The Decree of Darius Temple Completed and Dedicated The...

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Commentary by Ron Thomas Questions by John C. Sewell

The Decree of Darius

Temple Completed and Dedicated

The Passover

Ezra 6:1-22

Landmark Publications, Inc., 1045 Maynor Street, Nashville, TN 37216, U.S.A., John C. Sewell, Ph.D., Editor.

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The Decree of Darius

Temple Completed and Dedicated

The Passover Text: Ezra 6:1-22, 1. Then Darius the king made a decree, and search was made in the house of the rolls, where the treasures were laid up in Babylon. 2. And there was found at Achmetha, in the palace that is in the province of the Medes, a roll, and therein was a record thus written: 3. In the first year of Cyrus the king the same Cyrus the king made a decree concerning the house of God at Jerusalem, Let the house be builded, the place where they offered sacrifices, and let the foundations thereof be strongly laid; the height thereof threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof threescore cubits; 4. With three rows of great stones, and a row of new timber: and let the expenses be given out of the king’s house: 5. And also let the golden and silver vessels of the house of God, forth out of the temple which is at Jerusalem, and brought unto Babylon, be restored, and brought again unto the temple which is at Jerusalem, every one to his place, and place them in the house of God. 6. Now therefore, Tatnai, governor beyond the river, Shetharboznai and your companions the Apharsachites, which are beyond the river, be ye far from thence: 7. Let the work of this house of God alone, let the governor of the Jews and the elders of the Jews build this house of God in his place. 8. Moreover I make a decree what ye shall do to the elders of these Jews for the building of this house of God: that of the king’s goods, even of the tribute beyond the river, forthwith expenses be given unto these men, that they be not hindered.




9. And that which they have need of, both young bullocks, and rams, and lambs, for the burnt offerings of the God of heaven, wheat, salt, wine, and oil, according to the appointment of the priests which are at Jerusalem, let it be given them day by day without fail: 10. That they may offer sacrifices of sweet savours unto the God of heaven, and pray for the life of the king, and of his sons. 11. Also I have made a decree, that whosoever shall alter this word, let timber be pulled down from his house, and being set up, let him be hanged thereon; and let his house be made a dunghill for this. 12. And the God that hath caused his name to dwell there destroy all kings and people, that shall put to their hand to alter and to destroy this house of God which is at Jerusalem. I Darius have made a decree; let it be done with speed. 13. Then Tatnai, governor on this side the river, Shetharboznai, and their companions, according to that which Darius the king had sent, so they did speedily. 14. And the elders of the Jews builded, and they prospered through the prophesying of Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo. And they builded, and finished it according to the commandment of the God of Israel, and according to the commandment of Cyrus, and Darius, and Artaxerxes king of Persia. 15. And this house was finished on the third day of the month Adar, which was in the sixth year of the reign of Darius the king. 16. And the children of Israel, the priests, and the Levites, and the rest of the children of the captivity, kept the dedication of this house of God with joy, 17. And offered at the dedication of this house of God an hundred bullocks, two hundred rams, four hundred lambs; and for a sin offering for all Israel, twelve he goats, according to the number of the tribes of Israel. 18. And they set the priests in their divisions, and the Levites in their courses for the service of God, which is at Jerusalem; as it is written in the book of Moses. 19. And the children of the captivity kept the Passover upon the fourteenth day of the first month.




20. For the priests and the Levites were purified together, all of them were pure, and killed the Passover for all the children of the captivity, and for their brethren the priests, and for themselves. 21. And the children of Israel, which were come again out of captivity, and all such as had separated themselves unto them from the filthiness of the heathen of the land, to seek the Lord God of Israel, did eat, 22. And kept the feast of unleavened bread seven days with joy: for the Lord had made them joyful, and turned the heart of the king of Assyria unto them, to strengthen their hands in the work of the house of God, the God of Israel. Commentary: I. The Lord saw to it that work continued. A. The king receives the letter and search was made.

