The Deaths of Hintsa: Postapartheid South Africa and the shape of recurring pasts

8/14/2019 The Deaths of Hintsa: Postapartheid South Africa and the shape of recurring pasts

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=; ugi eimugv nh gjduvm

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=? ugi eimugv nh gjduvm

uqn v`gu`z evf{du evf{undv n Gduv de n ug vn"f`è fuu`"

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de u g qv ee gv v q fu n v bùz vnxdv$?7

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nv ug n``nqd ffndu n ug ffbvudfv d qgfg Gduv qv l`è$

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v v vnxdv de vg{ gv ge un Oud$?:


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v`xund n fgn`v Af`l$

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=5 ugi eimugv nh gjduvm

fgn`v Af`lv bvvnd qv nd dvudf qg ug qud

n nug Mfd gvunz qv n{de { n eùnd$ Af`lv }vu

ngu un ug n ug }vund n ug l``d n Gduv d ug ddudug

fduz qgfg {enwf``z è un gv xz nqd dud`bdu d ug bnev

n xedf n ug fn`nd` fgx$ Ju `vn ge ug ddudee fndv}df

n dud evfvvnd nu ug qud n nug Mfd gvunz u

{uge$ n wb{` ug vfg n Gduvv vl`` qv ug dv{und

gde `fu nd ug qud n nug Mfd gvunz z bddu vnf`

gvund g` Blv d Oud d =::8$6; Blv {{nfge ug un{f n

ug qud n nug Mfd gvunz z evfvvd ug fdu ux`

n vl`` `è un `nd un Gduv z ug gèxd fgn`v

`d Af`l$ Jd e un du{u ug }vu n ug vl`` de d `gu n ug

` un {nx ug vl``v ugdufuz ndf evfnxe Blv efè ugu

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xedf n d eduuz ugu beuv ug fndnbf ehfùv ffnb{dzd

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de {nvufn`nd`vuv ugbv`xv duv v{{nve`z vld un debdug vfe enbdv n evf{`dz gvunz v vd n ug ùbfz n

qgu Blv f``v bu`vu gvunz$

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c _vvnn` Az Bdl`z de @v` Qus `` un ug ehfùz ugu

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dnu u ug }bduv n gvunv n vnf` fgd$ Mv Af`l v`{{e

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un {nq$

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n evf{`d vnbubv wfed w{fuundv de u nugv ``d

gn{`vv`z vgnu ugn$ J Af`l v dee un n edu ed

n ug nug Mfd {vu de g`{ d dx``d ug gbndz n ug

fn`nd` fgx ugd q bgu x` gv {nvund d ubv n ug {nudu`

vfe un ug vùd vcfu d udeb qug `xud ug ugb n

{nvufn`nd`vb evfd` d ` fu}v n {uge$ n vfu ugv

ùdu {nvufn`nd` ugb v un vl ugu q uude un ug fn`nd` gdnx d

ug fndvuuund n ug vcfu n gvunz$ Mdz uub{u un n gvunz u

{uge qnè d bz xq de un uude un ug vudev n {nvufn`nd`vb

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{nq$ Jd ug `nd d vfg d {{nfg bz g`{ v uu fnb{gde ug

nbund n vcfuxuz d nug Mfd gvunz$

nez d ug ubug n {ugev `` evvnùnd u v `vn

dfvvz un nbù ug bdd n {uge xd ug vbd`z

dudfge `fv n ugnudvb ugu vb un {vvu d nug Mfd

vnfuz$ g {nvufn`nd` fu} n {uge v fndudund n vude

n fu} ugu exv nb fuf` dbdu qug ug du``fu`

dgudf n Bwvu vfgn`vg{ n ug =:1;v qgfg dxvuue ug

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und` ndvv 'mDF* de ug nug Mfd nbbdvu uz 'VmF[*

u =:8?$65 Axd ug bfund n fndf{uv n f de f`vv de `vn ug

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fnduvud gvunfvu nbùndv n fn`nd`vb$

g ub {nvufn`nd` {g{v dxuv v un w{`n ug fndeundv

de qgfg ug fn`ndve vcfu xd u ug exdu n du"fn`nd`

dund`vb de nd bgu vz u ug evvnùnd n ``ve {uge

v ude un ug {nvund n vùd$ g ub gv de vfg fdfz

d fndub{nz Mf v evdund n b ub{n` evudfund qug

fn`nd`vb ' v qug qgfg J bd dfnbnu`* ugu uv {fv

e{`nzbdu d v{fu n ug du`nfld vunv n Af`l de Gduv v dde n `nund$ Jd bz ed ug {nvufn`nd` nv fuf` bne` n

evf{`duz ugu v{{`bduv ug dx``d n {uge d ubv n f

de f`vv$ Jd fe`z fnb{nvu vdv ug ub {nvufn`nd` ùbu`z

èv v un fuf` fndf{u n ug vcfund n dfz qgfg fluv

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fndeundv n {nvvùz$

Nffvnd``z ug ub {nvufn`nd` v ue qug vnb vf{ufvb

bndvu vfgn`v qgnv bduv `` qugd ug {vubf bqnlvvule nu z d bdu u ` fu} n ug deex`n{bdu

qngu z ù f{u`vb$ @`z vd ug evbduv nd

ub{n` devuded n ug {nvufn`nd` v ub{n``z{nvu"fn`ndjm`

Mdd Bf`dunfl I`` gngu de M E`l bnd nugv `z nd

w{vve qdvv nu ug fndf{u qgfg ugz `xe {nxe de}u


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d fndndud ug fuv n `n`vund$68 Mu ubv ug bdu nu

ug ubv b{fvnd gè ugu uv uuv q bv{`fe de ugu ug

qv vfdu e n ug {nvu"fn`nd` b{`v n ug =:1;v ugu eevve

ug {n`b n ug ex`n{bdu n deex`n{bdu ffnb{dzd ù

f{u`vb$ E`l d {uf` qv fndfde ugu ug {nvu"fn`nd` qv

de`vv`z devubud ug funz n f`vv de ug bfgdvb n

f{u` d bdfud uv bnvu fdu dvu`ùnd d `n`vund$ n

E`l ug {nvu"fn`nd` nvv`z de{`zv f{u`vbv vufud n ug

bned qnè$ Bf`dunfl gngu de `vn d v`gu`z edu {n`bf

Mcs Mgbe61 q fndfde ugu ug ub {nvu"fn`nd` ddfvv`z

dende ug vnfv n gvunz de zu"un""wgvue {nùf`

{ncfuv qug qgfg un fndndu `n`vund$ nug ugz bnde ug

e{nùfvd fuv n ug {nvu"fn`nd`$ Mgbe n gv {u due dun

xun`f fu} n ug {nvu"fn`nd` v fndv}df n ug vu qnè

`nfund n uv du``fu`v bndvu qgnb g vdè nu Ieqe e$

Ced nb uu G``v dfvx qnld n ug e n ug

{nvufn`nd` v d dxuund un ugdl u ug `bu ugv {n`buvundv n

ug ub z Bf`dunfl gngu de E`l q dnu qugnu fndv}df$67

G`` n wb{` ulv E`lv fnbbduv nu ug vdf n dz u`l nf{u`vb d ug qnl n {nvufn`nd` vfgn`v vnv`z d ugu ug

`vnd v bl` u dev ug vv}du fndund n {nvufn`ndùz

de ù f{u`vb un`d dnu vuddd`z efundvu un bu`

fnduwu$ n G`` ug v n {nvufn`nd` fufvb bgu bn v``z

vd v d ``z d ufl`d ug `d defund` dux n `n`vund

z {nvud fuf` du{und dun ugu qgn` de gvunn{gf`

dux$6: Ju ugn vxv v fndu{ndu un ug gvunz n `n`vund

de uv ffnb{dzd f`b n fnbbnd gbduz z x`d ugdgudf n ug xn`du fuv n fn`nd` bneduz$ Jd ug {nfvv ug

