THE DIENCEPHALONTHE DIENCEPHALONAnatomický ústav 1. LFAnatomický ústav 1. LF

R. DrugaR. Druga

DIENCEPHALONDIENCEPHALON

EPITHALAMUSEPITHALAMUS THALAMUSTHALAMUS SUBTHALAMUSSUBTHALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUSHYPOTHALAMUS

AMPHIBIANS MAMMALS

AMFIBIA MAMMALIA

DIENCEPHALON – medial aspect

BRAIN STEM AND DIENCEPHALON

Superior aspect

Pulvinar - cushion

THALAMUS AND BASAL GANGLIA – horizontal section

CAPSULA INTERNA

THE THALAMUS - NUCLEITHE THALAMUS - NUCLEI

Anterior nucleiAnterior nuclei Medial nuclei (mediodorsalis nc.)Medial nuclei (mediodorsalis nc.) Lateral nuclei – dorsal tier (lateral dorsal nc., lateral posterior Lateral nuclei – dorsal tier (lateral dorsal nc., lateral posterior

nc.,posterior ncc.,(ncc. of pulvinar) nc.,posterior ncc.,(ncc. of pulvinar) ventral tierventral tier ( ventraisl anterior – VA, ventralis lateralis – VL, ( ventraisl anterior – VA, ventralis lateralis – VL,

ventralis posterolateralis- VPL, ventralis posteromedialis – VPM, ventralis posterolateralis- VPL, ventralis posteromedialis – VPM, ventral intermedialis - VIM, ventral intermedialis - VIM,

Medial geniculate nc.,Medial geniculate nc., Lateral geniculate nc.,Lateral geniculate nc., Intralaminar nucleiIntralaminar nuclei Midline nucleiMidline nuclei Reticular nucleus Reticular nucleus

SUBTHALAMUS

Zona incerta

Subthalamic nc.

PULVINAR – posterior nuclei

METATHALAMUS=

Medial and lateral geniculate bodies

CORPORA GENICULATA

Parcellation of thalamic nuclei according Michigan´s school

Neuronal connections of thalamic nuclei

Zapojení thalamických jader

Podkorová aferentace thalamických jader

VA - GP

VA - SNr

VL –cerebellum

VPL + VPM

IL

MD

Post. Ncc..

Termination of subcortical fibers in the thalamus – horizontal section

Thalamic nucleiThalamic nuclei

Relay nuclei (Relay nuclei (relé jádrarelé jádra, , přepojovací jádra)přepojovací jádra) – – MGN, LGN, VPL, VPM, VL, VAMGN, LGN, VPL, VPM, VL, VA

Receives input predominantly from a single sourceReceives input predominantly from a single source Processed information is sent to a localized region of Processed information is sent to a localized region of

cortexcortex Are modality specificAre modality specific Specific nuclei (after stimulation sharply localized Specific nuclei (after stimulation sharply localized

cortical response)cortical response)

Association nucleiAssociation nuclei

MD, LD, LP, Posterior ncc.,MD, LD, LP, Posterior ncc., Receives input from a number of structures or cortical Receives input from a number of structures or cortical

areasareas Sends fibers to the association cortical areasSends fibers to the association cortical areas Specific nuclei (after stimulation sharply localized Specific nuclei (after stimulation sharply localized

response in the cortex) response in the cortex)

Nonspecific nucleiNonspecific nuclei

Intralaminar nuclei (centromedian, Intralaminar nuclei (centromedian, parafascicular)parafascicular)

AfferentsAfferents - from RF, spinothalamic fibers, - from RF, spinothalamic fibers, cerebellum, BGcerebellum, BG

EfferentsEfferents – extensive areas of the frontal and – extensive areas of the frontal and parietal lobes, basal ganglia (striatum)parietal lobes, basal ganglia (striatum)

FunctionFunction – influence levels of – influence levels of consciousness and degrees of alertnessconsciousness and degrees of alertness