1. Ezra 6:1, 2, Then Darius the king made a decree, and search was made in the house of the rolls, where the treasures were laid up in Babylon. And there was found at Achmetha, in the palace that is in the province of the Medes, a roll, and therein was a record thus written: 2. The “archives” is literally, “the house of scrolls” or “the house of books.”

a. In other words, the decrees put into action were recorded for posterity sake.

b. It is quite reasonable that not every king would recall or even know every decree made by those previous to him.




3. This house of scrolls is also where the king’s treasures were stored, a place with high security.

a. Perhaps he started his search in Babylon and, not finding it there, went to “Achmetha” and found it there. b. According to the footnote of the NKJV, this would probably be Ecbatana, the ancient capital of Media.

B. The King’s letter to Tattenai and those of the region.

1. Ezra 6:3-12, In the first year of Cyrus the king the same Cyrus the king made a decree concerning the house of God at Jerusalem, Let the house be builded, the place where they offered sacrifices, and let the foundations thereof be strongly laid; the height thereof threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof threescore cubits; With three rows of great stones, and a row of new timber: and let the expenses be given out of the king’s house: And also let the golden and silver vessels of the house of God, forth out of the temple which is at Jerusalem, and brought unto Babylon, be restored, and brought again unto the temple which is at Jerusalem, every one to his place, and place them in the house of God. Now therefore, Tatnai, governor beyond the river, Shetharboznai and your companions the Apharsachites, which are beyond the river, be ye far from thence: Let the work of this house of God alone, let the governor of the Jews and the elders of the Jews build this house of God in his place. Moreover I make a decree what ye shall do to the elders of these Jews for the building of this house of God: that of the king’s goods, even of the tribute beyond the river, forthwith expenses be given unto these men, that they be not hindered. And that which they have need of, both young bullocks, and rams, and lambs, for the burnt offerings of the God of heaven, wheat, salt, wine, and oil, according to the appointment of the priests




which are at Jerusalem, let it be given them day by day without fail: That they may offer sacrifices of sweet savours unto the God of heaven, and pray for the life of the king, and of his sons. Also I have made a decree, that whosoever shall alter this word, let timber be pulled down from his house, and being set up, let him be hanged thereon; and let his house be made a dunghill for this. And the God that hath caused his name to dwell there destroy all kings and people, that shall put to their hand to alter and to destroy this house of God which is at Jerusalem. I Darius have made a decree; let it be done with speed.

2. The original decree found.

a. Ezra 6:3-5, In the first year of Cyrus the king the same Cyrus the king made a decree concerning the house of God at Jerusalem, Let the house be builded, the place where they offered sacrifices, and let the foundations thereof be strongly laid; the height thereof threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof threescore cubits; With three rows of great stones, and a row of new timber: and let the expenses be given out of the king’s house: And also let the golden and silver vessels of the house of God, forth out of the temple which is at Jerusalem, and brought unto Babylon, be restored, and brought again unto the temple which is at Jerusalem, every one to his place, and place them in the house of God.

b. The decree came from King Cyrus (king of Babylon; 5:13).

i. Ezra 5:13, But in the first year of Cyrus the king of Babylon the same king Cyrus made a decree to build this house of God.




c. The temple is to be rebuilt and the dimensions are laid out.

i. The dimensions are different than that laid out by Solomon in 1 Kings 6; yet, sure that is not necessarily a problem of any great significance. Coffman said Kiel solved the problem by giving the dimensions that included the grounds, not just the Temple proper. ii. Yamauchi said that this was probably the authorization the king gave that meant the government would pay for something that big – allowing the people to build it to the dimensions they chose. iii. The Tabernacle consisted of “the holy place” and “the most holy place.” The tabernacle was placed within an enclosed courtyard. The courtyard was not a gathering place for the people to worship. It was where sacrifices and other rituals took place. iv. The dimensions of the tabernacle, as given to Moses, were 30 cubits (45’) by 10 cubits (15’). When Solomon built the Temple, the dimension of the “tabernacle” portion was 60 by 20 by 30 cubits (or, 90’ x 30’ x 45’). v. 1 Kings 6:1-38, And it came to pass in the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of Israel were come out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon’s reign over Israel, in the month Zif, which is the second month, that he




