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Women & Criminal Justice

ISSN: 0897-4454 (Print) 1541-0323 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/wwcj20

Women’s Risk and Needs Assessment (WRNA) inthe Czech Republic

Tereza Trejbalová & Emily J. Salisbury

To cite this article: Tereza Trejbalová & Emily J. Salisbury (2019): Women’s Risk andNeeds Assessment (WRNA) in the Czech Republic , Women & Criminal Justice, DOI:10.1080/08974454.2019.1637808

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1637808

Published online: 27 Aug 2019.

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Women’s Risk and Needs Assessment (WRNA) in theCzech Republic

Tereza Trejbalov�a and Emily J. Salisbury

Department of Criminal Justice, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

The focus of practitioners and academics alike has been shifting toward gender-responsive treat-ment of justice-involved women. One instrument that accounts for the realities of justice-involved women is the Women’s Needs and Risks Assessment (WRNA). In order to inquireabout its validity outside the United States, this tool was piloted in the Czech Republic in 2016with 148 women prisoners. The study examined whether the WRNA is a valid tool for use inthe Czech Republic, and how well it predicts the disciplinary infractions of incarcerated womenwith different cultural backgrounds. Results demonstrated a generalizability of women’s crimino-genic needs beyond the United States—several of the gender-neutral (e.g., antisocial friends) andgender-responsive factors (e.g., prior victimization/trauma) that are predictive of Americanwomen prisoners’ institutional infractions are also predictive of Czech women prisoners’ infrac-tions. To reduce women’s incarceration rates and to disrupt the intergenerational transmission ofcrime, we must address women’s criminogenic needs, going beyond traditional male-basedrisk assessment.

KEYWORDS justice-involved women; risk assessment; misconduct; gender-responsivity

The research demonstrating that justice-involved women have different needs and crimino-genic risks than their male counterparts generally originates from the United States (see, e.g.,Belknap & Holsinger, 2006; Holtfreter & Wattanaporn, 2014; Van Voorhis, Salisbury,Wright, & Bauman, 2008). Even though the research base has moved toward gender-respon-sive policy and practice, most correctional systems still focus on males as they form themajority of the justice-involved population. Consequently, specific needs of justice-involvedwomen are oftentimes overlooked, not only in the United States, but especially in countrieswhere research on female offenders is non-existent. In order to address this gap in researchand in the field, collaboration began between the women’s prison Sv�etl�a nad S�azavou in theCzech Republic and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas by piloting the Women’s Risk andNeeds Assessment (WRNA) with the Czech incarcerated women.

With regard to specific needs and risks of justice-involved females, Van Voorhis et al.(2008) found that unhealthy relationships, low self-efficacy, and traumatic experiences fromchildhood and adulthood operate as criminogenic risks for incarcerated women. Furthermore,Mancini et al. (2016) found that pro-social ties in the law-abiding community ease women’s

Correspondence should be sent to Tereza Trejbalov�a, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Nevada,Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA. E-mail: tereza.trejbalova@unlv.edu

Women & Criminal Justice, 0: 1–12, 2019# 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLCISSN: 0897-4454 print/1541-0323 onlineDOI: 10.1080/08974454.2019.1637808

anxiety about their return to the conventional society. To address these risks and needs, cor-rectional systems in the United States have started implementing tools that take into accountthese gender-specific factors. This is due to the fact that gender-neutral or male-based riskassessment tools can lead to over-classification of justice-involved females, and inappropriateprograming (Hardyman & Van Voorhis, 2004). One of gender-responsive tools is the WRNA(Van Voorhis et al., 2008), which resulted from a cooperative agreement between the U.S.National Institute of Corrections and the University of Cincinnati. The WRNA is the onlyvalidated, peer-reviewed risk/needs assessment developed by and for justice-involved women(e.g., see Wright, Van Voorhis, Salisbury, & Bauman, 2012). This tool has been implementedin 22 American states, in Singapore, Namibia, and the United Kingdom. During the WRNAconstruction, validation, and re-validation phases in Colorado, Minnesota and Missouri,among other sites, it was found that including gender-specific variables in the risk assessmenttools provided a more statistically accurate prediction of antisocial behavior and recidivismin women (Van Voorhis, Wright, Salisbury, & Bauman, 2010).1

