The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System

How we receive nutrients and How we receive nutrients and energy to function.energy to function.

By: Jayne Wadsworth, Melissa Turley, Anna Rathman, By: Jayne Wadsworth, Melissa Turley, Anna Rathman, and Nicole Evansand Nicole Evans

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The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System

The problems and diseases that can effect our digestive systems.

And how we try to prevent them and treat them.

CancersCancers

• Cancers can effect nearly every organ in the Cancers can effect nearly every organ in the digestive system. digestive system.

• Digestive System Cancers: Digestive System Cancers: • Berrett’s esophagus-condition in which Berrett’s esophagus-condition in which

abnormal cells develop on the inner lining of abnormal cells develop on the inner lining of the lower part of the esophagus the lower part of the esophagus

• carcinoid tumor-found in the appendix or the carcinoid tumor-found in the appendix or the small intestine sometimes found in pancreas small intestine sometimes found in pancreas tumor of the network of glands that produce tumor of the network of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

• Primary liver cancer-two different types one Primary liver cancer-two different types one type is; hepatoma or hepatocellular type is; hepatoma or hepatocellular carcinomacarcinoma,, arises from the main cells of the arises from the main cells of the liver, usually confined to the liver other type; liver, usually confined to the liver other type; cholangiocarcinoma or bile duct cancer, cholangiocarcinoma or bile duct cancer, starts in the cells lining the bile ducts, rare starts in the cells lining the bile ducts, rare formform

• Secondary liver cancers-Secondary liver cancers-• There are also cancers of the stomach, There are also cancers of the stomach,

esophagus, and pancreas esophagus, and pancreas

• The treatments for these cancers are mostly The treatments for these cancers are mostly chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiation chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiation therapytherapy

Diseases in the StomachDiseases in the Stomach

• Gastritis-The mucous lining of the stomach is Gastritis-The mucous lining of the stomach is vulnerable to irritation this is an inflammation vulnerable to irritation this is an inflammation of the stomach lining. Can be irritated by of the stomach lining. Can be irritated by alcohol or aspirin.alcohol or aspirin.

• Gastroenteritis is also an inflammatory Gastroenteritis is also an inflammatory condition of the lining of the stomach and the condition of the lining of the stomach and the intestine. Caused by infection and/or food intestine. Caused by infection and/or food poisoning. Treatment includes medication poisoning. Treatment includes medication and a restricted diet.and a restricted diet.

• Ulcers can not only happen in the stomach, Ulcers can not only happen in the stomach, but also the small and large intestine. An but also the small and large intestine. An ulcer occurs when there is a break in the ulcer occurs when there is a break in the mucous membrane or skin of an organ. This mucous membrane or skin of an organ. This results in an open sore. Treatments are for results in an open sore. Treatments are for mild to moderate cases: lower quantity of mild to moderate cases: lower quantity of gastric acids and pepsin and medication. For gastric acids and pepsin and medication. For severe cases that are at risk for death there severe cases that are at risk for death there is surgeryis surgery. .

Diseases and Disorders in the Small and Large Intestine

• Crohn’s Disease causes small nodules or masses tissue to become inflamed and to penetrate deeply into the walls of the intestine. Treatment includes bed rest and a new diet.

• Hernia is when a tissue or organ moves out of position and pushes against those nearby. Can be treated by surgery.

• Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is also the most common cause of water borne disease in the United States.

Oral Hygiene

• Oral hygiene is a primary concern because the mouth begins the whole digestion process. To prevent tooth decay, teeth should be brushed twice daily, primarily after meals and snacks. Teeth should also be flossed everyday to prevent gum disease.

Diseases in the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

• The most common disease of liver is viral hepatitis. It is caused by one of three closely related viruses transmitted to liver in different ways.

• In the liver, cirrhosis is often caused by alcoholism, previous infections, toxins, and/or malnutrition. Scarring, or fibrosis hampers normal duties. However, the liver can still function. Serious problems may result as the scar tissue blocks the flow of blood to and from the liver. Cirrhosis destroys the liver’s ability to kill invading bacteria and can halt production of protein.

• Cholecystitis is a disease found in the gallbladder, production of gallstones obstruct the free flow of bile. Gallstones are made up of a hard cholesterol mass formed in the gallbladder or in the nearby bile duct. The mass blocks the duct and inflames the gallbladder. Surgical removal of the gallbladder and cleaning out the bile duct is the treatment.

• Pancreatitis occurs in the pancreas and is an inflammation of the pancreas cells that secrete digestive juices.

ProblemsProblems

• Heartburn occurs when the upper part Heartburn occurs when the upper part of the stomach is above the of the stomach is above the diaphragm, the muscle wall that diaphragm, the muscle wall that separates the stomach from the chest. separates the stomach from the chest. Drinks with caffeine, fatty and fried Drinks with caffeine, fatty and fried foods, garlic, onions, citrus fruits, foods, garlic, onions, citrus fruits, chocolate, mint flavorings, spicy chocolate, mint flavorings, spicy flavorings, and tomato-based foods flavorings, and tomato-based foods can all make heartburn occur. Other can all make heartburn occur. Other factors are alcohol use, overweight, factors are alcohol use, overweight, pregnancy, and smoking. Treatments pregnancy, and smoking. Treatments include medication and a change in include medication and a change in diet.diet.