began to build the house of the Lord. And the house which king Solomon built for the Lord, the length thereof was threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof twenty cubits, and the height thereof thirty cubits. And the porch before the temple of the house, twenty cubits was the length thereof, according to the breadth of the house; and ten cubits was the breadth thereof before the house. And for the house he made windows of narrow lights. And against the wall of the house he built chambers round about, against the walls of the house round about, both of the temple and of the oracle: and he made chambers round about: The nethermost chamber was five cubits broad, and the middle was six cubits broad, and the third was seven cubits broad: for without in the wall of the house he made narrowed rests round about, that the beams should not be fastened in the walls of the house. And the house, when it was in building, was built of stone made ready before it was brought thither: so that there was neither hammer nor axe nor any tool of iron heard in the house, while it was in building. The door for the middle chamber was in the right side of the house: and they went up with winding stairs into the middle chamber and out of the middle into the third. So he build the house, and finished it; and covered the house with beams and boards of cedar. And then he built chambers against all the house five cubits high: and they rested on the house with timber of cedar. And the word of the Lord came to Solomon, saying, Concerning this house which thou art in building, if thou wilt my judgments and keep all my commandments to walk in them; then will I perform my word with




thee, which I spake unto David thy father: And I will dwell among the children of Israel, and will not forsake my people Israel. So Solomon built the house, and finished it. And he built the walls of the house within with boards of cedar, both the floor of the house, and the walls of the ceiling: and he covered them on the inside with wood, and covered the floor of the house with planks of fir. And he built twenty cubits on the sides of the house, both the floor and the walls with boards of cedar: he even built them for it within, even for the oracle, even for the most holy place. And the house, that is the temple before it, was forty cubits long. And the cedar of the house within was carved with knops and open flowers: all was cedar; there was no stone seen. And the oracle he prepared in the house within, to set them the ark of the covenant of the Lord. And the oracle in the forepart was twenty cubits in length, and twenty cubits in breadth, and twenty cubits in the height thereof: and he overlaid it with pure gold; and so covered the altar which was of cedar. So Solomon overlaid the house within with pure gold: and he made a partition by the chains of gold before the oracle; and he overlaid it with gold. And the whole house he overlaid with gold, until he had finished all the house: also the whole altar that was by the oracle is overlaid with gold. And the whole house he overlaid with gold, until he had finished all the house: also the whole altar that was by the oracle he overlaid with gold. And within the oracle he made two cherubims of olive tree, each ten cubits high. And five cubits was the one wing of the cherub, and five cubits the other wing of the cherub: from the uttermost part of the




one wing unto the uttermost part of the other were ten cubits. And the other cherub was ten cubits: both the cherubims were of one measure and one size. The height of the one cherub was ten cubits, and so was it of the other cherub. And he set the cherubims within the inner house: and they stretched forth the wings of the cherubims, so that the wing of the one touched the one wall, and the wing of the other cherub touched the other wall; and their wings touched one another in the midst of the house. And he overlaid the cherubims with gold. And he carved all the walls of the house round about with carved figures of cherubims and palm trees and open flowers, within and without. And the floor of the house he overlaid with gold, within and without. And for the entering of the oracle he made doors of olive tree: the lintel and side posts were a fifth part of the wall. The two doors also were of olive tree; and he carved upon them carvings of cherubims and palm trees and open flowers, and overlaid them with gold, and spread gold upon the cherubims, and upon the palm trees. So also made he for the door of the temple posts of olive tree, a fourth part of the wall. And the two doors were of fir tree: the two leaves of the one door were folding, and the two leaves of the other door were folding. And he carved thereon cherubims and palm trees and open flowers: and covered them with gold fitted upon the carved work. And he built the inner court with three rows of hewed stone, and a row of cedar beams. In the fourth year was the foundation of the house of the Lord laid, in the month Zif: And in the eleventh year, in the month Bul, which is the eighth month, was the house




finished throughout all the parts thereof, and according to all the fashion of it. So was he seven years in building it.

d. The expense will come from the king’s treasury.