The former Eastern Bloc is also starting to shift attention toward female offenders.However, the relatively recent regime transition from communism to democracy placesurgent attention on the needs of civil society and the development of civil law. Similar toother countries impacted by communism, the Czech Republic must continuously address thehistory of political imprisonment and other remains of the authoritative regime, which meansthat the needs of justice-involved women are of lesser interest. Ferber and Hutton Raabe(2003) suggested that after the fall of the iron curtain women in the Czech Republic had toassume different roles in the workforce, and had to combine these newly assumed roles withpursuing a family life at the same time. Such stressful factors (e.g., combining parenthoodand career development) are also familiar to women’s experiences in the United States.Because several such similarities between the lives of women in the Czech Republic and inthe United States can be drawn, it is assumed that the implementation of WRNA would alsobe beneficial for Czech justice-involved women. The findings of the WRNA pilot in theCzech Republic will provide information on the position of female offenders and can furtherreinforce the importance of gender-specific tools. Our primary goal is therefore to determinethe predictive validity of the WRNA in the Czech Republic with a sample of incarcer-ated women.

METHOD

The WRNA accounts for both gender-neutral and gender-specific risks and needs of femaleoffenders. The WRNA addresses the following risk areas: criminal history, antisocial atti-tudes, antisocial friends, anger/hostility, history of mental illness, current symptoms ofdepression/anxiety, psychosis, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), prior abuse/victim-ization (child, adult, physical, sexual), substance abuse (historical and current), gamblingaddiction,2 relationship difficulties with intimate partners, employment/financial needs, edu-cational needs, parental stress, and family conflict. The instrument also measures sixstrengths, including: family support, self-efficacy, parental involvement, educationalstrengths, and intimate relationship stability and support. The WRNA is delivered by trained

2 T. TREJBALOV�A AND E. J. SALISBURY

correctional staff through a collateral case file review, an interview (consisting of 121 items)and a self-report survey section (consisting of 36 items). This whole process lasts approxi-mately 45minutes to an hour.

In order to bring the WRNA to the Czech Republic, the entire tool, scoring sheets, andmanual had to be translated to Czech. The research protocol was also approved by theInstitutional Review Board of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Following the fulfillmentof these criteria, 15 staff members (e.g., social workers, counselors, and educators) of Sv�etl�anad S�azavou prison were trained on the WRNA over a 3-day period. These staff membersthen piloted the instrument with 172 adult incarcerated women assigned to medium or max-imum custody, out of which 86% (N¼ 148) chose to share their data with the researchers.The reason as to why 24 women declined to participate in the study is unknown. In order tobe eligible for the study, a woman had to be at least 18 years of age, not housed in a mental

TABLE 1Sample Descriptive Statistics (N¼148)

Characteristic n Percentage

Age18–20 years old 2 1.421–30 years old 56 38.231–40 years old 42 28.741–50 years old 35 23.951 years old and older 12 8.2M¼ 35.4 years (SD¼ 10)

Currently marriedYes 35 23.6

Children under the age of 18Yes 91 61.5

Employed prior to incarcerationEmployed full or part time 82 55.8

Current offenseViolent 56 38.4Nonviolent 90 61.6

Prior feloniesZero 49 33.3One to two 24 16.3Three to five 21 14.3Six or more 53 36.1M¼ 1.5 felonies (SD¼ 1.3)

Prior incarcerationsYes 72 49.3

Prior violent offenseYes 12 8.5

6-month misconductsAt least one 27 18.2M ¼ .3 misconducts (SD ¼ .8)

12-month misconductsAt least one 45 31.9M ¼ .6 misconducts (SD¼ 1.2)

WOMEN’S RISK AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT (WRNA) IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC 3

health unit, had to be in medium or maximum custody, and have at least one year left inher sentence.