• Vomiting is another serious Vomiting is another serious problem that occurs in the problem that occurs in the digestive system. Some causes digestive system. Some causes are: infection (viral “stomach are: infection (viral “stomach flu”), food poisoning, motion flu”), food poisoning, motion sickness, over-eating, blocked sickness, over-eating, blocked intestine, other illnesses (such as intestine, other illnesses (such as high fever), and/or cough. The high fever), and/or cough. The windpipe closes and the windpipe closes and the abdominal wall and diaphragm abdominal wall and diaphragm muscles tighten suddenly and muscles tighten suddenly and forcefully. The stomach itself is forcefully. The stomach itself is limp, but then squeezed forcefully limp, but then squeezed forcefully by the abdominal wall, it ejects by the abdominal wall, it ejects any food or fluid up the any food or fluid up the esophagus and out. Vomiting can esophagus and out. Vomiting can cause severe dehydration and cause severe dehydration and more serious illness. Treatments more serious illness. Treatments include drink more liquid and rest.include drink more liquid and rest.

Vomiting coming back up.

Functions the Digestive Functions the Digestive system carry out in our system carry out in our

bodies.bodies.

MouthMouth

The mouth is where the The mouth is where the digestion process digestion process begins,with chewing and begins,with chewing and with saliva. Also the mouth with saliva. Also the mouth is also both mechanical is also both mechanical and chemical. Saliva and chemical. Saliva enzymes help break down enzymes help break down food before it reaches the food before it reaches the esophagus.esophagus.

EsophagusEsophagus

The esophagus is a long tube which The esophagus is a long tube which connects the throat and stomach. connects the throat and stomach. The esophagus then moves the The esophagus then moves the food slowly down to the stomach. food slowly down to the stomach. The esophagus is a mechanical and The esophagus is a mechanical and it doesn’t have any digestive it doesn’t have any digestive secretion or enzyme.secretion or enzyme.

Peristalsis is used by the Peristalsis is used by the esophagus to transport food esophagus to transport food through the rest of the digestive through the rest of the digestive tract. It is a muscle contraction that tract. It is a muscle contraction that happens automatically and can happens automatically and can sometimes be felt as gas in the sometimes be felt as gas in the abdomen.abdomen.

The StomachThe StomachThe stomach is made up of three layers; Internal mucous, Muscular layer,and Outer layer. The stomach is where digestion begins. As soon as the food enters the stomach the muscular layer reduces it to a a small mass. The gastric juices transform the proteins in your food to amino acids with the help of pepsin.After this whole process is completed the result is a liquid called chyme. The chyme is later used in the small intestine. The stomach is both mechanical and chemical and it uses pepsin hydrochloric acid and mucus for digestive secretions and enzymes.

Small & Large IntestineSmall & Large Intestine

* The small intestine receives partially digested foods from the stomach and absorb all the nutrients in the bile from the stomach. It is absorbed all along the small intestine by villi. Which are little sacs inside on the wall of the small intestine. The small intestine is a chemical type of digestion and it uses pancreatic juice enzymes and bile.

*The only purpose of the large intestine is to store feces waiting to be passed later through the rectum. The large intestine and doesn’t have any type of enzymes or digestive secretion. The large intestine has a tiny tube with a closed end coming off of it called the appendix. Although the appendix is part of the digestive system, it doesn’t do anything.

Gall Bladder & PancreasGall Bladder & Pancreas The purposes of the gall The purposes of the gall

bladder and pancreas are bladder and pancreas are to store bile and release it to store bile and release it into the stomach and into the stomach and small intestine. The small intestine. The pancreas has no type of pancreas has no type of digestion but it uses digestion but it uses chyme. The gall bladder chyme. The gall bladder has neither types of has neither types of digestion, digestive digestion, digestive secretion, or enzyme.secretion, or enzyme.

Liver

• The main function of the liver is to process nutrients in food and distribute it to other organs so that they can function. The liver is neither mechanical or chemical. Also the digestive secretion is bile.

New TechnologiesNew Technologies

Phytochemicals, if used daily, increase Phytochemicals, if used daily, increase transit time in our digestive system therefore transit time in our digestive system therefore reducing lipid absorption.reducing lipid absorption.

Organ replacement surgery can be done in Organ replacement surgery can be done in order to replace damaged organs.order to replace damaged organs.

Recent cloning advancements will soon Recent cloning advancements will soon allow scientist to clone organs, such as allow scientist to clone organs, such as livers. livers.

Food Irradiation

Irradiation eliminated disease-causing in food. Food doesn’t become radioactive. Dangerous substances do not appear. And nutritional value remains unchanged.

Nothing has gone wrong with irradiation in the US so far. However, there are a small number of fatal cases in other countries.

Bibiliography

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foodirradiation.htm#whatisHttp:///www.mic.ki.se/diseases/c6.htmlhttp://www.leebs.ac.uk/chb/lectures/

anatomy8.htmlHttp;//www.viahealth.org/disease/digestive/

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