3. The introductory section of the king’s direction to the people of the land.

a. Ezra 6:6, Now therefore, Tatnai governor beyond the river, Shetharboznai, and your companions the Apharsachites, which are beyond the river, be ye far from thence:

4. “Let the work of this house of God alone.”

a. Ezra 6:7, Let the work of this house of God alone; let the governor of the Jews and the elders of the Jews build this house of God in his place.

5. A portion of the monies that was needed to build this structure will be supported from the taxes received from the region.

a. Ezra 6:8, Moreover I make a decree what ye shall do to the elders of these Jews for the building of this house of God: that of the king’s goods, even of the tribute beyond the river, forthwith expenses be given unto these men, that they be not hindered.

6. Whatever they need in the way of animals (for sacrifice), that, too, will be supplied them.

a. Ezra 6:9, 10, And that which they have need of, both young bullocks, and rams, and lambs, for the burnt




offerings of the God of heaven, wheat, salt, wine, and oil, according to the appointment of the priests which are at Jerusalem, let it be given them day by day without fail: That they may offer sacrifices of sweet savours unto the God of heaven, and pray for the life of the king, and of his sons.

7. Warning.

a. Ezra 6:11, 12, Also I have made a decree, that whosoever shall alter this word, let timber be pulled down from his house, and being set up, let him be hanged thereon; and let his house be made a dunghill for this. And the God that hath caused his name to dwell there destroy all kings and people, that shall put to their hand to alter and to destroy this house of God which is at Jerusalem. I Darius have made a decree; let it be done with speed. b. Let him be hung on a piece of timber from his own house. Yamauchi said this means he would be impaled (to put to death by fixing on an upright sharp stake; Webster’s). Coffman said this meant he would be crucified. c. Let the curse of God be upon him. History has recorded that a list full of curses after decrees of kings was common.

c. The people’s response.

1. Ezra 6:13, 14, Then Tatnai, governor on this side the river, Shetharboznai, and their companions, according to that which Darius the king had sent, so they did speedily. And the elders of the Jews builded, and they prospered through the




prophesying of Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo. And they builded, and finished it according to the commandment of the God of Israel, and according to the commandment of Cyrus, and Darius, and Artaxerxes king of Persia. 2. The governor of the region. He diligently did the king’s command. 3. The Jews.

a. They prospered in their work, while at the same time (NET) both Haggai and Zechariah preached. b. They built and finished the Temple. c. This came in the days of Cyrus, Darius, and Artaxerxes.

i. It was not until about 80 years later that this last king reigned, thus his inclusion in this list is perplexing.

ii. Coffman thought that perhaps it was because during his reign he made some contribution to the Temple project (similar opinions were expressed by Yamauchi and Williamson). iii. Perhaps there is a connection to the thematic consideration of chapter 4 (4:6-23). That portion of the chapter did not have direct application to the events in 4:1-5, 24; many think that Ezra’s inclusion of, perhaps, a long parenthesis was thematic more than anything else. If so, then maybe Artaxerxes is included for that reason.