Data collection occurred in three waves. First, data from the WRNA instrument were col-lected. Second, data on women’s prison misconduct (e.g., frequency and type) were collectedby the prison disciplinary staff 6 months after the WRNA and distributed to the researchers.Finally, the prison misconduct data of the interviewees were also collected 12 months afterthe initial interview. In the Czech prison system, misconduct is divided into three categoriesbased on the law from 1999; hence, misconduct types are not inherently classified as minoror major in the country. These data were then entered into SPSS, and prepared for statisticalanalyses. Table 1 provides descriptive statistics for the sample.

RESULTS

Findings indicated that the largest category in our sample is women with moderate levels ofrisk and needs (41%, n¼ 61; Table 2). The WRNA score for our sample shows that the vastmajority of the respondents are in the low to moderate risk/need category (81%, n¼ 120),suggesting over-classification of women in custody in the Czech Republic that parallels find-ings in the United States (e.g., Hardyman & Van Voorhis, 2004). Women designated asmedium risk comprised approximately 18% of the sample. Only two women, accounting for1% of the sample, had WRNA scores signifying high risks and needs.

Based on one-tailed, bivariate correlations (Table 3), a significant relationship wasobserved among most of the WRNA factors and institutional behavior of the sample after12months. Higher scores of criminal history, educational needs, employment and financialneeds, antisocial friends, anger and hostility, symptoms of psychosis, child abuse, sexualabuse, PTSD, substance abuse history, recent substance abuse, gambling, family conflict,relationship difficulties, parental stress, and WRNA score were all predictive of the totalnumber of an individual’s prison misconducts in the 12-month period immediately followingthe interview. Women who scored higher on these need domains were more likely to incurprison misconducts over 12 months compared to women who did not have each of theseneeds. In contrast, women with various strengths indicated by higher scores on the domainsof relationship stability (intimate partner), parental involvement, relationship support, andself-efficacy obtained fewer total prison misconducts compared to women without thesestrengths for the same time period.

TABLE 2Distribution of the Risk/Need Levels (N¼148)

Frequency Percentage

Low 59 39.9Moderate 61 41.2Medium 26 17.6High 2 1.4Total 148 100

4 T. TREJBALOV�A AND E. J. SALISBURY

CONCLUSION

These results are consistent with prior research on the WRNA, and our research furtherindicates that gender-responsive tools have high utility in non-Western countries. Theobserved predictive validity suggests that it is strongly justifiable to widely implementthe WRNA in the Czech Republic. In practice this means that the WRNA can assistprison staff with effective case planning and management of incarcerated women. Forexample, the treatment benchmarks3 will allow social workers and correctional counse-lors to quickly identify the strengths and needs of an individual client, and establishwhat should be the focal points of treatment. Additionally, the significant correlationsbetween WRNA areas and the total number of institutional misconduct in the 12-monthperiod following the initial WRNA assessment can help the Czech staff with predictinginstitutional behavior of the women in custody.

Although some gender-neutral tools can accurately predict institutional behavior ofwomen, statistical correlations point to the fact that the attention needs to be focused on vari-ables specific for women. These gender-specific factors help to improve the prediction ofbehavior in women and triage them to appropriate intervention programs. Consequently, thenumber of women who are being categorized in custody based solely on male-based assess-ment tools and possibly being harmed by this over-classification may decrease. Finally, thisassessment tool is beneficial for the women themselves. For example, the WRNA case plan-ning more accurately reflects their actual needs, providing them with treatment that will aidthem in managing their reentry and, in turn, potentially lower the recidivism rates inthe country.

TABLE 3.Bivariate Correlations Between WRNA Factors and Total Number of Misconductsa,b

Assessments and subscales# misconductsin 12 months Assessments and subscales

# misconductsin 12 months

Antisocial attitudes — Self-efficacy –.27��Antisocial friends .35�� Child abuse .21��Educational needs .21�� Adult abuse —

Employment/Financial .35�� Physical abuse —

Family conflict .17� Sexual abuse .30��Family support — Depression/Anxiety (symptoms) .34��Substance abuse history .30�� Psychosis (symptoms) .18�Recent substance abuse .44�� Parental involvement –.28��History of mental illness .32�� Relationship support –.16�Anger/Hostility .34�� Relationship difficulties .28��Criminal history .28�� Parental stress .36��PTSD .24�� Gambling .25��Relationship stability –.16� WRNA score .47��

Note. �p< .05; ��p< .01.aOne-tailed test.bOnly significant correlations are included in this table.

