THE DIALECTAL VARIATIONS IN LEXICAL BETWEEN ADAMAWA … · The variations will enable the...

E-JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 2020 (8TH EDITION)


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THE DIALECTAL VARIATIONS IN LEXICAL BETWEEN ADAMAWA

AND SOKOTO DIALECT OF FULFULDE LANGUAGE

MUSTAPHA ABUBAKAR

FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, YOLA

ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA.

ABSTRACT

The paper tends to outline the lexical dialectal variation between Adamawa and Sokoto fulfulde

dialects in respect of their differences in morphological and phonological aspect. Fulfulde as

a spoken language has a phenomenon of dialectal variations in both Nigeria and in Diaspora.

The two levels of variations are carefully observed-phonologically and Morphological. The

processes of variations are scaled out. The levels are in deletion, insertion, consonantal

variations, vowel lengthening/strengthening, weakening, substitution, as well as metathesis.

On Morphological aspect, the following give room for variations among the two dialects i.e

reduplication- both total and partial, as well as modification. Lexicons were also identified as

various names of animals, birds, places, things, cardinal directions, days of the week, month

of the year and part of speech. The variations will enable the researchers to fished out the

importance and relate it during teaching and learning processes.

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1.0 Introduction

The Fulfulde Language is emanated from the circle of Semito-Hamitic family chain. Fulfulde

is a language spoken in West African sub-region that spans areas in modern Niger, Cameroon,

Guinea, Gambia, Chad, and the language expand to as far as part of Sudan, Mauritania,

Ethiopia, Senegal down to Mali and Nigeria. As a result of trade and missionary movement,

there is significant emergence of dialectal variations influenced by other dialects. In relation to

different geographical dimension.

The Fulfulde Language expatiates by having six (6) major dialects in Nigeria according to

Arnott (1970:3).He postulates that three of these dialects belong to northern Nigeria whereas

three others belongs in West African Countries, such as Senegal, Guinea, Burkina Faso and

Niger Republic.

The paper looks on the Fulfulde major dialect in Nigeria. The analysis of this dialect would be

based on the Adamawa and Sokoto dialects. The existence of variations between the two

dialects is in Phonology, Syntax, Morphology and semantics. The Geo-political zone of the

two (2) dialects differs in terms of the distance and areas; that is: Adamawa belong to the North-

East Region, while Sokoto belong to the North-West. The reason for their distance helps in

producing the variations.

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The paramount effect concerning this paper is by considering the lexical aspects where various

examples are cited in order to furnish the dialectal differences between the two dialects.

1.1 Definition of Dialect

The term dialect is defined indifferent Dictionaries and by different scholars.

The Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary defines dialect as the form of language that is spoken

in one area with grammar, words, and pronunciation that may be different from other forms of

the same language. However, the Encarta Dictionaries defines dialect as “a Regional variety of

language with differences in vocabulary grammar and pronunciation or a form of a language

spoken by members of social class or profession”. M.C David (1968), in Endward (1979:39)

states that a dialect is “a habitual variety of language, set off from other such varieties by

complex features of pronunciation, grammar or vocabulary. Pei (1966) also defines dialect as

a specific branch or form of a language spoken in a given geographical area differing

sufficiently in one or all of the levels of the language.

Chambers and Trudgill (1998) stated that a dialect is sub-standard, low status, often rustic form

of language generally associated with the peasantry, the working class, or other group looking

in prestige. Crystal (1980) referred to a dialect as regionally or socially distributive variety of

a language identified by a particular set of words and grammatical structures, speakers often

differ in their dialect not only regionally but also societal, thought their division are less easily

represented geographical on the dialect not maps of linguistic geographers.

The encyclopedia Dictionary of language and linguistic by crystal (1992) states that a dialect

is language variety in which the use of grammar and vocabulary identities the regional or social

background dialects are heard in the country.

1.1.0 Types of Dialect

1. Standard dialect

2. Social dialect

1.1.1 Standard Dialect

Standard dialect is generally developed to provide a very good useful means of Communication

across the area of dialect diversity. This usually defined as dialect of language which have

status or regard as prestige in term of communication in many aspects of human development

such as teaching and learning process, media as well as in state House of Assembly for example

Hausa Kananci in Northern Nigeria. But this must follow the rules of selecting standard dialect

among the varieties of language spoken.

