The diversity of cellular life
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Transcript of The diversity of cellular life
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The diversity of cellular life
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Colonies of primitive unicellular organisms don’t show emergent
properties Prokaryotic organisms or
primitive eukaryotic organisms (algae, protistae) exist in colonies of identical cells
While the cells co-operate, they do not fuse to form a single mass and so don’t form a single organism
Each cell has identical structure and function
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Multicellular organisms have differentiated cells
Cells are specialised: Blood cells Muscle cells Retinal cells Glandular cells Epithelial cells
Each cell type has a special task and structureEach cell has the same DNA, but only a section of it is expressed
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Levels of ‘organisation’ in a multicellular organism
1.CELL2.TISSUE
3.ORGANS4.ORGAN SYSTEMS
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Cardiac myocytes
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Heart
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Cardiovascular system
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4 key animal tissue types1.Epithelial
2.Connective3.Muscle4.Nervous
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Human Anatomy, Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.
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Human Anatomy, Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.
Simple: just one layer or cell shape
Stratified: multiple layers and cell shapes
Classes of Epithelia
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“ciliated” literally = eyelashes(see next page)
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Stratified: regenerate from below
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CONNECTIVE TISSUES“Areolar tissue” as modelUniversal in bodyUnderlies epithelium, supports capillaries,
small nerves
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Cells of Connective TissuesFibroblasts make fibres – cartilage, ligaments,
blood, boneImmune cells in areolar tissue
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Human Anatomy, Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.
Different types of Connective tissues
DenseLigamentsCartilageBone
LooseFatAreolar
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Tissue types3. Muscle tissueSkeletalCardiacSmooth
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Tissue types3. Nervous tissueSkeletalCardiacSmooth
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Neuroglia
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Cell Differentiation Harvard Animation
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What are stem cells?Cells that are able to generate more specialised
types of cell types through the process of cell differentiation
Cells that can divide to make identical copies of themselves, through self-renewal
You can learn all about stem cells by watching the beautiful animation from Utah Genetics here:
Stem Cells
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Different types of stem cells
1. Embryonic Stem Cells Here, you can learn how
embryonic stem cells are made:
Quck guide to Embryonic stem cells
Here is the BBC video on how embryonic stem cells are made:
How to make stem cells
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Different types of stem cells
2. Somatic Stem Cells (also called adult stem
cells) Exist naturally in the
body Used for bone marrow
transplants Can only differentiate
into dedicated cell types
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Adult Stem Cells are committed to become one
type of cell
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Stem cells in the adult brain:Are they still working for us now?
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Embryonic Stem cells are pluripotent
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Different types of stem cells
3. Induced pluripotential Stem Cells Created artificially in the
lab by ‘reprogramming’ a patients own cells
Made from patient’s own cells – fat, skin, fibroblasts
Can become any cell in the body (even a whole mouse!)
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Induced pluripotential Stem Cells – The future!
Learn the story of iPS stem cells from Utah Genetics…
IPS stem cells
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Stem Cells used in medicine: Treatment of leukaemia
Stem cell transplants have been successfully used since 1968 to treat patients with leukaemia
Patients with leukaemia first have their own abnormal blood cells destroyed by radiotherapy
Then the patients own bone marrow stem cells are replaced with a transplant (into the bloodstream) from a healthy patient’s bone marrow
If the transplant is successful, then the stem cells will migrate into the bone marrow and begin to produce new, healthy leucocytes
You can learn all about leukaemia treatment by linking here onto Utah Inc:
Utah Genetics
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What can we use Stem Cells for?
To provide lab-grown human or animal tissue for identifying new treatments for disease (rather than using animals in research)
TO produce new human tissue and organs to replace damaged ones
To repair tissue by stimulating stem cells already in the body To use stem cells from patients with inherited genetic
diseases (e.g. cystic fibrosis, some forms of Parkinson’s disease) to study the disease
To better understand diseases like cancer To investigate human development
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Stem Cell Research is a fast-moving subject
Stem cell grandparentsBrand new spermFirst trial of human embryonic stem cellsTracheal transplantStem cell nobel prize
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The Stem Cell Ethical Debate
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Links on ethics related to Stem Cell research
Stem Cell Ethics FactsheetEthics and Embryos FactsheetAre embryos human? – a conversation…