WOMEN’S RISK AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT (WRNA) IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC 5

NOTES

1. For more detailed information on the WRNA, please visit www.unlv.edu/ccjp/assessments/wrna.2. A gambling addiction scale based off the Problem Gambling Severity Index (Turner, Preston, McAvoy, &

Gillam, 2013) was added to the WRNA after Czech prison staff indicated this was a serious behavioral problem inthe women’s prison.

3. The cutoff points will have to be recalibrated for the Czech women.

ORCID

Tereza Trejbalov�a http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0355-2022

REFERENCES

Belknap, J., & Holsinger, K. (2006). The gendered nature of risk factors for delinquency. Feminist Criminology,1(1), 48–71.

Ferber, M. A., & Hutton Raabe, P. (2003). Women in the Czech Republic: Feminism, Czech style. InternationalJournal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 16(3), 407–430.

Hardyman, P. L., & Van Voorhis, P. (2004). Developing gender-specific classification systems for women offenders.Washington, DC: USDOJ, National Institute of Corrections.

Holtfreter, K., & Wattanaporn, K. (2014). An examination of gender responsiveness for female offender reentry.Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(1), 41–57.

Mancini, C., Baker, T., Dhungana Sainju, K., Golden, K., Bedard, L. E., & Gertz, M. (2016). Examining externalsupport received in prison and concerns about reentry among incarcerated women. Feminist Criminology, 11(2),163–190.

Turner, N., Preston, D. L., McAvoy, S., & Gillam, L. (2013). Problem gambling inside and out: The assessment ofcommunity and institutional problem gambling in the Canadian correctional system. Journal of GamblingStudies, 29(3), 435–451.

Van Voorhis, P., Salisbury, E. J., Wright, E. M., & Bauman, A. (2008). Achieving accurate pictures of risk andidentifying gender responsive needs: Two new assessments for women offenders. Washington, DC: USDOJ,National Institute of Corrections.

Van Voorhis, P., Wright, E., Salisbury, E. J., & Bauman, A. (2010). Women’s risk factors and their contributions toexisting risk/needs assessment: The current status of gender responsive assessment. Criminal Justice andBehavior, 37(3), 261–288.

Wright, E. M., V., Voorhis, P., Salisbury, E. J., & Bauman, A. (2012). Gender-responsive lessons learned and policyimplications for women in prison: A review. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(12), 1612–1632.

6 T. TREJBALOV�A AND E. J. SALISBURY

Women’s Risk and Needs Assessment (WRNA)1

v �Cesk�e republice

Tereza Trejbalov�a M.A and Emily J. Salisbury Ph.D.

University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Akademici i poskytovatel�e slu�zeb se za�c�ınaj�ı soust�redit na genderov�e vn�ımav�e zach�azen�ı sodsouzen�ymi �zenami. Jedn�ım z n�astroju, kter�y bere ohled na �zivoty odsouzen�ych �zen, jeWomen’s Needs and Risks Assessment (WRNA). Tento n�astroj byl pilotov�an v roce 2016v �Cesk�e republice na 148 odsouzen�ych �zen�ach, aby bylo zji�st�eno, zda je validn�ı i mimo USA.Tato studie zkoum�a zda je WRNA validn�ı v �Cesk�e republice a jestli je tento n�astroj schopn�yspr�avn�e p�repov�ed�et k�aze�nsk�e p�restupky �zen, kter�e poch�azej�ı z jin�eho kulturn�ıho z�azem�ı.V�ysledky poukazuj�ı na to, �ze kriminogenn�ı pot�reby �zen jsou zobecniteln�e i mimo USA —

n�ekolik genderov�e neutr�aln�ıch (nap�r. antisoci�aln�ı p�r�atel�e) a genderov�e specifick�ych faktoru (nap�r.zneu�z�ıv�an�ı a trauma), kter�e p�redpov�ıdaj�ı k�aze�nsk�e p�restupky americk�ych odsouzen�ych �zen, tak�ep�redpov�ıdaj�ı k�aze�nsk�e p�restupky �cesk�ych v�ezn�en�ych. Pro sn�ı�zen�ı m�ıry uv�ezn�en�ı a p�reru�sen�ımezigenera�cn�ıho p�renosu zlo�cinnosti se mus�ı pozornost obr�atit na kriminogenn�ı pot�reby �zen,kter�e p�resahuj�ı dosah tradi�cn�ıch n�astroju ur�cuj�ıc�ıch rizika pro mu�ze.