v. Ezra 4:1-24, Now when the adversaries of Judah and Benjamin heard that the children of the captivity builded the temple unto the Lord God of Israel; Then they came to Zerubbabel, and to the chief of the fathers, and said unto them, Let us build with you: for we seek your God, as ye do; and we do sacrifice unto him since the days of Essarhaddon king of Assur, which brought us up hither. But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the chief of the fathers of Israel, said unto them, Ye have nothing to do with us to build an house unto our God; but we ourselves together will build unto the Lord God of Israel, as king Cyrus the king of Persia hath commanded us. Then the people of the land weakened the hands of the people of Judah, and troubled them in building, And hired counsellors against them, to frustrate their purpose. All the days of Cyrus king of Persia, even until the reign of Darius king of Persia. And in the reign of Ahasuerus, in the beginning of his reign, wrote they unto him an accusation against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem. And in the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their companions, unto Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in the Syrian tongue, and interpreted in the Syrian tongue. Rehum the chancellor and Shmshai the scribe wrote a letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes the king in this sort: Then wrote Rehum the chancellor, and Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their companions; the Dinaites, the Apharsath-chites, the Tarpelites, the Apharsites, the Archevites,the Babylonians, the Susanchites, the




Dehavites, and the Elamites, And the rest of the nations whom the great and noble Asnapper brought over, and set in the cities of Samaria, and the rest that are on this side the river, and at such a time. This is the copy of the letter that they sent unto him, even unto Artaxerxes the king; Thy servants the men on this side the river, and at such a time. Be it known unto the king, that the Jews which came up from thee to us are come unto Jerusalem, building the rebellious and the bad city, and have set up the walls thereof, and joined the foundations. Be it known now unto the king, that, if this city be builded, and the walls set up again, then will they not pay toll, tribute, and custom, and so thou shalt endamage the revenue of the kings. Now because we have maintenance from the king’s palace, and it was not meet for us to see the king’s dishonor, therefore have we sent and certified the king; That search may be made in the book of the records of thy fathers: so shalt thou find in the book of the records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful unto kings and provinces, and that they have moved sedition within the same of old time: for which cause was this city destroyed. We certify the king that, if this city be builded again, and the walls thereof set up, by this means thou shalt have no portion on this side the river. Then sent the king an answer unto Rehum the chancellor, and to Shimshai the scribe, and to the rest of their companions that dwell in Samaria, and unto the rest beyond the river, Peace, and at such a time. The letter which ye sent unto us hath been plainly read before me. And I commanded, and search hath been made, and it is found that this city of




old time hath made insurrection against kings, and that rebellion and sedition have been made therein. There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, which have ruled over all countries beyond the river; and toil, tribute, and custom, was paid unto them. Give ye now commandment to cause these men to cease, and that this city be not builded, until another commandment shall be given from me. Take heed now that ye fail not to do this: why should damage grow to the hurt of the kings? Now when the copy of king Artaxerxes’ letter was read before Rehum, and Shimshai the scribe, and their companions, they went up in hast to Jerusalem unto the Jews, and made them to cease by force and power. Then ceased the work of the house of God which is at Jerusalem. So it ceased unto the second year of the reign of Darius king of Persia.

D. The Temple finished and the Passover observed.

1. Ezra 6:15-22, And the children of Israel, the priests, and the Levites, and the rest of the children of the captivity, kept the dedication of this house of God with joy, And offered at the dedication of this house of God an hundred bullocks, two hundred rams, four hundred lambs; and for a sin offering for all Israel, twelve he goats, according to the number of the tribes of Israel. And they set the priests in their divisions, and the Levites in their courses for the service of God, which is at Jerusalem; as it is written in the book of Moses. And the children of the captivity kept the Passover upon the fourteenth day of the first month. For the priests and the Levites were purified together, all of them were pure, and killed the Passover for all the children of the captivity, and for their brethren the priests, and for themselves. And the




children of Israel, which were come again out of captivity, and all such as had separated themselves unto them from the filthiness of the heathen of the land, to seek the Lord God of Israel, did eat, And kept the feast of unleavened bread seven days with joy: for the Lord had made them joyful, and turned the heart of the king of Assyria unto them, to strengthen their hands in the work of the house of God, the God of Israel.

2. The time it was finished.

a. The third day of the month, Adar, in Darius’ sixth year.

b. Coffman said this was March 12, 515 B.C.

c. Yamauchi said the Temple was rebuilt a little over seventy years after its destruction.