{nvufn`nd` `vn lv enqd ug dve.nuve n ug fn`nd` vzvub nd

qgfg ffned un G`` gvunv n b{`vb gx ugxe$Qgu J debnvu d`d nu G``v fu} n Bf`dunfl gngu de E`l v gv

dvvudf nd ug ug {n`buvund de dudvfund n ug ub


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{nvufn`nd` u v un vx v vuuz un gdvv ug evfnduduv qug

`n`vund un {nùf` dev$ Ju v dnu ugn v{vd ugu g vgnè

{{nfg ug {nvufn`nd` v d {vub d ug bld$ J ug {nvufn`nd`

v un vx v ffnb{`f d fndvufud gvunz u {uge z

fndvuuud edu ugf` de {nùf` ùnd un ug vcfu u qnè

{nx dfvvz un nn `df nd ug ub{n` vufu ugu v{uv

gvunz de gvunn{gz$

g{v ug vu"ldnqd nu un uvu ug b{`fundv n {nvufn`nd`

fu} v ugu {nefe z ug ùd uev n``fux 'VVF* d nug

Mv$ g v n ug n ug vùd vcfu ugu v `qzv `vn nu

n vzdfg qug ug b{uz gnbndnv ub n f{u` gv fnduue un

dnèd vuuz n{mrmomvjv d nuve qg` u ndf dve ug {`z

n bdu n gvunz$ Oz {uud ug vùd dun {`z d ug evfnv n

gvunz VVF gv `vn `de ug {df{` evf{`dz evudfund uqd

gvunz de gvunn{gz ugu edv ug gvundv fu$ Jd vn end u

gv f`è dun }vund d`d ub{n` ugnv n fgd ugu enbdu

ug evfnv n gvunz de ug {nùf` fuv n ug v{ff gvunv ugz

x v un$

@u b eq nu ug {nefuxuz n ug wfgd bn f``z vnv un b{gvv uv {nudu` d qnld unqev d {vubf {u$ Ju

v {nvv` un evfd d VVF dnu nd`z d bdu qug Ouvg ``vb

d Jde u `vn debdu` evbdu qug Bwv bnv vvz

Nd Jb{`vb d Jde5; d qgfg g {n{nve ugu fn`nd`vb qv

un`vnb u dfvvz xdu d ug gvunz n f{u`$ VF eqv nu

ug de}fv n dund`vu v{ndvv un ugv dux n fgd z

b{`fud uv evf{`dz nbv d ug xz fn`nd` xn`df ugu u vuv nu

un n{{nv$ Mv J { un ugdl n ug qnl deuld z ug fn``fux u eednu b`z n``nq Bw d udd G`v dxvnd n ugdv gu ve {

nd ug u v d ug bnv bu{gn n ug e`fuf` fg``d {nve

z ug znd ù G`dv u n{ue un d} dun ug è {nbv n

uv v{u ugu {nb{ue dnd nug ugd Bw un w{`n ug dfvvz vu

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=:jdurneyfujnd3 ugjdljda mgime

un G`v bne` u f`è dun }vund ug `buv n e`fuf` ugdld$

Qud nd G`v uub{u un vgè qnè gvunf` eev nb fufvb

_dcu Ag nd n ug ndunv n ug {ncfu dnuv3

N fu} qgfg vudev u ug `bu n Qn e"gvunz gv dn

fnb{dfund qguvnx d dnd ugv exf \nb G`R$

nb ug {ndu n xq n ugnv ù nu n Qnè"gvunz ugv exf

bnduv un fndendd {fv`z vfg qnè gvunf` eev ug

{ n fndudduv ug evufund n fùv ug {nvndd n ug

dxndbdu v g`{e ug u bd qgn \qR ug dexe`v

n qnè gvunz un è b{v de u{ ug vcfu {n{ùndv

d qgu ug {ven"gvunf` `d n b{`vb fnè evf

v gvunz$5=

gv gnqx qv dnu b`z un qu vnf` gvunz nb `nq< nd ugu

qv eeux n ugnv qgn q fvu v In{v {n{` qugnu gvunz$ g

`nund n ug fndf{u vùd w{nve vnbugd n funf`

fvv qgd gvunzv ùnd un {nq qv v{ff``z fue ugng ug

{vb n {nvufn`nd` fufvb$ Mv vfg ug vùd ble dfvvz

`bu d ug fnb{nvund n {nq$ gv v Azd lvg dnuv bdv uguvùduz {uv qugd ug vzvub n enbddf de blv uv `buv

nb qugd ugu uv wudùz un enbddu vzvubv n ldnqè de

{nq vfv dve ug vzvub n enbddf u nd`z v d dubund

v uf n ugu qgfg èv ug enbddu evfnv$5? Ixd v v n

enbddf v vd dud` un vzvub n d b{nvv` de}und

d vd vzvub ug ub vùd dxug`vv fndxzv vdv n

funf` evudfund$ J lvgv nbùnd fgnv bz nqd ed n

Af`l ug v vu`` vnb de un w{`d ug vgu {n{nve z vùdvuev nb ug f{ux {ncfu vnded ug {nede vcfu

n gvunz un ed n ug ufv n vùduz d gbndf evfnvv$

g }vund u vbv v }``z nd nu ug fndf{uv n edf ugu

vùd vuev duudv de qgug ugv bgu g`{ un fuxu

{nvufn`nd` fu} n {uge$


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Jd Azu glxnuz {xlv bdu nu {vduund

de ug vùd d ug vvz d ug ùd {l> vuuf v

n vvdu`vb d {nùf``z vf{`nv {nbb vbùdnv`z

gg`guv ug `buv n eduuz {nùfv d d dxndbdu nxeubde

z ug du{`z n evf{`dz {nq de vnd$56 g n{ux {gv

{nùf``z vf{`nv {nbb v n fnv ff` fv d ug

uub{u un fnx ug vcfuxuz dbe z ug {`f"l{ vùd

ug gvund dx`z dfnduv ug `buv de fnb{`fuv n g nqd

{{uv n ed$ Jd ug fv n fn`nd` Jde de uv de{dedf

vu` ugu {{uv qv e{`z be qug ug vgev n dund`vb

de Bwvb fg {nbvd u ugu udvfdee xn`du {vu u

fnbd dfvd`z bnè d ug {vf{undv n ug nè Q$ Jd

ug VVF ug vùd v dvue dun ug `nf n ugv de duxv dnu

fv u fd ue v d wb{` n gvunf` fndvfnvdvv u

fv u d`v d dxvuund n ug dunbz n ` un fnb{ù ug

fu} n fn`nd`vb d ug evfnvv n dund`vb de Bwvb$

g qnl deuld d ug db n ug VVF uv` fndve`z

exv vfg de nde unug z ne {nvufn`nd` du``fu`

fnbbubdu gv vùe d u `vu nd vdv d fuf` efndvufundn gvunn{gz nug dund`vu de Bwvu$ Jd ug {nbv n udvund

nb fn`nd` ` ug n ug vùd vunne gz{n`f``z {g{v

v ebn{gf edu` un v Agv ub ugu du{ue ug nqv

n gvunn{gf` bneùv n vnf` fgd$ J dee ugu {gv gv

{nxe vffvv` d f``d uudund un è {nbvv J qdu un ugu

d {f` dnu ndf vdv {uge unn fnè vd v d dvudf

n ebn{gf edf v{f``z q fndve uv `vùx uzddz n

v{u ex`n{bdu$Zu ug v vnbugd bn {nddu ugd ug bde n

{ugev ef d ug bduv n ug VVF v{f``z d uv uub{u

un }vund ug ugnv n fgd {vdue z dund`vu de Bwvu

gvunn{gz d v{fu n ugnv qgnv fndvfnvdvv dee un

udvùe dun v{fux biumfujndv$ Bn ff` v ug qz d qgfg ug


36/352

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VVF g`{v v un ugdl n gnq dund`vb vnduv qug ug dxv`vd