Kl�ı�cov�a slova: odsouzen�e �zeny; ur�cen�ı rizik; k�aze�nsk�e p�restupky; genderov�a specifika

V�yzkumy poukazuj�ıc�ı na to, �ze odsouzen�e �zeny maj�ı jin�e pot�reby a kriminogenn�ı rizika ne�zodsouzen�ı mu�zi, v�et�sinou poch�azej�ı ze Spojen�ych st�atu americk�ych (nap�r. Belknap a Holsinger,2006; Holtfreter a Wattanaporn, 2014; Van Voorhis, Salisbury, Wright a Bauman, 2008).A�ckoliv v�yzkumn�e po�ciny se u�z za�c�ınaj�ı soust�redit na genderov�e specifick�e strategie a praxi,v�et�sina v�eze�nsk�ych syst�emu se nad�ale zaob�ır�a hlavn�e mu�zi, jeliko�z jsou to pr�av�e oni, kdo tvo�r�ıv�et�sinu odsouzen�e populace v celosv�etov�em m�e�r�ıtku. Specifick�e pot�reby odsouzen�ych �zen jsoutud�ı�z �casto p�rehl�ı�zeny nejen v USA, ale hlavn�e v zem�ıch, ve kter�ych se v�yzkum t�ykaj�ıc�ı seodsouzen�ych �zen prakticky neobjevuje. V�eznice Sv�etl�a nad S�azavou a Nevadsk�a Univerzitav Las Vegas proto zah�ajily spolupr�aci, kter�a p�rinesla �cesk�ym odsouzen�ym �zen�am n�astroj ur�cen�yk hodnocen�ı jejich rizik a kriminogenn�ıch pot�reb (WRNA).

Jak ji�z bylo �re�ceno, n�ekter�e pot�reby a rizika jsou pro odsouzen�e �zeny specifick�e. VanVoorhis a spol. (2008) nap�r�ıklad zjistily, �ze kriminogenn�ımi riziky pro odsouzen�e �zeny jsounezdrav�e vztahy, n�ızk�e sebev�edom�ı a traumatick�e z�a�zitky z d�etstv�ı a dosp�elosti. D�ale bylozji�st�eno, �ze prosoci�aln�ı vztahy odsouzen�ym �zen�am napom�ahaj�ı k bezprobl�emov�emu n�avratudo spole�cnosti a sn�ı�zen�ı pocitu �uzkosti, kter�y tento n�avrat prov�az�ı (Mancini a spol., 2015).

V americk�e praxi se nov�e prosazuje duraz na pot�reby a rizika odsouzen�ych �zenprost�rednictv�ım implementace n�astroju, kter�e berou ohled na specifika �zensk�e populace.Kontakt na autorku: Tereza Trejbalov�a, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.Korespondenci t�ykaj�ıc�ı se tohoto �cl�anku adresujte Tereze Trejbalov�e, Department of Criminal Justice, University ofNevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA. Email: tereza.trejbalova@unlv.edu

WOMEN’S RISK AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT (WRNA) IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC 7

Ukazuje se toti�z, �ze u�z�ıv�an�ı n�astroju, kter�e jsou soust�red�eny na odsouzen�e mu�ze �ci jsou gen-derov�e neutr�aln�ı, vede k p�reklasifikov�an�ı �zen a tud�ı�z k nespr�avn�emu nastaven�ı terapeutick�epr�ace (Hardyman a Van Voorhis, 2004). Jedn�ım z n�astroju, kter�e maj�ı �zeny klasifikovatspr�avn�e, je pr�av�e WRNA (Van Voorhis a spol., 2008), kter�a vznikla v r�amci spolupr�ace meziN�arodn�ım Institutem V�eze�nstv�ı v USA a Univerzitou v Cincinnati; moment�aln�e je tenton�astroj ov�sem spravov�an Nevadskou univerzitou v Las Vegas.