3. The dedication of the Temple.

a. The inventory of the Tabernacle consisted of the ark of the covenant (in the Holy of Holies), the golden altar of incense, the lamp stand of gold, the show-bread table of gold (the last three in the Holy Place) (this inventory list came from the JSB, p. 164). Within the “new” Temple, there would be no ark of the covenant because it was lost through the Babylonian conquest. b. In verse 16, Ezra identified those at the dedication as being “children of Israel.” It was primarily those of Judah who went into captivity and it was primarily they who returned.

i. However, it would be quite unreasonable to think that no other tribe members were in Juda




when Babylon came in and carted them off and it is equally unlikely that there were no other members of any other of the tribes who were not devoted to righteously serving God – though there were many who chose a different path. ii. The descriptive name is not out of place.

4. The Book of Moses. In 6:18, this phrase is found.

a. Ezra 6:18, And they set the priests in their divisions, and the Levites in their courses for the service of God, which is at Jerusalem; as it is written in the book of Moses. b. Clearly, it attributes the Pentateuch to Moses and not some redactor (editor) as the documentary hypothesis asserts. c. When we turn to Numbers 3:6 and 8:9, we read what the Lord said to Moses on this matter. d. Numbers 3:6, Bring the tribe of Levi near and present them before Aaron the priest, that they may minister unto him. e. Numbers 8:9, And thou shalt bring the Levites before the tabernacle of the congregation: and thou shalt gather the whole assembly of the children of Israel together:

5. The Passover.

a. Yamauchi said this would be about April 21, 515 B.C.




b. He made an interesting comment when he said that when Titus destroyed the Temple (A.D. 70), the Jews were no longer allowed to sacrifice Passover lambs; they had to use eggs and roasted meat (p. 647). c. Those who ate “separated themselves from the filth of the nations.” There is a powerful sentiment in that phrase. Not just anyone could eat the Passover, but all those who were circumcised and all those who sought after the Lord God could.

6. The king of Assyria?

a. Already it was mentioned that this was in the reign of Darius (about 515 B.C.). Darius was a Persian king (Yamauchi; cf. 4:5, 24).

i. Ezra 4:5, And hired counselors against them, to frustrate their purpose, all the days of Cyrus king of Persia, even until the reign of Darius king of Persia. ii. Ezra 4:24, Then ceased the work of the house of God which is at Jerusalem, So it ceased unto the second year of the reign of Darius king of Persia.

b. The word “Assyria” has long been associated with that region though, as an empire, they were overcome by Babylon in 612 B.C. c. Williamson comments that this was either a scribal error (though there is no evidence for this) or this was a “stereotyped description of a foreign ruler” (p. 85).




Questions

Ezra 6:1-22

(Questions based on NIV text.) 1. Compare and contrast the letters written by Bishlam, Mithredath, and Tabeel, Rehum and Shimshai (Eza 4:6-16) with that written by Tattenai and Shetharbozenai (Ezra 5:1-17). _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which letter would you have written? Why? ___________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. When Darius received Tattenai’s letter, what did he do and with what results? ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Where was the citadel of Ecbatana? ___________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What did the memorandum, scroll found by Darius say in paragraph one? _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What did the memorandum, scroll found by Darius say in paragraph two? _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What did the memorandum, scroll found by Darius say in paragraph three? ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. What decrees did Darius add to the letter written in response to Tattenai’s inquiry? __________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




9. How did Tattenai respond to Darius’ letter? ____________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. When was the temple construction completed? When was the foundation of the temple laid? How long did it take to build the temple? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Give details of the dedication celebration. What was done on that occasion? _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. What does the Passover commemorate? When was it celebrated? How often was it observed? ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13. How did the priests and Levites purify themselves? Describe the process. ___________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________




______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14. How was the Passover observed? How long was it observed? _____ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15. What was the connection between the Passover observance and the Feast of Unleavened Bread? __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________



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