Standard English has served as useful variety for communication between areas of dialect

diversity where the British had a colonial influence. Local varieties of English have developed

in nations like Malaysia, Singapore, India and many African Countries as well as New Zealand,

Australia, Canada and the United States. But the degree of variation at least in the written

Standard English of UK has served as normal unit. In Singapore for instance, British English





is still endorsed by the Government as an appropriate target variety in school and official

communication, rather the local Singaporeans.

Secondly, the popular speech of the region where the standard has arisen continues to adopt

innovation none of which led to their way into Standard Language. Thus in Britain, Standard

English originated in southeast (Probably Essex, but later it was adopted in London) but while

it is still basically southern variety, it has now acquired certain features from the region and the

dialect of Essex and that of London.

For language to serve as standard it may become actually or virtually in many areas of

activities, such as the Law, Government, official matters, Ceremonies etc.

It therefore usually become a medium of introduction or at least an object of education with

the result that nonstandard dialect is in no way inferior as a linguistic system frequently comes

to be regard as sub-standard and correct (Petty 1989)

1.1.2 Social Dialect

The stereotypical “Dialect” is an elderly rural person who is all but unintelligible to modern

city dwellers. But dialects are simple linguistic varieties which are distinguishable in

vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. The speech of people from different society as well

as regional groups may differ in these ways, just as Pronunciations so that they no longer

understand each other. Linguist have agree that for varieties of the same language to be

considered as dialect of the same language, they have to differ in at least three level of

organization; pronunciation or phonology vocabulary or morphology, grammar or syntax (of

McMaton, 1994, Romaine 1994). These can referred to as the distinguishing features of dialect

of a language. Fulfulde is not an exception “Fulfulde is a language composed of several

dialects” Mukoshy (1983:30).

1.1.2.1 Pronunciation

The way in which language is spoken or more precisely the way a person speaks or pronounced

words starts a dialectal variation. This is the lexeme of language pronounce with sounds

variations and this is known as phonological variations.

1.1.2.2. Vocabulary

This is one of the transparent ways for dialect of a language to differ; therefore vocabulary

collection is one of the common way in which dialectal differences is profiled. This idea was

proposed by Weinreich (1968). This is known as morphological variation where registered

words are called in different form of the same language.

1.1.2.2 Grammar





When in language, you examine how you combine words in order to build up sentence; you

study the syntax of the language. This is also an area where dialect of language show

differences; in case of Fulfulde language this happen through interface of neighboring or

contact or vice-versa. The phenomenon is known as syntactic variation as far as three level of

dialect variation is concern. Standard English spoken throughout the world is the variety used

for national news broadcast and points in the variety general taught in speaking schools

(Holmes 1992).

Similarly Yule, (1996) define social as a variety of language used by group, defined according

to class, Education, Age, Sex and number of other social parameters.

On the other hand, the term variety is frequency utilized in the sociology of language as a non-

Judgmental term is needed in order to refers to kind of language speak within the area, but the

smallest speech communication. (Group of people speaking the same language). There are sub-

divisions of recognizable different types of language called render inter-communication

(Britanica 1989).

2.0 Fulfulde Major Dialects in Nigeria

This simply means the variety form of Fulfulde speaking in Nigeria more especially the

northern part of the country.

Three (3) major Fulfulde dialects in Nigeria are:

2.0.1 Sokoto Dialect (Sokoto, and Western Niger)

2.0.2 Central Dialect (Roughly Katsina, Kano, Zaria, Plateau, Bauchi and Gombe).

2.0.3 Adamawa Dialect (Yola, Taraba, Cameroon, Chad, Central-African Republic).

Arnott (1970:3).

2.1 Levels of Fulfulde Dialects

Fulfulde has dialectal variation in three levels, and one has to bear in mind that dialect of a

single language are mutually intelligible, but when speakers cannot understand each other it

refers to another language.

2.0 Identification/Emergence of Fulfulde Dialect

The question raised here is how original single language (Fulfulde) developed into various

dialect spoken by it speakers in both Nigeria and Diaspora. In other words, what are the causes

of various dialects of language?

These causes are:

3.1.1 Geographical Location

3.1.2 Historical Background

3.1.3 Sociological/Sociolinguistic

3.1.1 Geographical Location





The more distance in space a language is from its original mother tongue, the more difference

it tends to be, Francis (1983). This means that as they settle in different geographical location,

far from their original base. They tend to develop some new Pronunciation/Phonology,

Vocabulary/Morphology, and Grammar/Syntax.