dux n Bwvb$ g{v nd qz un db ugu {nefuxuz v ugng

ug bn efndvufux e n ug fn``fux qgfg ddnuuv uv nqd

` d fnxd vùd dfz xd v u blv {nvv` fu}

n ugnv n fgd$ g vùd un {gv ug fn``fuxv du`

vuuv qv `qzv `vn {`fe de v v vù n ug n{und n

bv n uug$ Mv fndv}df ug {ncfu n `` duduv de {{nvv

v uu devunne v nd be u efndvufud gvunn{gz$ E{vg

gluz {nxev v qug v` vbbz n gnq ugv vudev fb

unug d ug qnl n vùd vuev d Jde3

Qug gdevgu u fd ve ugu ug q ug ne v

d qgfg ùd uev ee nb ug gvunz"nb"`nq

{{nfg n Gnvqb n gnb{vnd '``nqd n edfv

uqd ugv uqn bddu gvundv n Id`de de In{*$

Vyomùird gjvunrjnarm{gzdfvv`z duè ùx v{und

n ug gvunz n {nq nb dz dxv`vu gvunv n f{u`

fu} n ug dund nb de d dunund n ug ùnd

uqd {nq de ldnqè 'gdf n ug fgx uv` de n

gvunz v nb n ldnqè*$ Jd ugv edfv J qnè `z ug dddv n dq qz n ugnsd ug du``fu` de

n {nvufn`nd` gvunv$55

Bz dbdu qug ug VVF v {bve dnu vn bfg nd uv dnund n ug

vùd v ebn{gf edu` u ug nd uv du{ux vuuz

n ed v J gx èz vvue ug ugnv n fgd$ J b dnu

dfvv`z duvue d fnb{ux gvunv d ug vnf` vfduf vdv

n ugu ub n d ug v n ug ub vùd un ednu zu dnug vcfufunz d ug {dugnd n bùfù`vb$ J en dnu ` ugu ug ub

vùd vgnè `bu v un vdv n funf` evudfund$ Bd v

bn v`fux exdfbdu n ug {ncfu n ug VVF qgfg vuv d d}z

nu ug ugnz n fgd d ug udvund nb {uge un {nvu{uge

nug Mf de ``nqv v v G`` qnè gx u un dudvz {nvufn`nd`


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?? ugi eimugv nh gjduvm

fufvb$59 J gvunv n fgd fndxdund``z `xe un ble

z gvunn{gf` {v{{nvundv qgu v{ff ugnz n fgd ev

ug vgu unqev ug ndvu n ug {nvu{uge> Bz nqd fnduund un ug

evfnv n ug VVF v un vgnq gnq gvunz qnlv un {u ug vùd d gv

n g {`f z fnv un ug bnev n xedf ugu fndvuuu ug fn`nd`

fgx qg` nd ug VVF vnb fnv un ug qufgqne n {uge$

g du``fu` {nbb fgue z ug VVF vxv v vuuf

du`nfun fv u w{dev ug vdv n ug fuf` qnl n gvunz

d {nefux de fndv}du` qzv$ g VVF v{f``z uv bn

efndvufux udedfv gv gg`gue ug evf{dfz uqd ug

{g`nvn{gf` fu} n gbdvb de ug gvunf` evfnv nd ug

{vduund n ug {nvufn`nd` vcfu$ _f`` g dus dndv

gunf` }vund qgfg vffdfu`z ufùv ug {ndu J qvg un

b{gvv3 Qgu v ugv In{ qg ugz dx end u`ld nu

bd u n nu l``d bd xzqg>58 g vùdu b{vv q

bgu vz ugu fuxuv ug {nbb n ug VVF v `de qug ug

fu} n gbdvb ugu {buv ug duxdundv n dnd nug

d ubv n ug {n`b n vcfu fndvuuund de ug efùz n

fn`ndve vcfu d ug evfnv n In{$g e`n qug ug VVF v be u dx``d ug fvv n gvunz

d bdd ugu f`v ug nde n ug x` n {nvu{uge u$

Oz {nvu{uge u J bd dnu nd`z ugu `` dbdu n vnfuz

ugu vdv {ne u {uge u `vn evfnv ugu fuxuv xz

{fv nbùnd n ug {nvufn`nd` qgfg ugv nnl g`{v un `nu$

Qgu d`v ug e`n J `x v ug bdd d qgfg ug ub

vùd defu`z ``nqv n fndf{u` fnùnd uqd vùd

dfz de ug fndvuduv n eduuz {nùfv {vdue z {uge$gv en` de n dfz de fndvudu v fndvbbu`z fnee d

ug {gv vcfund n dfz qgfg ffned un Cngd Bnquu n{{nvv

dnundv n dfz ugu `z f`b un ug q`` n ug du ug ugd xqd

ug nbund n ug vcfuv dfz v {nefu n `nd"eqd"nu

evfvx xdu$51 J q un ugdl n ugv d ùnd un ug {nvund n


38/352

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fgn`v Af`lv }vu n Gduvv vl`` q bgu vz ugu dnu bld ug

fu n gvunz v ug {ndu u qgfg ug `nd"eqd"nu fn``vnd n fgx

de gvunz v xè$ Qgz ug dvvudf n fnbdd ug ub vùd

qug Bnquuv nbùnd n ug vcfund n dfz> Ofv J u

``nqv n evudf uqd ugnv nbv n dund qgfg vl un fnx

vùd dfz u ug w{dv n uuded un gnq ug dvf{und n

ug vcfu dun ug evfnv n gvunz {nefv {uund dnu edf$

n{è qug ug {gv vcfund n dfz vùd vuev bz

ugngu n `vv v {ncfu n fnxz ugd n ufld vùd fuv

d evfnv$

n bl ug b{nudu evudfund ugu J b `nd u bz

g`{ un {`f ug ubv vcfund n dfz de vùd `ndve

ug fz{uf dnund n `dv n gu ugu {buv ug qnl n A``v

E`s de `w Auu$ gz vvu ugu ug `d n gu v vnu n

e`b dnu d`l ugu qgfg blv ug {efbdu n {nvufn`ndùz

de ug nu un dxèu ug dv ne de ug v n fn`nd`

ef$57 Ydevfnd evudfund uqd `d n gu de vf{

E`s {nxev }`fund ugu q qnè en q`` un duud q

un nbù ug {nefuxuz n ug ub vùd d ug duvuv nex`n{d {nvufn`nd` fu} n {uge3

xd qgd evudfund v eqd uqd ug gu de ug xnz

ug gu vu`` bdv d bnv n{und$ Qgu v u qgfg u``v

v ugu nd `d n gu q q`` dnu evfnx xzugd q

d> Jd d vfvb q evfnx vfvu fnùndv nd ug

`d n gu$ Jd d xzugd gnq fd q xne fndvuuud

nug n fnduz n nd de n nbund n {nq n

dunwfduv n {vzfgnd`zvv de n bnbbv de eeev> Gnqfd nd xne ug `d n guv fnbd eduf` qug { de

vb{` bnxbdu n v`"evufund$ $ $> 5:

