The Digital Machine - Transforming Systems to Software

THIS WORK

THE DIGITAL MACHINETransforming Systems to Software

Tim SheinerSystems Class Visit 2015

THIS WORK BY TIM SHEINER LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 3.0 UNITED STATES

A system is an interconnected set of elements that is coherently organized

in a way that achieves something.

2

Donella Meadows, Thinking in Systems


A System has

3

Elements Connections Purpose.

A

B C


And State.

4

state

A

B C

State describes what is currently true about the objects and relationships in the system.


Dynamic Systems Change State.

5

state’

time

A

B C

A

B C

state


This is important:

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dynamics systems change state.


State Change == Purpose

7

state’

time

state


Software version

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state’

time

state


HOW?

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MODELS

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make it possible.


MODELS

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let us talk about complicated things.

12

Dubberly, Models of Models, 2009

12

Dubberly, Models of Models, 2009

Models let me put my ideas in your head

Models let me put my ideas in your head


All models are wrong

13

but some are useful.

George P. Box


A useful model for making software

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The Digital Machine

THIS WORK BY TIM SHEINER LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 3.0 UNITED STATES15

designer

developer

Software

User ProcessObservational

Model

Algorithmic Model


Software

User Process

Algorithmic Model

Observational Model

designer

developer


Observational Model

Algorithmic Model

Digital Machine


interaction model

object model

data model

persona model

conceptual model


interaction model

object model

data model

persona model

conceptual modelwhat is the purpose?

who is it for?

how do I use it?

what are the elements?

how is state managed?


conceptual model

output

input

interaction model

storage

logic

object model

data modelpersona model { }name:value

name:value name:value

the digital machine


Value of the Digital Machine

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conceptual model

output

input

interaction model

storage

logic

object model

data modelpersona model

{ }name:value name:value name:value

1. It is a collaboration

2. The models can be iterated separately, for a time, without losing sight of the whole

3. There is a model for every stakeholder’s point of view


THE MODELS

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The Conceptual Model

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for understanding the purpose.


conceptual model

output

input

interaction model

storage

logic

object model




Conceptual Model

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is a about purpose

For target customers Who have a particular need This product is a category of solution That provides a key benefit Unlike the competition


Conceptual Model1. Defines purpose: what problem gets solved for whom 2. Identifies value & utility 3. Does not describe use cases, interface or implementation

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The Persona Model

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describes behavior.


conceptual model

output

input

interaction model

storage

logic

object model




Persona Model

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Persona Model1. Is a model of human behavior, goals and emotions 2. The most established design practice model with lots of

literature and examples 3. Derives communication power from natural human instinct

for empathy 4. The more real the representation the more effective the

consensus

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The Interaction Model

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for how to change state.


conceptual model

output

input

interaction model

storage

logic

object model




By a state of a system is meant any well-defined condition or property that can be

recognized if it occurs again. Every system will naturally have many possible states.

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Ashby, An Introduction to Cybernetics, 1956


How Do I Change State?The interaction model defines how to manipulate system state 1. how do I interact with the system? 2. what are the workflows? 3. how do inputs become outputs? 4. how do I get feedback that the state has changed?

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What is Interaction?

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action

feedback

System

input

output


Interaction Changes State

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action input

output feedback

A

B C

A

B Cstate’

state


Object Change is System Change

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state’

time

A

B C

A

B C

state


System Change is a Flow

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A B


Each Step is a State Change

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B C

D E

A



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A B C

D E



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The Interaction Model is a Process Story

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Interaction Model1. The easiest model for people to connect with (and the one

everyone has an opinion about) 2. Maps inputs to outputs 3. Organized into workflows 4. Defines process by which a system changes state

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The Object Model

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describes the positions and the players.


conceptual model

output

input

interaction model

storage

logic

object model




Design a game

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about riding a bicycle.

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handle barhandlegriphandgripcontrol

?grip

48

grip

49

grip

49

rotation

grip

49

Xrotation

grip

49

rotation

grip

inclination

49

rotation

grip

inclination

gravity

50

gravity

rotation

inclination

grip

50

gravity

rotation

inclination

griptransportation!

50

gravity

destination

rotation

inclination

griptransportation!

50

gravity

destinationorigin

rotation

inclination

griptransportation!

50

gravity

destinationorigin position

rotation

inclination

griptransportation!

50

gravity

destinationorigin position

trip

rotation

inclination

griptransportation!


trip

Object Model

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vehicle

origin

destination

bicyclerider

grip


Object Model1. The elements and relationships of the system that work

together to achieve purpose. 2. The most personal and the most confusing. 3. Describes concepts, their capabilities and their relationships. 4. Names matter. A lot.

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trip

Object Model

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vehicle

origin

destination

bicycleriderposition

rotationinclination

grip

What about the properties?

How is state retained?

(system)dtd

state change =


The Data Model

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identifies the object properties.


conceptual model

output

input

interaction model

storage

logic

object model




WHAT IS DATA?

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(in the software context)


name : value

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lat : '37.78'

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position : { lat : '37.78', long : '-‐122.42' }


a set of name : value pairs defines object

state

position : { lat : '37.78', long : '-‐122.42' }


trip

vehicle

origin

destination

bicyclerider

grip


bikeTrip = { vehicle : { rider : { name : 'Kyle' }, bicycle : { grip : { rotation : '12', inclination : '3' } }, position : { lat : '37.78', long : '-‐122.42' }, }, origin : { name : 'San Francisco', position : { lat : '37.78', long : '-‐122.42' }, destination : { name : 'Los Angeles', position : { lat : '34.05', long : '-‐118.24' } }

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a set of object states defines

system state

trip

vehicle

origin

destination

bicyclerider

grip


Value Change == State Change == Purpose

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state’

time

state

position : { lat : '37.78', long : '-‐122.42'

}

position : { lat : '34.05', long : '-‐118.24'

}


bikeTrip = { position : { lat : ' ', long : ' ' } }

37.78 -‐122.42

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(system)dtd

state change =



37.78 -‐122.42

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interaction model

(system)dtd

state change =



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34.05 -‐118.24

interaction model

(system)dtd

state change =


Data Model Defines State

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The names do not change. The values change to reflect system state.


Data Model1. The atomic structure is name:value pairs 2. A set of name:value pairs defines object state 3. A set of object states defines system state 4. The data model, therefore, defines what can read or written 5. Or more simply, what can be changed

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conceptual model

output

input

interaction model

storage

logic

object model

data modelpersona

model { }name:value name:value name:value

the digital machine


conceptual model

output

input

interaction model

storage

logic

object model

data modelpersona

model { }name:value name:value name:value

Software

User ProcessObservational

Model

Algorithmic Model

the digital machine


FIN

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The Digital Machine - Transforming Systems to Software

Design

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