For example, the place with the following physical environment in one way or the other must

give room for dialectal variation; because they can cut up contact among the people of the same

language as a result of difficulties in transportation of any kind.

Mountain Areas

River rain Areas

Hard Forest

High and lowland Areas

Desert Areas

All the above mention can cut up contact between people that are across and with no visit or

contact among the speakers of the same language variation occur in all language levels.

3.1.2 Historical Background

Migrations, forming of new settlement, and inter-marriages of different ethnic group over a

long period of time also contributed in giving rise to different dialect of a language. Mukoshy

(1984:30) categorically states that Fulfulde is a language composed of several dialects with

very high mutual intelligibility among the speakers as in Dauda (2005:12)

4.0 Relationship Between Adamawa and Sokoto Emirate Council

The relationship among the two cities of Fulbe community has a long standing history since

the period of Sokoto Caliphate in 19th Century. The Sokoto caliphate was a powerful Islamic

State in West Africa in the ninetieth Century. It was founded during the Fulbe war waged in

1809 by Usman Dan Fodio.

The independent Sokoto Caliphate arose in 1804 and grew into one of the most significant

empire in Africa in the 1860s. They developed in the context or multiple independent Hausa

Kingdoms, creating an empire which linked over 30 kingdoms or emirates. Adamawa Emirate

was included because Modibbo Adama, the great scholar collected the Islamic flag from sheikh

Usman Bin Foduye, and this is the genesis of the existing relationship between Sokoto and

Adamawa Emirates till date.

4.1 Lexicons

This simply means the list of words of a language spoken, in other words it seen as Dictionary

word of language. It is also regarded as registered words of a language.





4.1.0 The List of Lexicons with Regard to Adamawa and Sokoto Dialectical Variation of

Fulfulde

The following words will show variation between Adamawankoore and sokkotankoore which

will comprise names of Animals, cardinal directions, days of the weeks, Month of the year,

names of things, and places, part of speech, pronouns, verbs, Adverbs, Auxiliary Verb,

Adjectives, as well as conjunction.

4.1.1 Table 1: Names of Animals in Sokoto and Adamawa Dialects

S/No Sokoto Dialects Adamawa Dialects Glossary

1. Be’a Mbeewa Goat

2. Baalu Mbaala Sheep

3. Jawdiri Njawdiri Ryme

4. Gaari Ngaari Bull

5. Nyoga Ngelooba Camel

6. Gerogal Gertongal Hen

7. Jakaraari Asgumri Cock

8. Iloori Ndamdi Hi goat

9. Muusuuru Faatuuru Cat

10. Kutiru Ɓoosaaru Dog

11. Buuru Fowru Heyna

12. Jaggere Mawndu Lion

13. Mallewol Siiwo Tiger

14. Barroga Lelwa Gazelle

15. Babba Wamnde Donkey

16. Naoruwa Nooda Crocodile

17. Fallaadu Fallaadi Lizard

18. Jigaare Jigaawai Vulture

19. Daabuulal Daawngal Crow

20. Ɓonngu Cufu Mosquito

21. Boddi Boodi Snake

22. Jumri Njumri Honey

23. Yahare Yaare Scorpion

The above table shows the name of animals such as birds, and reptiles as well as insect with

regard to Sokoto and Adamawa dialect of Fulfulde.

Some of this lexicon shows the variations in phonological level with regard to different

phonological process as stated below.





4.1.2 Example of Variations in Lexicon

S/No Adamawa Variation Phonological Process

Be’a Mbeewa mb Prenasal

Baalu Mbaalamb Prenasal

Jawdiri Njawdiri nj Prenasal

Gaari Ngari ng Prenasal

Jumri Njumri nj Prenasal

The above five (5) phonological variations with regards pre-nasalization in Sokoto dialect of

Fulfulde dropt pre-nasalization process, while is in existence in Adamawa dialect of Fulfulde.

Falladu – Fallandi U – I Vowel Substitution

In the above word the substitution of vowel exist among the two dialects U in sokoto dialect

substitute to I in Adamawa dialect of Fulfulde.

Boddi – Boodi – D – O

Compensatory vowel lengthening, the D replace O in Adamawa dialects of Fulfulde

Yahare – Yaare – H –A

Compensatory vowel lengthening, the H replace by A among the two (2) dialects.