@dv n gu ``nq v un `nfu ug nf n dfz d ug xz fndeundv

n fndvudu un qgfg u v ùbu`z nde$ Ju vgev `gu nd ug v{ff


39/352

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ùnd uqd vùduz de vcfund n dfz vn v un vu`vg ug

fndeundv n eùd dq bddv n {nvufn`nd` edf$ Nd

qz un {nfe u vbv v un devude {ugev ùnd un fn`nd`

xn`df de uv fgx dq d ubv n ug vcfund n dfz de uv

ùe vùd fuv$

J ug fn`nd` fgx dnu nd`z {fee {uge u ede u

evfvx`z v vzvub n bnedvu uzddz u v ug vnf n ndvd

ug vcfund n dfz ugd ug }vund ugu ugv nnl {nvv v3 gnq env

nd vu`vg `d n gu dnu nd`z nb ug xn`df n fn`nd`vb u

`vn nb ug udedfz n ug fgx un ù bfg n qgu fd ve

d uv ql> nb d ld un v{vufu ugng ug fn`nd`

fgx v bde n ug {nvvùv n {nq un fne xz bdu

ùnd d vnfuz xd ug vvudf un ugu {nq ugu J unn ùbu`z vl

un vu`vg ugng ug {nfvv n qud ugv nnl$9;

Mv ugnv n deex`n{bdu dfvd`z v{e dun d`zvv

n {uge ugng Bwvu vfgn`vg{ d ug =:1;v de =:7;v bn

evfu vude n {nvufn`nd` fufvb due d {u z ug qnl

n Ode ngd de Ieqe e vbùdnv`z u de{dedu`z

n v{ff``z Bwvu bdv eq uudund un ug xvu duqnlv nldnqè z qgfg ug fn`nd` {ncfu fue ug fndeundv n ug

wfv n {nq$9= gu ug fu} n {uge v fndv` vnf`

nbund n{ue nu n {vd ugv ùu {nvufn`nd` ucfunz vbv un

gx vudue ug {nvvùv n dudvzd ug fu} n {uge d

qzv ugu uflè ug evf{`dz fndeundv n {ugev wfv n {nq$

ld unug ngd de e {`fe n v ef` xvnd n

ug d`zvv {vdue d Bfg` nfùv Nreir n Ugjdav de Mrfgin`naz

n Ldnqìeai


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evf{und n ug f`vvf` dvvdf n bned {vub qv {n{{e

{ z ug xvu ef n In{v w{dvndvu {ncfu$96 Qgu e d

{uf` fgxe d gv Nrjidum`jvb {`vge d =:17 qv un dudvz ug

b{`fundv n nfùv d`zvv n {vubv de evfvx nbundv z

vu`vgd bn edu fnddfund uqd ug evf{`dz {nq de

ug v n febf evf{`dv$ g vùdu vdv n evf{`dz vnd

qgfg nfù gbv` qnè dfnx d gv Ejvfj{`jdi mde [ydjvg fg``de

ug xz fn`nd` `nf de {bv n ug nbund n ug gbd vfdfv$95

g b{`fu bdu nNrjidum`jvb v J v u v ugu dz nu un nxv

ug ug n ug {nvufn`nd` bvu ffnb{de z fnbbdvu {u

d ug vzvubv n ldnqè ugu vu`vge ug fndeundv n {nvvùz

n fn`nd`vb d ug vu {`f$ Jd udd un ug ugbv ex`n{e d

Nrjidum`jvbvnb zv ù e ufùe ugv v{fu n gv }vu d qgfg

g vuue gv nqd ud un ug ugb n gbdvb de ug {n`b n

dxv`vd gvunfvb3

M`nd qug ug u f{fuz n e`d qug d Idvu O`nfgv

{gv ug dnd"vzdfgndnv w{dfv n In{v Nug

gv nd `z dnb xnedf n ug ùndvg{ uqd

In{d b{`vb de ugv xnv`z fndvuuue de ufùeldnqèv$ Qgmu gmv dixir umlid {`mfi jv md i{jvuibn`najfm` frjuj}yi

n ugi fnddifujnd oiuqiid ugi eixi`n{bidu n m gjvunrjfjvb qgjfg gmv

iw{mdeie mde eixi`n{ie idnyag un jdf`yei mdujugiujfm` muujuyeiv vyfg mv

jein`najiv n qivuird jb{irjm`jvb mde frjuj}yiv n jb{irjm`jvb, nd ugi ndi

gmde, mde, nd ugi nugir, ugi mfuym` {rmfujfi n jb{irjm`jvb oz qgjfg ugi

mffyby`mujnd n uirrjunrjiv mde {n{y`mujnd, ugi fndurn` n ifndnbjiv, mde

ugi jdfnr{nrmujnd mde ugi gnbnaidjsmujnd n gjvunrjiv mri bmjdumjdie$ $ $

Q bvu J `x ugdl d nug {nùf` de ugnuf` ubv`nfud ug bd {n`bv d qgu dlu ugnz edue v

enbdund de exvnd n `n$ Q bvu fndndu `vn ug {n`b

n ug vdf n ugnuf` un{d de ùd ebdvnd d

d`zvv$ Q fddnu {nfe d`vv q evv{u de ev{nv ug

bu` gvunfvb dun ef``z edu {vuv n ldnqè


41/352

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de q fddnu en ugu du` q q ugu dn dq {ncfuv n

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fndvufundv d qgfg fn`nd`vb {uge de ug {nvu{uge 'n d

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g{u nu`d

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44/352

?:jdurneyfujnd3 ugjdljda mgime

e qug d n vù q un evfd ug fndeundv n fndvudu ugu

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n Gduv d ug qudv n Cngd Gdevnd n de IL B}gz

uqn bcn fnduunv un Wgnv gvunn{gz$ Qg` vld un nxfnb

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gvunz `v un ev{`f ug du``fu` bqnlv fndeundv n vcfund$

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ndve nde ug qzv d qgfg Gduvv gnvu uxvv ug fufd`vund n ug nev ugu qnè bdz zv ù ed {ugev

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`ùz de `ùz n ug fn`nd` fgx$

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6; ugi eimugv nh gjduvm

ld unug ugv fg{uv f`` n gvunz ugu blv

fndf{u` edf d ug ql n {uge nd ugu eevvv uv` un

ug udvund nb ug {uge un ug {nvu{uge $ gv bnx gv

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{n`buvund n ug dnund n ug fn`nd` fgx de uv bnev n

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fn`nd` fgxv gx bnvu`z d q n ug fu ugu ug fn`nd` fgx

v nb d du` vun {`f u fndvvuv ug n `v n

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fnbdd {nufv de ug wfv n {nq qgfg fuv {nd dexe`v

de ùv ug vuubduv$ Ju v nb ugv vgenq ugu J q ngu

un vl `d n gu$ g{v vfg bnx bz d` {uund n ug

vunz n ug l``d n Gduv qgfg v edu nb ugu qgfg u {uv$

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ug edf u ug fn n vzvub n {vduund v vu{ unqev

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qnè un vnù ug edf ugu v u ug fn n ug evfnv n gvunz

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n xedf {nufv de ug fnxz n vcfuxuz$ Oz Af`lv {nb{ud

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nbund ùnd de udvnbund n gvunf` vuubduv ùd

un ug eugv n Gduv$ gdld ugv v un d ug {nvvùv n `xd

u fn`nd`vb de dee {uge$ Mu Gvunz> Gvunz- quv

Cnd fnuu$91 Mde u {uge>


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jd mÙirdmUjxi mffnydUv n ug nug Mfd {vu ùdux ugu v un

ug ev n fn`nd` `` de {uge ugngu ugng qgfg ug {vu gv

d ùe ug {uf` vunz n ug l``d n Gduv d =769 v }du`z

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=

n`nd` bnev n xedf de ug bb n enbdund

Armbbmr jv {n`jujfv oz nugir bimdv$=


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6? ugi eimugv nh gjduvm

efuv `` v{ndvùz n ug vunz z dunefd ug v}df n xduv

qug ug {gv u v ve$ g vunz n ug eug n bnxd v{u v ugz

duvue un d dndzbnv uge {vnd qg` ug b{`fu`z vfvuf vu

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dud ug vunz n ug l``d n Gduv v ug {n`b n vvdd