WRNA je jedin�y n�astroj sv�eho druhu, kter�y je validov�an, ov�e�ren odborn�ıky a je vyvinutpro odsouzen�e �zeny a ve spolupr�aci s nimi (nap�r. Wright, Van Voorhis, Salisbury a Bauman,2012). Tento n�astroj byl ji�z implementov�an ve 22 st�atech USA, Singapuru, Namibii a veVelk�e Brit�anii. B�ehem vytv�a�ren�ı, validace a re-validace WRNA nap�r�ıklad v Koloradu,Minnesot�e a Missouri bylo zji�st�eno, �ze zahrnut�ım genderov�e specifick�ych prom�enn�ych dot�echto n�astroju pro ur�cov�an�ı rizik a pot�reb odsouzen�ych doch�az�ı k p�resn�ej�s�ı predikci antiso-ci�aln�ıho chov�an�ı a recidivy u �zen (Van Voorhis, Wright, Salisbury a Bauman, 2010).2

Ve v�ychodn�ı a st�redn�ı Evrop�e se v posledn�ı dob�e tak�e zam�e�ruje v�ıce pozornosti naodsouzen�e �zeny. Podobn�e jako ostatn�ı zem�e, kter�e byly poznamen�any komunismem, se i�cesk�e v�eze�nstv�ı mus�ı vypo�r�adat s histori�ı politick�ych persekuc�ı a ostatn�ıch pozustatku autori-tativn�ıho re�zimu, co�z znamen�a, �ze pot�reby odsouzen�ych �zen zust�avaj�ı v pozad�ı. Ferber aRaabe (2003) poukazuj�ı na to, �ze se �zeny v �Cech�ach po p�adu �zelezn�e opony muselysoust�redit na sv�e nov�e role ve vy�s�s�ıch pozic�ıch a jejich sklouben�ı s rodinn�ym �zivotem.Sklouben�ı rodi�covstv�ı a kari�ern�ıho rustu je zn�am�e i �zen�am v USA, i kdy�z z jin�ych kulturn�ıchduvodu, a proto mu�zeme p�redpokl�adat, �ze WRNA by mohla b�yt prosp�e�sn�a i �cesk�ymodsouzen�ym �zen�am, jeliko�z WRNA nap�r�ıklad zkoum�a stres zpusoben�y probl�emy sezam�estnanost�ı, financemi a rodi�covstv�ım a jak tyto stresov�e faktory souvis�ı s kriminalitou.V�ysledky pilotn�ı studie WRNA v �Cesk�e republice tud�ı�z p�rin�a�s�ı informace o postaven�ı odsou-zen�ych �zen a mohou poskytnout dule�zit�e poznatky o v�yznamu genderov�e specifick�ychn�astroju. Na�s�ım hlavn�ım z�am�erem je tedy vyhodnotit, zda je WRNA validn�ı v �Cesk�e repub-lice na vzorku odsouzen�ych �zen.

METODY

WRNA bere v potaz genderov�e neutr�aln�ı i genderov�e specifick�a rizika a pot�reby odsou-zen�ych. V r�amci rizik a pot�reb je u odsouzen�ych zkoum�ana jejich krimin�aln�ı minulost, anti-soci�aln�ı postoje, antisoci�aln�ı p�r�atel�e, zlost/odpor, historie psychick�ych probl�emu, symptomydeprese a �uzkosti, symptomy psych�ozy a post-traumatick�e stresov�e poruchy, t�yr�an�ı azneu�z�ıv�an�ı v d�etstv�ı a dosp�elosti, ned�avn�a a celkov�a zku�senost s n�avykov�ymi l�atkami, gam-bling3, probl�emy s intimn�ımi vztahy, zam�estnanost a finan�cn�ı stabilita, pot�reby v r�amcivzd�el�av�an�ı, rodi�covsk�y stres a konflikty v rodin�e. V r�amci siln�ych str�anek bere WRNAv potaz �sest faktoru: podporu rodiny, sebev�edom�ı, zapojen�ı se do rodi�covstv�ı, vzd�el�an�ı a sta-bilitu a podporu v intimn�ıch vztaz�ıch. Pro�skolen�y v�eze�nsk�y person�al po prostudov�an�ız�aznamu vede WRNA rozhovor, kter�y se skl�ad�a ze 121 ot�azek a odsouzen�a sama vypln�ıdotazn�ık, kter�y m�a 36 ot�azek. Cel�y tento proces trv�a zhruba 45-60 minut.

