The Diversification of Lice: Age Vincent S. Smith with Tom Ford, Kevin Johnson, Paul Johnson,...
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![Page 1: The Diversification of Lice: Age Vincent S. Smith with Tom Ford, Kevin Johnson, Paul Johnson, Kazunori Yoshizawa, and Roderic D. M. Page.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110303/551517f955034673228b4cf3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Diversification of Lice: Age
Vincent S. Smithwith Tom Ford, Kevin Johnson, Paul Johnson, Kazunori Yoshizawa, and Roderic D. M. Page
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Psocoptera
Menacanthus /Menopon - complex
Ricinidae
Laemobothriidae
Boopiidae
Austromenopon- complex
Dennyus- complex
Colpocephalum- complex
• Collected Eckfeld maar near Eifel, Germany
• Middle Eocene (Middle Lutetian, 44.3±0.4 Ma)
• First fossil louse
• Completes ordinal representation of fossil insects
• Excellent preservation
• Phylogenetic affinities with modern feather lice
• Parasite of Anseriformes or Charadriiformes
• Crown group position• Suggests lice are very old• Points to a long coevolutionary
history with birds• Useful molecular calibration
point
Wappler, Smith & Dalgleish
First fossil louse
Proc. R. Soc., 2004.
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Not fossil lice!
“Amblyceropsis indica” Kumar (2004) considered a mite by Dalgleish, Palma, Price, & Smith 2006
fused head and thorax
(cephalothorax)
“Anopluropsis khatamaensis” Kumar (2004) considered an orbatid mite by Dalgleish, Palma, Price, & Smith 2006
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Not fossil lice!
Saurodectes vrsanski Rasnitsyn & Zherikhin (1999)“insect of uncertain ordinal affinities”by Grimaldi and Engel 2005 & Dalgleish, Palma, Price, & Smith 2006
pterosaur louse !
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Molecular dating
i. Build a tree
Cha
ract
er c
hang
e
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Molecular dating
i. Build a tree
= ti
me
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Molecular dating
i. Build a tree
ii. Test for molecular clockNow
Age of lice
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Molecular dating
i. Build a tree
ii. Test for molecular clock
Rates of evolution vary
Now
Age of lice
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Molecular dating
i. Build a tree
ii. Test for molecular clock
iii. Apply calibrations
![Page 10: The Diversification of Lice: Age Vincent S. Smith with Tom Ford, Kevin Johnson, Paul Johnson, Kazunori Yoshizawa, and Roderic D. M. Page.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110303/551517f955034673228b4cf3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Molecular dating
i. Build a tree
ii. Test for molecular clock
iii. Apply calibrations
iv. Smooth rates across the tree
- R8s with Penalized Likelihood (Sanderson, 2003)
- Multidivtime (Thorne et al, 1998)
Now
Age of lice
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0.1
Louse phylogeny
Oldest fossil Diomedeidae-
(Wappler et al 2004)
44 MyrFossil louse, Megamenopon
4.75 - 30 Myr Last extant gopher fossil -
(Russel 1968)
19.8 Myr Base of the Columbidae (fossil) (Benton 1993)
60 Myr Oldest fossil Rhea(Tambussi 1995)
37 - 53.25 Myr
Oldest fossil Procellariform(Benton 1993)
49 MyrPelicaniform fossil(Mayr 2002)
20 - 25 Myr Fossil & molecular data(Reed et al 2004)
5 Myr Fossil & molecular data(Reed et al 2004)
gophers split from relatives
Amblycera
Ischnocera
Anoplura
Rhynchophthirina
• 3 Genes (COI, EF1, 18s)
• No molecular clock
• Bayesian Analysis- 4 chains, 5 million generations
• Recovers classical
louse phlogeny
• Eight calibration points
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0.1
Louse phylogeny
(Wappler et al 2004)
44 MyrFossil louse, Megamenopon
Fossil Louse
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0.1
Louse phylogeny
(Benton 1993)
19.8 MyrBase of the Columbidae (fossil)
Dove-Louse Cospeciation
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0.1
Louse phylogeny
(Tambussi 1995)
60.0 MyrOldest Fossil Rhea
Rhea/Ostrich-Louse Cospeciation
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0.1
Louse phylogeny
(Reed et al 2004)
5.0 MyrFossil & Molecular data
Chimpanzee-human louse cospeciation
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0.1
Louse phylogeny
(Reed et al 2004)
5.0 MyrFossil & Molecular data
Chimpanzee-human louse cospeciation
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0.1
Louse phylogeny
Oldest fossil Diomedeidae-
(Wappler et al 2004)
44 MyrFossil louse, Megamenopon
4.75 - 30 Myr Last extant gopher fossil -
(Russel 1968)
19.8 Myr Base of the Columbidae (fossil) (Benton 1993)
60 Myr Oldest fossil Rhea(Tambussi 1995)
37 - 53.25 Myr
Oldest fossil Procellariform(Benton 1993)
49 MyrPelicaniform fossil(Mayr 2002)
20 - 25 Myr Fossil & molecular data(Reed et al 2004)
5 Myr Fossil & molecular data(Reed et al 2004)
gophers split from relatives
Amblycera96 Myr(76.4-124.9 Myr)
Ischnocera88.9 Myr(76.3-102.7 Myr)
Anoplura73.4 Myr(61.4-87.5 Myr)
Rhynchophthirina
0100 Myr
KT96141
116 Myr
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• Lice and hosts must have
a long shared history
Louse phylogeny
Amblycera96 Myr(76.4-124.9 Myr)
Ischnocera88.9 Myr(76.3-102.7 Myr)
Anoplura73.4 Myr(61.4-87.5 Myr)
Rhynchophthirina
0100 Myr
KT96141
116 Myr
• Three main clades of lice
parasitizing mammals
• Lice are approx. 116 Myr old- 141 - 96 Myr, 95% conf. intervals
• Major louse radiation
before the KT boundary
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Host implications
• Lice radiated on birds first
• Mammal lice are young
• These groups colonized mammals
Placental Mammals
Marsupials
Birds
What were the first louse hosts?Did lice radiate with feathers?
feathers
hair
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Summary
• Just one fossil louse, but..
• Many other calibration points
• Lice are approx. 120 Myr old
• Radiated before dinosaurs when extinct
• First radiated on the lineage leading to birds
• Either modern birds are older than we think, or…
• Perhaps the bird-like Theropod dinosaurs had lice?
• Radiated in response to the evolution of feathers?
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Questions?
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