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n bb ffuv n dnbund fun{gz fnbbvvnd n d}z

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fnbd dudè d ugv v{fux bnev n xedf$ g gvund

vld un bl vdv n ug l``d n Gduv v fnb{`è `vn un bl

vdv n ug bnev n xedf n ug fn`nd` fgx$ Ju bz v` un

fndve gnq ug fndeundv n v{ld nu ug l``d n Gduv du

dux ugu v ffbvfe z ug evfnv n fn`nd` nhfènb$

g bnev n xedf n ug fn`nd` fgx en dnu dfvv`z {nxed devuded n ug xduv èd { un ug l``d n Gduv u

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edu`z q bgu vz ugu ug bnev n xedf n ug fn`nd` fgx

nb n und`vund n ug `bdu n enu ugu vndev ug

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ge "fgd fndv}dfv n edd ug vcfuxuv n fn`ndve

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gvunv n ug l``d n Gduv q ù ebn`vge de ù

nx ub$


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66fn`ndjm` bneiv nh ixjeidfi mde ugi armbbmr nh enbjdmujnd

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uug` ffndu n xduv$ Mv d fdu uwunnl n ug vnugd Mfd {vu

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fv ug vcfuxuz n Gduv v nxeubde z fn`nd` fndfdv

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fnbdund n fevu` {nv de ug {nv n fndu"dvdfz$ g

bbnz n Gduv v ug dvue dun ug =;; zv n q ugu dèug vud {$ Jd dud ug =75;v de =79;v n wb{` ug bbnz

n Gduv vxv v {è un du{ud ug d n g` Gduvv

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d =75851 v b{gvvv gnq g` fndue gv vu dunefund un

gv fn`nd` dgnv f`bd ugu g dx nnu de g dx nx$

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dnb e {`b*$ Mu fb{d n un d qgfg l`v q du

de fuu` vse Gduv de 5; udv u v gè ne dun EYdv

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Jd ugv dund`vu dundv u v dnu b`z ug }vund n ug uug

nu qgu g{{de un Gduv ugu v u vv u `vn ug fndund

n gvunf` vcfu qgn dè fn``fund n {fn`nd` vnf` de

cef` ùndv$ fg qnld vngu un fnddfu ` nbv n

vvudf un fn`nd`vb un ù n{{nvund un vund de {uge$

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fndeundv n qnld vcfuxuz vb` un ugu qgfg ndvv

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d gudug fduz v{ù d ug Gnv n g`n dun _gg de Af`l

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de fgz ugnuz ndve nde ug bdf n uqn gnvv ugu

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qud d ug =:6;v dnue3

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dudf z ug Af`l fg$7

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n ug l``d n Gduv vb un vvu ugu fn`nd` vnfv v`

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n ug {xvx `nf n enbdund d ug qud n gvunz$ gv fg{u

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6:fn`ndjm` bneiv nh ixjeidfi mde ugi armbbmr nh enbjdmujnd

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bndu un `d n dv n xedf>=: Qugnu `d}vgd Qguv

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5=fn`ndjm` bneiv nh ixjeidfi mde ugi armbbmr nh enbjdmujnd

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Bvuld eduuz

oyu ng ugi qgjui bmd {iirjda v`ju"izie,

gjejda m byvliu ydeir gjv mrb$=


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g l``d n Gduv qv {e`z vne dun ug eùndv

n vuu` {`f v{g d Agbvunqd$ gv v{g {vdue ug

fnduvuundv bdud nb ug q n =76569 d qgfg Gduv qv

l`è de fnddfue ug ùx`z vnùe vuu` vnfuz d de nde

Agbvunqd un ` bqnl n Ib{$? M vuu` fnbbduz

`nfle qz d ug fgv n ug vud { ndu sndv fnè dnu

b`z `z nd fndxdund` nbv n fnbbdfund un vu`vg uv {`f

d ug qnè n ug ddudug"fduz nnv$ g euv ugu e

d ug {v nUgi Armgmbvunqd Cnyrdm`de ug Vnyug Mrjfmd Fnbbirfjm`

Mexirujvired ug =76;v uqd gbdud ``v de vuu`

fndvxuxv qgfg Mdeq Odl {vvx`z blv v d d`

bnbdu n nug Mfd gvunn{gz q dnu vhfdu n fndvuuud

vuu` {`f v{g$6 I}``z b{nudu qv ug qnl n {vdud ug

ndu un bun{nùd edfv de qddd ug vzb{ugv n ug

vu`v d qe nd ug ev n Ib{$

uu` vdubdu bnbdu`z be qug ugv nhf` fn`nd`

vudf nd ug q$ g nxdn n ug { n`ndz Odcbd EYd

ve ug q n =76569 v {uwu n du``z bn`vd fn`nd` vdubdu

d xn n {n`fz n w{dvnd$ g l``d n Gduv d =769 gnqxw{nve ug ` vv n ug ``df uqd vuu`v d ug vud {

de fn`nd` nhf`v v{f``z nde ug nhf n ug fuz n uu n

ug n`ndv d @ndend$ g ùz n ug ``df uqd vuu` vnfuz

de fn`nd` nhfènb qv w{nve z ug duxdundv n d bdu

gbdud `nz d Oud de d w{ded n{{nvund` xnf d

ug { n`ndz xe u ug ``"uubdu n Ouvg vcfuv u ug

gdev n ug vuu`v$ g l``d n Gduv fb dnug wb{` n

nqd {n`b n Ib{ qgfg qv be { n fnb{ud duvuv dedxvubduv d ug fn`nd` {ncfu de dfvd`z ede z ug udvndv

n Ib{$5 qv n ug ebv n ug ld v{e de qe vxd d

ud un n ug dddv n vuu` {`f v{g d Agbvunqd {uue

dvu ug xqv ugd nf d ug nhf n ug n`nd` fuz d

@ndend$ Ju `vn vxe ug fnv n ug gbdudv v qne n ug l``d


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81

fge gnbv nq`` Owund d ug Gnv n nbbndv d @ndend qgn

d ud e un ug dfedu un n`vu ug vuded n ugnv d

dvu ug ``"uubdu bue nu un vcfuv d Oudv fn`ndv$

Jd ug {gn ugu dve d Agbvunqd n``nqd ug

ldv ebv gv db qv dvue dun udvndv dxn`xd e`d

vuu` {`f v{g evfnedu { fn`nd` nhfènb de

``z bun{nùd `nz fndvuuue de ug dd n ``

gbdudvb$ J ug gbdudv nde vnfv n dv{und d ug

Ouvg du"v`xz bnxbdu ug e`d vuu` {`f `nd ug vud

{ ndu vnue un u`l nu ug l``d n Gduv de ug ugu

{nve z ug Wgnv un ug vuu`bdu n Agbvunqd un vul f`b d ug

ne {nùfv n Ib{$ gv ugz ee d {u z b{`fud Gduv d ug

{fufv n v`xz ugz gn{d un qd u v{{nu d ug bevu n

ndd du"v`xz bnxbdu$ g nbund n vuu` {`f v{g

d Agbvunqd d nug qnev due nb ug {`fuz due

z Gduvv l``d$ Axd ugu u qv d {u vvude z d fu n fn`nd`

xn`df ug eùndv n ug vuu` {`f v{g ``nq v un xq ug

fxùz d``z ffnee un ug eùx v{fuv n ug nnv {`f

v{g z fuf` vfgn`v vfg v Cd Gbv$9

g {ndu v dnu b`zun {u nnv vdvùz dvu fn`nd` fù u `vn un {n gnq ug

fn`nd` fgx b{dv nd d bde vuu` {`f v{g$

Yùbu`z ug xz {v{fux`vb ugu {dfuue ug {nfedv

n ug fnbbvvnd n d}z d =768 {ù v vgnqd d ug {xnv

fg{u qug dfv un ug evudf nb ug vfd n ug l``d de ug

{x`d n ug vfn{f nx ug vndnf {nefe v{`v n qnev de

bv ugu v{e dun ug eùndv n ug vuu` {`f v{g$ Mv

ug eùndv uqd vuu`v de fn`nd` nhf`v dudve ndeug nufnbv n ug q n =76569 ug de un fndud ug {nùnd

