athlete’s foot, ringworm,
yeast infections
- parasites – entomophagous fungi
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IV. Fungi
D. Basidiomycetes
- bear puffballs or mushrooms as fruiting bodies
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IV. Fungi
D. Basidiomycetes
- bear puffballs or mushrooms as fruiting bodies
![Page 56: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
IV. Fungi
D. Basidiomycetes
- bear puffballs or mushrooms as fruiting bodies
- haploid hyphae fuse in dikaryotic hyphae.
![Page 57: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
IV. Fungi
D. Basidiomycetes
- bear puffballs or mushrooms as fruiting bodies
- haploid hyphae fuse in dikaryotic hyphae.
- these dikaryotic hyphae form the fruiting structure.
![Page 58: The Diversity of Life I. An Overview II. An Overview of 'The Bacteria'](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0201a28abf838cd1fc0/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
IV. Fungi
D. Basidiomycetes
- bear puffballs or mushrooms as fruiting bodies
- haploid hyphae fuse in dikaryotic hyphae.
- these dikaryotic hyphae form the fruiting structure.
- at the tip of each hyphae, the basidium forms, in which meiosis occurs to produce new haploid spores.