The Dirty 30s

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The Worst Hard Time Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay Kevin P. Dincher www.kevindincher.com

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Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay Kevin P. Dincher www.kevindincher.com. The Worst Hard Time. The Dirty 30s. Big mountains and large bodies of water Limit, separate, define, protect, secure Major rivers Unite, move Flat, open Spaces - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of The Dirty 30s

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The Worst Hard Time

Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay

Kevin P. Dincherwww.kevindincher.com

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Plains Indians

•Semi-sedentary• Lived in villages

•Buffalo• Raised crops• Traded with

other tribes

•Horse• 1519: Cortés

• 12 horses• 1539: Coronado

• 558 horses• 1592: Juan de

Oñate • 7000 horses

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• Original range• Range as of 1870• Range as of 1889

• Dark numbers indicate number of bison as of January 1st 1889

• Buffalo Bill Cody• Ulysses S. Grant (1874)• Philip Sheridan (1875)

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Indian Removal Act (1830)

Trail of Tears

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Nation Pop. In the SE

# Stayed in SE

# Removed Deaths

Choctaw 19,554 plus 6,000 slaves

7,000 12,500 2,000 – 4,000

Creek 22,700 plus 900 slaves

Few hundred 19,600 3,500

Chickasaw 4,914 plus 1,156 slaves

Few hundred 4000+ 500 – 800

Cherokee 21,500 plus 2000+ slaves

1,000 20,000 + 2000 slaves

2,000 – 8,000

Seminole 5,000 plus unknown # of fugitive slaves

250 – 500 2,833 ?

700 in 2nd Seminole War

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The Indian Wars on the Great Plains Dakota War (1862)

Colorado War (1863 – 1865)

Red Cloud’s War (1866 – 1868)

Sheridan Campaigns (1868-1869)

Great Sioux War (Black Hills War, 1876-1877) Battle of the Little Bighorn (Custer’s Last Stand) Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)

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Chief Quanah Parker of the Kwahadi Comanche

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Buffalo Soldiers of the 25th Infantry Regiment, 1890

Buffalo soldiers fought in the last engagement of the Indian Wars; the small Battle of Bear Valley in southern Arizona which occurred in 1918 between U.S. cavalry and Yaqui natives

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the Spanish American War

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Farming the Great Plains Manifest Destiny

Continentalism and America’s changing self-image

Immigration Population changes and

homesteading

Industrialization and the Gilded Age

America’s changing relationship with nature

Progressive Era Reform and renewal Conservation and

Environmentalism

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First Transcontinental Railroad

1862: Abraham Lincoln

1869: Completed

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First Transcontinental Railroad

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Railroads

Impacted Immigration

NY to CA 6 days instead of 6

weeks

Great Plains

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Civil War •Demand for transportation

• People• Materials/Munitions• Food

•Demand for goods and food• Sewing machines• Canning and meat

packing• Grain

•Demand for immigrants• Cheap labor• Result: urbanization

•Demand for natural resources

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Post Civil War Boom (1865 – 1900) Reconstruction Era (1865 – 1877)Gilded Age (1877 – Titanic?)

“Railroad Boom” Steel in western Pennsylvania Coal and oil Mining Lumber Cattle Farming

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Post Civil War Boom (1865 – 1900) Railroad Boom

Immigration and cities

Increased demand for manufactured goods

Increased demand for resources

Growing number of extremely rich people

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Immigration and cities 1860 – 1870: US population grew from 31m to

38m 2.3m immigrants (90 percent of them from Europe) 1870: 5 percent of the U.S. population were foreign

born Immigrants comprised 20 percent of the labor force

1870 – 1880: US population grew to 50m

Abundance of cheap labor … and poor people

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Immigration and cities

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New York Boston Chicago Buffalo St. Louis1800 60,515 24,9371840 312,710 93,383 4,470 18,213 16,4691860 813,669 177,840 112,172 81,129 160,7731870 942,292 250,526 298,977 117,714 310,8641900 3,437,202 448,477 1,099,850 225,664 451,7701910 4,766,883 670,585 2,185,283 423,715 687,0291920 5,620,048 748,060 2,701,705 506,775 772,897

1921: Emergency Quota Act 1924: Immigration Act

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Immigration and cities

Abundance of cheap labor … and poor people

Impacts: Prices of manufactured goods Urbanization of America

Living conditions Relationship with nature

Increased demand

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Increased demand for manufactured goods Processed (canned) food Food transported in

Extremely Poor

Middle Class

Extremely Rich

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Land “Speculation”

Great Plains Suitcase Farmers Consolidating Farms

Rockies, California, Northwest Timber/Mining

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Increased demand for resources

Growing number of extremely rich people

Robber Barons

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Robber Barons Middle Ages, Germany

Tolls on the Rhine

Businessmen of the 1800s who used exploitative practices to amass wealth exerting control over national

resources accruing high levels of government

influence paying extremely low wages squashing competition by

acquiring competitors in order to create monopolies and eventually raise prices

schemes to sell stock at inflated prices to unsuspecting investors in order to destroy the company for which the stock was issued and impoverish investors