de ffùnd n ug db n Gduv vùe d d uub{u u qgu J f``

nded n ug vcfu$ Oz ugv J bd v{ff``z ug qz qnev de

bv fnbde un fndvuuu ug vcfu dnu nd`z n ug {{nvv n

fn`nd` nxdbduùz u `vn v ug vcfu ugu bnvu fndu`z beue

bjvumlid jeidujuz


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84/352

8:

Gduv {nefe d ug =76;v z ug vxzn"d` g`v ndq``v

Bfg``$ Bfg``v {nuu vxe v d ffnb{dbdu un gv fun{gf

{vduund n ug `devf{ d qgfg ug v n ug eug v n{{nve

un l``d n Gduv dnèe de v vfg qv d dev{dv` {n{ d

devuded ug dux n ug q n =76569$8 ' ? nd {$ 76

de 9 nd {$ :7*$ g vxzn"d` qv {u n ug dun

ugu vu n qug Gduv un ug Bvg _x d vfg n ug `è`z vun`d

fuu`$ nefe d ug ddudug fduz ug {nuu z Bfg`` bz

w{`de d ubv n {e v d ug ebde bnd Ouvg bùz

nhf`v n {nuuv n Wgnv fgv de vuev n Mfd {n{`$1 n

w{`d ugv ebde n bv n ug dbz @fz M`wde fun n ug

efl JNdv unv{fux wgund d =::; vvuv ugu ugz vxe

v vnxdv de ugu u qv ug w{vvnd n ebund n ug n{{nddu

dnu d`l ugu n ug un{gz gdu$7 n M`wde ug {nuuv un ug

ùbu wnfvb n ug dbz wfee nd`z z ug {gzvf` buùnd v

d ug fv n Gduv n ug nev n ug dbz$: Md vuguf {fuf

nd``z efue u ug fbnd` {vduund n ug nnv v` d

devu` In{ qv e{ue n {{nvv n fvud nbe` dbz

de wud ug xz n Ouvg bùz {vndd` `nd ug vudndu n ug { n`ndz$=;

g {nuu n Gduv udv v un ug {`f n ug vcfu n xn`df

d ug fn`nd` `wfnd$ Jd ug v{f n fn`nd` ddfund Gduv qnè

nx fndvde un ug vuuv n vnedund ugu {`f d ug fn`nd`

vuubdu vxe n ugnv dudvdu n{{ndduv n fn`nd` exdf$

Gduv u vbv be v n v{fg v{{`bdu n ug ev

un nde de nxd ug fn`ndve vcfu v ug q n =76569 {{nfge$

g vunz n ug l``d n Gduv v{f``z qgd ù unè d ug vun du"fn`nd` vvudf qnè nud dfndu ugv `nfund n ug {n{

db n Gduv d fn`nd` evfnv v v{ff `bu$ gv qv `vn ug

fv qgd nuv q be un du ug xdu v {u n ` vunz n

fn`nd` wfvv de xn`df n ncfufund de ug `nvv n vcfuxuz$

Qgu bde dufu qv ug vzbn`f vuuv ffnee un ug db n

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Gduv z fn`nd` nhf`v$ Qg` ug b n uug bdev v n ug

vuuv n Gduv v ncfu n fn`nd` evfnv ug bdz vufu n

fn`nd` ddfund bdev v qgz ug uug nu ug l``d n Gduv v

dzugd u v`"xedu$

@fz M`wdev unv{fux wgund nd JNdv v fuf` n

{fv`z ugv vnd$ Ju eqv v dun vuuz n ed ugu fnb{`v v

un fndndu ug du` ``vnd n {nuu qug ug ffnb{dzd

ebde n w{`nd ug vcfuv {nvund d ug bb n enbdund

ugu v{{nuv de vvudv u$ g dfnv v dnu un ugdl n {nuu

v vv n ncfux {vduundv {ndu v{{nue z ug fndvnd

ugu vndev ug b n Gduv$ Jd ug fu`n un ug unv{fux

wgund gè d =::; M`wde w{vve vnb enu ugu efl

JNdv qgn ge xe d Agbvunqd d nxb =765 qnè gx

{nefe {nuu n Gduv$ JNdv qv nd n ug èd {nefv n

{nuuv nd ug vud { ndu sndv d ug =7;;v$ G qv v{ndv`

n {nefd d n {nuuv n Wgnv fgv vfg v B}nb g`

de de` bndvu nugv$ Ev{u gv {uund v {nuuvu n Wgnv

fgv M`wde dnuv ugu d n` {dud vvbe un n Gduv bz d

fu n `vv fg }dn 'v =*$gv vbv un ug vb fg e{fue d {nuu d ug =7?;

uu`v Bvb d Agbvunqd 'B ?9?1* qgfg v ``è v Idn

\}dnR$ g `` '`èd un Gduv* gdequud z Cngd @xvnd

Anq v fndub{nz$ Gduv ee e 58 d =7693 ugv `nnlv `l d

nè bd$ JNdv bz gx vd Gduv d f{uxuz u g fud`z

bu }dn$ g ede f`b d ug fgv {nv vbv d`l`z un

ugu n ug f{ux Gduv$==

nb d ncfux {nuz`v M`wde vvuv ugu bdz {nuuvuv

vvbe ug fn`ndve vcfu dun ug d n ddudug"fduz

Id`vg uvuf ueundv v{f``z ug {fuv} evudfu {nefu n

ug ddudug"fduz _nbduf bdund$ Jd ug fv n ug {nuu n

}dn {n`z bvuld z uv {vdu nqd v Gduv M`wde u``v v


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1=

ugmu ugi ei{jfujnd jv dnu eixnje n fn`ndjm` eivjri$ Jd gir rimejda n ugi fmvi n

bjvumlid jeidujuz, vgi vyaaivuv ugmu ugi iìamdu {nvi n ugi vyocifu rivujda nd

m rnfl vjadjhiv {nvvivvjnd n `mde mde juv ydeiryuj`jvmujnd ugi jvvyi m`ìaie`z

mrnyde qgjfg ugi Vjwug Hrndujir Qmr qmv nyagu$ Hnr Mìwmdeir, ju jv ugi`mdevfm{i ugmu jdxjuiv jduir{riumujnd n ugi {nrurmju$ Mdnugir qmz n vumujda ugjv

jv ugmu ugi qnrl n jduir{riumujnd jv m difivvmrz fndejujnd nr ydeirvumdejda

{nrurmjuyri oifmyvi, ixid jd ugjv bnvu `juirm` vidvi n arnydejda, ugi vyocifu

n ugi {nrurmju jv bimdjday` nd`z jdvnmr mv ju jv ri`muie un ugi fjrfybvumdfiv

Hjayri =3 Ugi fnxir n ugi Hrieirjfl JNdv iwgjojujnd

fmum`nayi< ugiri jv `juuì f`mrjuz nd qgiugir ugi hayri

{nrurmzie jv Gjduvm nr D}idn$

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Hriienqd`nmehrnbqqq$gvrf{rivv$m

f$sm


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n uv {nefund$=? J ed ug {nuuv n Wgnv fgv {nefe d ug