Cel�y n�astroj, bodovac�ı formul�a�re i manu�al byly p�relo�zeny do �ce�stiny, aby bylo mo�zn�eWRNA p�redstavit v �Cesk�e republice. V�yzkumn�y protokol byl schv�alen etickou komis�ı na

8 T. TREJBALOV�A AND E. J. SALISBURY

Nevadsk�e Univerzit�e v Las Vegas. Po spln�en�ı t�echto po�zadavku bylo b�ehem t�r�ı dnu ve Sv�etl�enad S�azavou pro�skoleno 15 zam�estnancu (nap�r. soci�aln�ı pracovn�ıci, vychovatel�e a psy-chologov�e). Tito zam�estnanci n�asledn�e WRNA pilotovali na 172 odsouzen�ych �zen�ach, kter�ebyly minim�aln�e v odd�elen�ıch se st�redn�ım stupn�em zabezpe�cen�ı. Z tohoto celkov�eho po�ctu se86 % �zen (N¼ 148) rozhodlo sd�ılet sv�a data s v�yzkumn�ym t�ymem. Duvod, pro�c se 24 �zenrozhodlo v�yzkumu nez�u�castnit, je nezn�am�y. V p�r�ıpad�e z�ajmu o participaci muselo b�ytz�ajemkyn�ım minim�aln�e 18 let, nesm�ely b�yt v odd�elen�ı pro odsouzen�e s psychick�ymiprobl�emy, musely b�yt v odd�elen�ı s minim�aln�e st�redn�ım stupn�em zabezpe�cen�ı a musel jimzb�yvat minim�aln�e rok do konce v�ykonu trestu.

Sb�er dat prob�ehl ve t�rech vln�ach. V prvn�ı vln�e byly kompilov�any �udaje ze samotn�eWRNA. B�ehem druh�e vlny byly person�alem sesb�ır�any informace (�cetnost a typ) ok�aze�nsk�ych p�restupc�ıch odsouzen�ych po 6 m�es�ıc�ıch od WRNA rozhovoru, kter�e bylyn�asledn�e p�red�any v�yzkumn�emu t�ymu. Ve t�ret�ı vln�e pak byly informace o k�aze�nsk�ychp�restupc�ıch odsouzen�ych po 12 m�es�ıc�ıch od WRNA rozhovoru rovn�e�z dod�any v�yzkumn�emut�ymu. V �cesk�em v�eze�nsk�em syst�emu se k�aze�nsk�e p�restupky d�el�ı do t�r�ı kategori�ı na z�aklad�ep�r�ıslu�sn�eho z�akona, kter�y byl poru�sen. Tud�ı�z se p�restupky ned�el�ı rezolutn�e na nez�ava�zn�e az�ava�zn�e jako v americk�ych syst�emech. V�sechna zm�ın�en�a data byla v n�asleduj�ıc�ıch m�es�ıc�ıchp�renesena do statistick�eho programu SPSS a p�ripravena pro statistick�e anal�yzy. Tabulka 1nasti�nuje obecn�e informace o vzorku

V�YSLEDKY

Na�se v�ysledky pouk�azaly na to, �ze nejobs�ahlej�s�ı kategori�ı ve vzorku byly �zeny s m�ırn�ymipot�rebami a riziky (41 %, n¼ 41; Tabulka 2). Nejv�ıce �zen v na�sem vzorku pat�r�ı do n�ızk�e a�zm�ırn�e kategorie pot�reb a rizik (81 %, n¼ 120), co�z znamen�a, �ze odsouzen�e �zeny v �Cesk�erepublice jsou p�reklasifikov�av�any stejn�e jako �zeny v USA (nap�r. Hardyman a Van Voorhis,2004). �Zen se st�redn�ım stupn�em rizik bylo zhruba 18 %. Pouze dv�e �zeny v na�sem vzorku (1%) dos�ahly WRNA sk�ore, co�z znamen�a, �ze maj�ı vysok�y stupe�n rizika a pot�reb.