S/No Sokoto Dialect Adamawa

Dialect

Variation Level of V

1. Nyoga Gelooba Total

Modification

Morphological

2. Gerogal Gertongal Total

Modification

Morphological

3. Jakaraari Asgumri Total

Modification

Morphological

4. Iloori Ndamdi Total

Modification

Morphological

5. Muusuuru Faatuuru Total

Modification

Morphological

6. Kutiru Ɓoosaaru Total

Modification

Morphological

7. Buuru Fowru Total

Modification

Morphological

8. Jaggere Mawndu Total

Modification

Morphological

9. Mallewol Siiwo Total

Modification

Morphological

10. Barroga Lelwa Total

Modification

Morphological





11. Nooruwa Nooda Total

Modification

Morphological

12. Daabuulal Dawngal Total

Modification

Morphological

13. Ɓonngu Cufu Total

Modification

Morphological

All the above mentioned are lexicons showing variation among the Sokoto and Adamawa dialect

of Fulfulde with regard to Morphological variation and also to total modification under

morphological process.

4.1.4. Table II: Cardinal Directions with Regard to two Dialects

S/no Sokoto dialect Adamawa

dialect

Level of variation Process Glossary

1. Lettugal Fuuna Morphological Total Modification East

2. Gorgal Hiina Morphological Total Modification West

3. Hoorehudo Fommbina Morphological Total Modification South

4. Soɓɓiire Woyla Morphological Total Modification North

Justification:

The above are four (4) cardinal directions among the two (2) dialects which show the variations

base on morphological level and total modification under morphological process.

4.1.4 Table III: Names of Things and Places between two Dialects





S/No Sokoto

Dialect

Adamawa

Dialect

Level of Variation Process Glossary

1. Hunneere Hufneere Phonological (n-f) Strengthening Cap

2. Dettere Deftere Phonological (t-f) Strengthening Book

3. Zaariyaawol Tumburngol Morphological Total

Modification

Cored

4. Hotiire Loonde Morphological Total

Modification

Pot

5. Laana Piirowal Morphological Total

Modification

Aeroplane

6. Guru Laral Morphological Total

Modification

Skin

7. Tekkere Limsere Morphological Total

Modification

Rag

8. Basu Booro Morphological Total

Modification

Bag

9. Laanɗam Manda Morphological Total

Modification

Salt

10. Gawri Muuri Morphological Total

Modification

Millet

11. Wuro Saare Morphological Total

Modification

House

12. Maawo Maayo Phonological (w-y) Consonantal

Variation

River

13. Hocceere Hooseere Phonological (c-o) Vowel

Lengthening

Hill

14. Nyakkorngol Hawaare Morphological Total

Modification

Highland

15. Simmitaalo Dirtorde Morphological Total

Modification

Lowland

16. Ɓundu Wawru Morphological Total

Modification

Well

17. Luggere Seeboore Swampy

Area

18. Goloore Golowol Morphological Partial

Reduplication

Spring

Water

19. Karaal Karal Morphological Partial

Reduplication

Dry Place

20. Dow Asama Morphological Total

Modification

Sky

Justification:

The above table carry two (2) levels of variations; Sokoto and Adamawa dialects is concerned

with Phonological variation and Morphological variation under which it carries processes in

phonological level No. 1 n – f and No. 2 t – f which regard as consonant strengthening another

one is consonantal variation in (12) Maawo – Maayo w – Y as well as vowel lengthening in (13)

Hocceere – Hooseere C – O respectively. All the remaining are varied morphologically base on

total modification with exception 18 and 19 where partial reduplication in existing.





4.1.5 Table IV: Days of the Week in Sokoto and Adamawa Dialects of Fulfulde

S/No Sokoto Dialect Adamawa

Dialect

Level of

Variation

Process Glossary

1. Asaye Asawe Phonological

(y-w)

Consonantal

Variation

Saturday

2. Alal Alat Phonological

(l-t)

Consonantal

Variation

Sunday

3. Altine Altine Monday

4. Talata Salaasa Phonological s Consonantal

Variation

Tuesday

5. Alarba Alarba Wednesday

6. Alhamiisa Alkhaamisa Phonological

/k/

Insertion Thursday

7. Maawde Juum’aare Morphological Total

Modification

Friday

Justification:

The above table shown the variation among the two dialects of study 1, 2, 4, 6 have shown

phonological variation with regard to consonantal variation with exception of number six (6)

which carry consonant insertion 3 & 5 have no Variation while 7 is morphological variation

which carried total modification.