=76;v fd nd`z be vdv n ugng ug ffbvudfv n ug bld

q bgu vvu ugu u qv dnu un ug Id`vg {fuv} ugu M`wde

vgnè gx ude un {nxe ed n ug {nuuv n Wgnv fgv u

ug un bn `nf`ve vuu` {nefundv n gvunz$

g vuu` edf n fn`nd` dund

Jd ug zv n``nqd ug fndf`vnd n ug wug ndu Q d =76569 ug

dnfe` uuuev n vuu`v nd ug vud { ndu fb dfvd`z

{{du v{f``z d v{ndv un ug ` n ug fn`nd` nxdbdu un

fnb{dvu ugnv vcfuv n ug Ouvg nqd qgn f`be un gx `nvu ug

`x`gnnev d ug q$ M nqd vdv n evdu`bdu dnu d

bndvu vuu`v d ug vud { unqev ug fn`nd` nxdbdu fd

ufe d ug ùuv ugu ffùe bndvu ugnv qgn w{dfe efu`z n

defu`z ug q n =76569$ gv qv uu` uqd {nùf` bvvndv

v vnb xe vuu`v ``è ug nhf`v vld uuv qug ug

Wgnv fgenbv de `de v{fùnv fnb{vd vuu`v de ug `nf`

{vduuxv qgfg fndude q`` znde ug xduv n =769$=6

gv ùuv ufùe xqv ugu q nud fgne d ug {`f

nufz nu ug q n =76569$ n ug vuu`v nd ug vud {

ndu ug f``d n Odcbd EYd nb ug {nvund v nxdn

de ug ud n ug fee uunz un uv nd` dguduv q

fndvue v fuv n uz` nd ug {u n ug fn`nd` nhf d @ndend$

Meed dvù un dcz fuz n uu n ug n`ndv @ne A`d`v

dvvudf nd ug dvuuund n fnbbvvnd n d}z dun ug eug n

Gduv f``z de vuu`v d ug vud {$ g `nf` {vv qvdfvd`z `è qug nue v{ndvv u qgu qv vd v v`gu

n gde nd ug {u n A`d`$ Jd ug vuu` bdevu de xd bn vn

u nhf` efv dvu vuu` vnfuz v qgn` d ug vud {

ug bbnz n Gduv fnè dnu ve fv u ede ug {nùf`

fnduvuv uqd vuu`v de bun{nùd {n`fz d ug =76;v$ g bbnz


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16

n ug ld ugn {dfuue ug vuu` bdund ugngnu ug

ddudug fduz$

@u qug ug vudv n ug =79;v q `d nb ug ùuv ugu

ugv vdubduv ge fzvu``ve dun ebdev n ug wubdund n

ug Wgnv$ Jd ùu nb Gz bug un v Mdeqv vfuz un

g nfv d =769 ed ug Q n B`dcd d =79= n wb{`

ug ``duz n uu`ndv bfgd un ug Bvg _x d ug =76;v qv

fn``fue dnvu`f``z dnu fg``d`z3

J J ge u ug uqn uu`ndv vnb n qgnb q qug v nx ug

Ovg de q bn vfg J qnè bl }fl qnl qug ugnv

x``dnv Alv$ J qvg ug Onv qnè fnb dun ug Mbugn`v d

vu`d {uv$ gz gx bz {bvvnd n wubdund u v dnq

ug nd`z qne de {df{` un e v$ J gx dbe Ad` nbvu

Fnbbmdemdu Aidirmù J vgnè è ug Onv qnè db ug

nqd nbbdedu$ Yde gb ugz bz n nd ug qz de vgnnu v

ugz `l vn ugu ugz ee ug nf un ug d` fv$ gv v q n

O`fl dvu Qgu de ug Qgu bvu fnbd n `nv ``$=5

Oz `bud f`bv n fnb{dvund un g nfv ugu dfe `nvvvqg` nd euz ug fn`nd` nxdbdu ge vbd`z `due dbv

n vuu`v$ g Bugnevu bvvndz Cngd Mz` fnb{`de uu`z un

Ane`ndund d =79; n ug `nvv n gv gnvv d ug q n =76569 n qgfg g

ge dnu d fnb{dvue$=9 Q``b nugz Gnèd Onql fnbbden

ed ug wug ndu Q de nugv `nee vb` f`bv$=8 _{ue

f``v n ug wubdund n ug dux ved ug Wgnv de fndvfud

ug `de ffnb{de ug vdv n uudvv de uz`$ g ` n

x `vd ugv nufnbv n {vd {nbb n dnfe ded`nfld {nudu` vnfv n `fl `n "vu`vge fud fdfz

d ug vunz n ug l``d n Gduv$ Jd =789 ug uu` u g Onvn n

wb{` qv ffnb{de z fnb{vndv n ug Ovnugn ld Bnvgnvgn

qug Gduv$ Q``b nugz dnue nd ugu nffvnd ugu `l Gduv

Bnvgnvgn env dnu `vg un {z n ug u` e{eundv fnbbuue z

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19

n q$ g {vduund n ug ez n {`fund d =711 fndfee qug ug

{vbe ugu n Af`l {vd de ug èvg{ n g`$ Oz ug

ugnv nqd ebvvnd ug v{{nve ugu {nve z g` dfvvuue

fn``fund n ug q n =76569 d qgfg ug ùuv ug qv {nbddu

$ Mdeqvv ffndu n ug q qv dnu b`z be u b{gvvd

ug xfunz n ug Ouvg nx ug Af`l d =769 dn ee u nd`z vux un eq

}x`df uqd Gduv de g` ùgng ufv n nug e`z

x`` d ug uwu$ _ug Mdeqv qv eubde un vu`vg {ugqzv un

ug uug v{{nve`z vgnd n ug nhf` fn`nd` eubdundv ugu nxde

ug dund n ug vuu` w{df$ I`z d gv {`fund g fndvvv3

Ju v dnu dfvvz n b un bl dz {n`nz n vbuud un ugnv

qgn bz ` duvue d ug vcfu vnb dnuv n ug xduv n

ug q n =765=769$ J bz u ndf vuu ugu J bl dn {udvndv

qgux un qu d vuz` dudee un {nef dz nug `dv

ugd ugu n {fu `df nd ug {u n ug e ugu qgu J

qu d ug {`dvu `d v uryi \b{gvv d MdeqvR de v

fnb{è nb dnuv be e`z ed ugu q qgd ug qu

vxe v fuz un ug Og nfv de n`nd` bug

g n u uqev Gz bug ug gn n M`q`$ J gxfndvee u vu un vlufg ug e`z dfeduv nb bz ez v ugz

nffe u bz euv v fuz q fnb{ù n d

uzn d ug u n qud J gx e un nv d fffz ugng

uub{ud un d d vuz`$?;