Projekce thalamických jader do neokortexu (thalamokortikální projekce)

VL

Somatotopic organization of the VPL and VPM ncc. = termination of the lemniscal systém and trigeminothalamic pathway

Somatotopická organizace VPL a VPM

Thalamokortikální projekce

Lemniskální systém

Dentato-thalamická projekce

EPITHALAMUS

EPITHALAMUSEPITHALAMUS Habenular nucleiHabenular nuclei Afferent fibersAfferent fibers – stria medullaris thalami (septum verum, olfactory – stria medullaris thalami (septum verum, olfactory

cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia (globus pallidus)cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia (globus pallidus) Efferent fibersEfferent fibers – tractus habenulointerpeduncularis (RF, – tractus habenulointerpeduncularis (RF,

hypothalamus, ANS)hypothalamus, ANS)

Pineal gland- Pineal gland- in amphibian and fishes contains light-in amphibian and fishes contains light-sensitive cells. In mammals transformed to the endocrine gland. sensitive cells. In mammals transformed to the endocrine gland. Pinealocytes produce serotonin.Pinealocytes produce serotonin.

Afferent fibersAfferent fibers – superior cervical ganglion, hypothalamus, – superior cervical ganglion, hypothalamus, colliculus superior, LGBcolliculus superior, LGB

Pinealocytes produce serotonin – melatonin (night ), Pinealocytes produce serotonin – melatonin (night ), Supresses development of gonads (pinealectomy stumulates Supresses development of gonads (pinealectomy stumulates

growth of of the reproductive organsgrowth of of the reproductive organs

SUBTHALAMUS – příští týdenSUBTHALAMUS – příští týden

HYPOTHALAMUS

PROJEKCE HYPOTHALAMICKÝCH JADER NA MEDIÁLNÍ PLOCHU HYPOTHALAMU

Aferentace hypothalamu

Eferentace hypothalamu

Posterior lobe Anterior lobe

Hypothalamo-hypofyseální vztahy

Hypothalamo-hypofyseální vztahy ACTH, FSH, LH PRL, MSH

Releasing – inhibiting faktory

THE HYPOTHALAMUSTHE HYPOTHALAMUS

No discrete nucleiNo discrete nuclei Regulation of food and water Regulation of food and water

intakeintake

Tuberal regionTuberal region VM – satiety center (lesion VM – satiety center (lesion

produces hyperphagia + produces hyperphagia + obesity)obesity)

Arcuate nc. - delivers peptides Arcuate nc. - delivers peptides to the portal vesselsto the portal vessels

Mamillary regionMamillary region Posterior nc.- elevating of Posterior nc.- elevating of

blood pressure, pupillary blood pressure, pupillary dilatation, body heat dilatation, body heat conservationconservation

Mammillary ncc. – Mammillary ncc. – memory memory formation !!!formation !!!

•Medial zone•Well defined nuclei

•Chiasmatic region • (SO,PV – hormone release)

•Cardiovascular function (Ant.)

•Circadian rhytms (SCH)

•Body temperature (Preoptic nc.)

• Lateral zone

Termination of subcortical projections in the thalamus

Zakončení podkorových vstupů v thalamu

Snímek 1Snímek 2Snímek 3Snímek 4Snímek 5Snímek 6Snímek 7Snímek 8Snímek 9Snímek 10Snímek 11Snímek 12Snímek 13Snímek 14Snímek 15Snímek 16Snímek 17Snímek 18Snímek 19Snímek 20Snímek 21Snímek 22Snímek 23Snímek 24Snímek 25Snímek 26Snímek 27Snímek 28Snímek 29Snímek 30Snímek 31Snímek 32Snímek 33Snímek 34Snímek 35Snímek 36Snímek 37Snímek 38Snímek 39Snímek 40Snímek 41Snímek 42Snímek 43Snímek 44Snímek 45Snímek 46Snímek 47Snímek 48Snímek 49Snímek 50Snímek 51Snímek 52