4.1.6 Table V: Month of the Year in Sokoto and Adamawa Dialect of Fulfulde

S/N Sokoto Dialect Adamawa

Dialect

Level of

Variation

Process Glossary

1. Haaran Haaram

arandeere

Morphological Partial

Reduplication

Muharram

2. Min Haaran Haaram

tumbiidu


Reduplication

Safar

3. Gaani Haaram

sakitiidu


Reduplication

RabiuAwal

4. Min Gaani Banjaaru

arandeeru

Total

Modification

RabiuSani

5. Hoddaru Banjaaru

tumbiidu

Morphological JimadaAuwal

6. Wayrordu Banjaaru

Sakitiidu

Morphological JimadaSani

7. Suumeteedu

nayeeɓe

Suumeteedu

Mawbe

Morphological Total

Modification

Rajab





8. Gaajel Wayrordu

Suumaye

Morphological Total

Modification

Sha’aban

9. Suumaye Suumaye Ramadan

10. Jundaadu Juldaadu Phonological Pre-

nasalization

Shauwal

11. Siwtoraadu Siutoraandu Phonological Pre-

nasalization

Zulki’ida

12. Layya Layyaaru Morphological Suffixation Zulhajji

Justification:

The above table has shown the variation in the following levels, and processes 1, 2 and 7 is

morphological and partial reduplication in the process 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 are also morphological

but total modification in the process 9 has no variation 10, 11 and 12 is phonological 10 and 11

is pre-nasal while 12 is insertion in the process.

4.1.7 Table VI: Part of Speech which also give a Room of Variation between Sokoto and

Adamawa Dialect of Fulfulde

S/N Part of speech Sokoto Dialect Adamawa

Dialect

Level of

Variation

Process Glossary

1. Personal

Pronoun

1st Person

Singular

Exclusive

1st Person plural

Exclusive

1st Person plural

Inclusive

Mihin

Menon

Enen

Miin

Minon

Enen

Phonologi

cal

Phonologi

cal

Vowel

Lengthening

Vowel

Lengthening

Me

We

we

2. 2nd Person

singular

2nd Person

plural

Ahan

Onon

An

Onon

Phonologi

cal

Deletion You

You

People

3. 3rd Person

Singular

3rd person

Plural

Kanko

Kambe

Hanko

Hambe

Phonologi

cal

Phonologi

cal

Consonantal

Consonantal

Him/Her

Them

4. Possessive

Pronoun

Makko

Maɓɓe

Maako

Maaɓe

Phonologi

cal

Vowel

Lengthening

His/Her

There own





Phonologi

cal

Vowel

Lengthening

5. Interrogative

Pronoun

Moye

Koye

Noye

Beye

Moy

Koy

Noy

Bey

Phonologi

cal

Phonologi

cal

Phonologi

cal

Phonologi

cal

Deletion

Deletion

Deletion

Deletion

Who

What

How

Whose

6. Verbs 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Lootaago

Diwnugo

Lonnugo

Hoccugo

Baggaago

Foodugo

Ijaago

Batugo

“

Yartaago

Anndutugo

Yiiwaago

Dinwugo

Lootugo

Hoosugo

Baaraago

Laayungo

Yerbugo

Yeccugo

Diwugo

Numtugo

Morpholo

gical

Phonologi

cal

Morpholo

gical

Phonologi

cal

Morpholo

gical

Morpholo

gical

Morpholo

gical

Morpholo

gical

Morpholo

gical

Morpholo

gical

Total

Modification

Metathesis

Total

Modification

Vowel

Lengthening

Total

Modification

Total

Modification

Total

modification

Total

Modification

Total

Modification

Total

Modification

Barth

Sharking

Washing

Talking

Resting

Driving

Pushing

Telling

Crossing

Remember

ing

7. Adverbs Joni-Joni

Seese – Seese

Jotta-Jotta

HakkiiloHa

kkiilo

Morpholo

gical

Morpholo

gical

Total

reduplication

Total

Reduplicatio

n

Now

Slowly





Sanne Masin

Morpholo

gical

Total

Modification

Strongly

8. Auxiliary Verbs Iɗon Ɗon Phonologi

cal

Deletion He is there

9. Preposition Dow

Less

Der

Gada

Hadde

Sawaade

Dow

Ley

Nder

Naawo

Kammbi

Ɗowtaada

Phonologi

cal

Phonologi

cal

Morpholo

gical

Morpholo

gical

Morpholo

gical

Consonantal

Variation

Pre-

nasalization

Total

Modification

Total

Modification

Total

Modification

On

Under

In

Back

Near

Side

10. Adjective Towdo

Kaanaado

Maayeeji

Judo

Ginnaado

Kaaramaaj

o

Morpholo

gical

Morpholo

gical

Morpholo

gical

Total

Modification

Total

Modification

Total

Modification

Tall

Mad

Witch

11. Conjunction I Bee Morpholo

gical

Total

Modification

And

Justification:

Be careful observation one can realized that the last table have a phenomenon of variation

among the dialects in both phonological and morphological levels in respect of difference

processes with regard to the levels. In case of pronoun all variation are on phonological level

right from personal to possessive pronoun but with different processes 1st Personal Pronouns

have a case of vowel lengthening in singular exclusive mihin = h – I while in plural is vowel

substitution in menon – minon e-1 2nd person singular Ahan is Deletion An in Deleted. 3rd

person both singular and plural a case of consonantal variation as in Kanko – Hanko & Kambe

–Hambe K – H in possessive both singular & Plural have a case of vowel lengthening as in

Makko – Maako - Maɓɓe- Maaɓe k – a, b – a Respectively while in interrogative pronoun all





the process is deletion where last vowel deletion Adamawa Dialect e.g., moye, koye, noy-koy,

noye, Ɓeye, bey etc.

Verbs:

Verbs here also two level of variation are observed morphological & Phonological levels 1, 3,

5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 are all dealing with morphological variation and total modification on the

process. While 2 is phonological and metathesis in the process 4 phonological also but vowel

lengthening in the process.

Adverbs:

Adverbs, all the adverb show the morphological variation and total modification on the process.

Others are morphological in two processes Joni – Joni, Jotta – Jotta but some are on total

reduplication but by comparing two dialects the process tone to partial reduplication since only

Jo is repeated in both Dialects. The same case seese – seese, Hakkiilo –Hakkiilo both of them

are in reduplication but when two compared base – on variation second dialect show total

modification on the process which insure variation among two dialect but sanne – massin here

its directly show the modification process.

Preposition:

Under preposition both phonological and morphological levels are existing example der – nder

phonological and pre-nasalization process, les ley phonological and consonantal variation,

while in Gaɗa - ɓaawo, Haɗɗe - Komniɓi, Sawaade – Ɗowtaade are all morphological and total

modification in the process.

Adjectives:

All of them are morphological varied and they varied and they have total modification in the

process.

Recommendation:

Fulfulde is a widely spoken language in Africa with higher mutual intelligibility among its

dialects. The paper will enable people to understand Adamawa and Sokoto dialects of Fulfulde

for both communities. This is to enhance study, research, teaching and learning processes its

used to help in selecting standard dialect among the two or more if need arises. In some primary

issues as far as lexicons is concern it will make a person from Adamawa to know some lexicons

in Sokoto dialects or vice – versa.

Conclusion:

The paper discussed the concept of dialect and the historical relationship among the

community/speakers of the Adamawa and Sokoto dialects of Fulfulde. It also mentioned the

three Fulfulde major dialects in Nigeria with presentation of lexical variation between

Adamawa and Sokoto dialects. Examples were shown in names of Animals, cardinal Direction,

days of the week, month of the year, name of things and places as well as part of speech,

pronouns, verbs, Adverbs, Auxiliary Verb, Prepositions, Adjectives and Conjunction in

Fulfulde. Which clearly show the variation in phonological and morphological level with





regards to processes like; Pre-nasalization, Vowel Lengthening, Strengthening, weakening,

Consonantal Variation, Deleting Insertion, Vowel Substitution and metathesis respectively

while in morphological level two processes are observed reduplication both total and partial

modification. These will no doubt help the activities of teaching and learning processes as well

as researcher’s, since Fulfulde Language is a course of study in various institutions of learning

both in Nigeria and in Diaspora.

Reference:

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Arnott, D.W, (1970), The Nominal and Verbal system of Fula. Oxford, Clarendon Press.

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BioData

Title: The Dialectal Variations in Lexical between Adamawa and Sokoto Dialect of

Fulfulde Language

Mustapha Abubakar is a Lecturer with school of Secondary Education: Languages

Programs, Federal College of Education, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. He had his Masters

degree in Applied Linguistics from Universiti Utara Malaysia, and his Bachelor of Arts in

Linguistics/ Fulfulde from University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. He loves playing

table tennis in his leisure time. He can be contacted through


http://pdfs.sementicsscholar.org/

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