Jd ug udvndv n Ib{{`mjd `d v{{nve`z {nbve uug v

u eevve fnbbduz n vuu`v qgnv duvuv nud exe nb

ug {v{fuxv n ug fn`nd` nhf$ Mdeqvv{`mjd `d blv fndfue nu un `dl ug xduv n =76569 de =711 v d` vuuz

n z{vvd ug uun` {n`fv n fn`nd` nhfènb$ J vg`` ud

d g{u 9 un ug {und n gnvuùv d =711 qgfg ug ez duv$

G u vxv un ``vuu gnq ug fn`nd` bdz qnle un ndv ug

evfnv vnded Gduv$ g vu fu n Mdeqvv{`mjd `d

bjvumlid jeidujuz


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èz bdunde v fndude d ug dunefund un ug ez qgd g

fnddfuv Gduv un g` de z wudvnd dvduv fnduduz n

fgfun`nf` uuv$ g vfnde wb{` v z qz n {duguf` duz

un evf{und n ug xduv n``nqd ug l``d n Gduv$ g duz ev3

ld gv vnd L` \g`R qug v q {ve ug v{nn n fuu`

unqev ug Ovg de fb d vgu n ugb n vdvu$ Q

nvxe xvu gev d exd n d `` efundv nd ug n{{nvu

bndud d 'Onbxd`de d =711 qg L` gv fdu`z end

ug vb {ud gvunz*$?=

Qgu q dfndu d ed n ugv ez v fud vvuuund n

{n{ dbv qug qgu v uld un ug d` {uud n vuu`Wgnv

ùndv$ Gdf d Mdeqvv {duguf` eu` u v fv n gvunz

{ud uv`$ gu {uund gnqx ee dnu {{`z un ug {nefund

n ug ez$ g uqn xvndv n ug ez ugu quud d =769 de ug

vv}du nd {vdue n {`fund fndud dnu` evf{dfz d

ug v{fux ffnduv n ug eug n Gduv$ Jd ug nd` è dnuv

nb qgfg ug qnle xvnd qv eqd ug v dn vvund ugu

nugz qv d dz qz ugude de ugu gv vgnu qv d v{ndv un ugugu {nve z d Gduv$??

g ez {nefv uv nqd ugnuz z d be z ug

n {xfz de vffz$ Juv {`f {{df ugn nud fndxzv vdv

n ugdufuz dnu bbefz$ Zu d xz bdd n ug fud de

fgnf n vcfu buu ev wub`z {`f enfbduv$ g v

d w{fuund ugu ug uwu qnè e u vnb {ndu$ Mdeqvv ez

qv dn wf{und fgu v u qv d ug g`z"`z n udvndv uqd

ug fn`nd` nhf d Id`de de ug vuu`v nd ug vud { ndu$Jd ug ubug n ug l``d n Gduv ug n`nd` fuz v{ndee

z bnxd Anxdn EYd nb nhf ebded ug dvuuund n

fnbbvvnd n d}z de dvvud nd ug ud n `de qgfg ge d

ble n vuu`bdu un ug Wgnv$ g dfuduz de fbndz

d ùndv uqd bun{nùd nhf`v de vuu`v u ug l``d n


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11

Gduv bdu ugu vuu` fn``fundv qnè vl un vu`vg de

vuu` eduuz de v{ndv z fndun``d ug dux n ug l``d$

Mdeqvv ez w{vve ugu vdv n fndun` nx ug dund n

ug l``d n Gduv$ Ju qv `vn ff` `bdu d dnuud de

vuu` eduuz fv d u ugn w{df de fvud n bn`

vcfu q fndue v fne ugu de vuu` vnfuz$ Mdeqv blv

fndfue nu un bde ug e ugu g ge ffnb{de bug nd gv

w{eund dvu ug Af`l d ug =76;v$ G ge `vn uvue d xn

n ug ddnfdf n bug u ug d}z n``nqd Gduvv l``d$ g ez

vuv nu un xz ug xvnd n bug ugu qv {vdue un ug fnu n d}z

ù de{dedu`z ffned un Mdeqv n ffvv un ug fne due

z ug fnbbvvnd n d}z$ _uud dnu gxd nde dz fne n ug

xedf d ug fnu n d}z Mdeqvv dux dxug`vv v{{nuv

bugv fundv d bfg ug vb qz v ug fnu fne env$?6 _dfv

un Gduv {{ d ug bevu n ug ddfund n vuu` duvuv vu dvu

bun{nùd gbndz nx ug fn`nd` du{v$

g unn{gz n Gz bug {`vge d =:;= fndvnèuv

ugv bund z `xud ug vuu` v de vcfu u ug w{dv n ug

ebdvgd dfz n Gduv$ Ju {nfev z evudvgd uqd ugvcfu n gvunz de ug vcfu qjug gvunz$ Gxd evfe gv cndz

un ug { de gv vu bndugv ug bug udv un ug ddd n

EYdv n` v nxdn d =765$ EYdv vfdedfz qv ffnb{de

z ug efvnd un ev{ufg bug un ug ndu un e` qug ug Wgnv qgn

u ug ddd n g{u 66 n ug unn{gz vu dun ug n`ndz

fzd qug ugb vqne exvuund de fnè"`nnee be de

v{n`d ug u` vuuv de bv `l bndud x`dfg$?5 bugv

du dux v ù nde ug exduv n ug cndz vu nb{ nqd$ Jduv{ve d ug u``d ug wudvx dfv un

Cbv Ieqe M`wdev qudv v{f``z gv Dmrrmujxi n m Xnzmai

n Novirxmujnd$ Q e un M`wdev uwuv n evf{undv n

{uf` xduv vfg v ugnv n : Bfg qgd ug On nbbdedu

_ebz v ve un gx xfue ` db n Wgnv nb ug

bjvumlid jeidujuz


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ndf b{du` vg _x n un xz EYdv {nvux b{vvndv

n bugv fundv$?9 nvv"dfd nv bn ugd vb{`z exf

n ``d dux {v$ Ju `vn vuv J qnè unqev vf`

ldnqè ugu v dev{dv` n eubdd ug vcfu n gvunz

ugng ug bugne n {nn$ g {n{`z gvunf` vcfu bnnx v

nd ugu v{uv {`v nb bvvnd ugu {nvvvvv fndvfnvdvv n

ug b{nudf n{mvudivv v{f``z ugnv v{fuv n ug {vu qgfg ed

ug evudz n ug v`"{nf`be gn$

@u v cnd bugv vunz u ug {ndu u qgfg g {nxev cvufund

n gv bvvnd un ug L _x un ux qgu g f``v fn`nd` fuu`$

nvvd ug e n ug vnbn bug evfv gv bnvu {f{uu bfg

nd Gduvv l`$?8 nu ded gb ug bug vu nu dd ug

l`$ gv {nxnfund u v f`be ngu Gduv dun ug Ouvg fb{

d d dedue bdd$?1 Ju v u ugv {ndu d ug dux ugu bug

{`fv n v ug qgu n vfùz bn`vd u dvu ug dxuu

qldvv n ev3

'g {nn vx `qzv v ug {vu d n`xnd de ev ug

{vdu nd`z$ G gv dnu ug bnvu evudu e n gu n qnd v

ev gv `d n fndefu$ `"duvu v gv fndun``d b{`vde ev vudev n `q de fuue*$?7

bugv vuubdu v{uv ug gvunf` nb ug {vb`z gvunf`

vcfu d bdd qg ug nb v fvu v ug du n ug bfg n

{nvv$ @nfle qz d {dugvv de n``nqe z evf{und n ug

xdfv dvu Gduv ugu q fnee d qud z EYd bugv

dux v dnu nd`z d ffndu n ug ub{g n ug gn{gf n

gvunz u v `vn dux n ug ub{g n ugnv qgn {nvvvv ug v{un gvunz$ Jd vgnu gvunz d ugv ffndu `ndv un xfunz d bfg ug

vb qz v u duv u$

fg dub`z vcfuv v Gduv q {nd un ug dux

vunuz{ n fn`nd` evfnv$ nu unn `nd u ug evf{und n ug

ydujbi`jdivv n Gduv bug evfv ug ffbvudfv èd { un ug


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The Deaths of Hintsa: Postapartheid South Africa and the shape of recurring pasts

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