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John Jacob Astor (real estate, fur) Andrew Carnegie (steel) Charles Crocker (railroads) Henry Clay Frick (steel) Mark Hopkins (railroads) Andrew W. Mellon (finance, oil) J. P. Morgan (finance, industrial consolidation) John D. Rockefeller (oil) Charles M. Schwab (steel) John D. Spreckels (sugar) Leland Stanford (railroads) Cornelius Vanderbilt (water transport, railroads)

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Gilded Age Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner

The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today

Satire: serious social problems hidden by a thin layer of gold

In 1890, 11.5 million of the nation’s 12 million families earned less than $1200 per year

Average annual income of this group was $380 60% of the nation lived below the poverty line

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The main house contains 178,926 square feet, 250 rooms, 43 bathrooms, 85 fireplaces, 3 kitchens, an indoor swimming pool and bowling alley

(Biltmore is still owned by the Vanderbilt family).

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40Carson Mansion, Eureka, CA -- 16,200 sq. ft. and 18 rooms

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41Hopkins Mansion, Nob Hill, San Francisco, CA

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42Crocker Mansion, Nob Hill, San Francisco, CA (location of Grace Cathedral)

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Gilded Age

Economic boom

Political corruption

60% living below poverty level

Natural resources

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Land Management?

Before 1870’s: “wholesale giveaway” HomesteadingPublic AuctionCheap sales/lease

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Land Management?

1871: Ferdinand Hayden (geologist) Preliminary Report of the United States Geological

Survey of Montana and Portions of Adjacent Territories; Being a Fifth Annual Report of Progress

Painter: Thomas Moran Civil War Photographer: William Henry Jackson

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Land Management? 1872: Yellowstone National Park created

U. S. Grant 3,468.4 square miles primarily in Wyoming Jurisdiction: U.S. Army 1917: transferred to newly created National Park

Service

Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem The largest remaining, nearly intact ecosystem in the

Earth's northern temperate zone.

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Land Management? 1872: Yellowstone National Park created

1878: Timber and Stone Act (Hayes)

Permits cutting of time on public land to increase farm acreage

Special Agent, Department of Agriculture Quality/condition of forests in the US

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Land Management? 1872: Yellowstone National Park created

1878: Special Agent, Department of Agriculture Quality/condition of forests in the US

1891: Forest Reserve Act (Harrison) Presidential power to set aside reserves in the public

domain managed by the Department of the Interior

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Land Management?

1891: Forest Reserve Act (Harrison) Presidential power to set aside reserves in the

public domain managed by the Department of the Interior

National Forests Harrison: 13 million acres Cleveland: 25 million acres McKinley: 7 million acres

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Land Management? 1872: Yellowstone National Park created

1878: Special Agent, Department of Agriculture

1891: Forest Reserve Act (Harrison)

1892: Sierra Club established by John Muir

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1849: emigrated to US

1860: University of Wisconsin-Madison

1864 – 1866: Canada

1868: San Francisco and Yosemite

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"We are now in the mountains and they are in us, kindling enthusiasm, making every nerve quiver, filling every pore and cell of us."

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"No temple made with hands can compare with Yosemite... The grandest of all special temples of Nature."

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First Summer in the Sierra (1911). Muir's biographer, Frederick Turner: "blazes from the page with the authentic force of a conversion experience."

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1871: Ralph Waldo Emerson -- Tanscendentalism•Inherent goodness of both people and nature•Institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupt the purity of the individual•"individuality and freedom•The ability for humankind to realize almost anything•The relationship between the soul and the surrounding world

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We all flow from one fountain—Soul. All are expressions of one love. God does not appear, and flow out, only from narrow chinks and round bored wells here and there in favored races and places, but He flows in grand undivided currents, shoreless and boundless over creeds and forms and all kinds of civilizations and peoples and beasts, saturating all and fountainizing all.“

Letter to Catharine Merrill from New Sentinel Hotel, Yosemite Valley (9 June 1872);

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Activism: Yosemite 1889: Editor, Century Magazine 1890:

2 articles: another Yellowstone Congress: legislation -- state control

1892: Sierra Club founded Maintain Yosemite size 1902: National Park (rather than National Forest) 1905: Congress transferred the Mariposa Grove 1913: Hetch Hetchy Dam (Woodrow Wilson)

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Conflict and Opposition Conflict

Teddy Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot (US Forest Service) Conversation

"forestry is tree farming" without destroying the long-term viability of the forests

http://youtu.be/YPhG3Q6r_-M

Opposition Against the Forest Service 1907: Roosevelt designated 16 million acres of new

National Forests

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The Great Fire of 1910 The Big Burn The Big Blowup

August: 1,000 to 3,000 fires Idaho, Montana, Washington and British Columbia

Firestorm burned over two days (August 20–21, 1910),

Burned 3m acres (Connecticut) Killed 87 people,[including 78 firefighters. The largest (although not the deadliest), fire in

recorded U.S. history.

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http://youtu.be/3HEJlOUQGVg

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Heroes of the Great Fire of 1910

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