Na z�aklad�e statistick�ych korelac�ı (Tabulka 3) bylo zji�st�eno, �ze existuje signifikantn�ıvz�ajemn�y vztah mezi v�et�sinou prom�enn�ych z WRNA a k�aze�nsk�ymi p�restupky vzorku po 12m�es�ıc�ıch. Vy�s�s�ı sk�ore v r�amci krimin�aln�ı minulosti, pot�reb vzd�el�an�ı, zam�estnanosti/finan�cn�ıstability, antisoci�aln�ıch p�r�atel, zlosti/odporu, psych�ozy, t�yr�an�ı v d�etstv�ı, sexu�aln�ıho zneu�zit�ı,posttraumatick�e stresov�e poruchy, historie se zneu�z�ıv�an�ım n�avykov�ych l�atek, ned�avn�e zku-�senosti s n�avykov�ymi l�atkami, gamblingu, konfliktu v rodin�e, probl�emu se vztahy, rodi-�covsk�eho stresu, stupe�n rizika a WRNA sk�ore spr�avn�e p�redpov�ed�ely k�aze�nsk�e p�restupky ve12 m�es�ıc�ıch po WRNA rozhovoru. To znamen�a, �ze vy�s�s�ı sk�ore ve v�y�se jmenovan�ychokruz�ıch vede k v�et�s�ı pravd�epodobnosti, �ze �zeny s t�emito specifick�ymi pot�rebami budou m�ıtk�aze�nsk�e probl�emy ve 12 m�es�ıc�ıch po rozhovoru ve srovn�an�ı s �zenami, kter�e tyto pot�rebynemaj�ı. Na druhou stranu �zeny, u kter�ych byly zji�st�eny siln�e str�anky skrze vy�s�s�ı sk�ore vestabilit�e vztahu s intimn�ım partnerem, zapojen�ı se do rodi�covstv�ı, podpo�re ve vztaz�ıch avlastn�ı efektivit�e m�ely ni�z�s�ı celkov�y po�cet p�restupku ne�z �zeny bez t�echto siln�ych str�anek vestejn�em �casov�em �useku.

WOMEN’S RISK AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT (WRNA) IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC 9

TABULKA 1Popisn�a statistika vzorku (N¼148)

Charakteristika n Procenta

V�ek18 - 20 let 2 1.421 - 30 let 56 38.231 - 40 let 42 28.741 - 50 let 35 23.951 let a v�ıce 12 8.2

M¼ 35.4 let (SD¼ 10)Vdan�aAno 35 23.6

D�eti pod 18 letAno 91 61.5

Zam�estnan�a p�red n�astupem do trestuZam�estnan�a na pln�y �ci �c�aste�cn�y �uvazek 82 55.8

Zlo�cinN�asiln�y 56 38.4Nen�asiln�y 90 61.6

P�redchoz�ı zlo�cinyNe 49 33.3Jeden a�z dva 24 16.3T�ri a�z p�et 21 14.36 a v�ıce 53 36.1

M¼ 1.5 zlo�cinu (SD¼ 1.3)P�redchoz�ı uv�ezn�en�ıAno 72 49.3

P�redchoz�ı n�asiln�y zlo�cinAno 12 8.5

K�aze�nsk�e p�restupky po 6-ti m�es�ıc�ıchAlespo�n jeden 27 18.2

M ¼ .3 k�aze�nsk�e p�restupky (SD ¼ .8)K�aze�nsk�e p�restupky po 12-ti m�es�ıc�ıchAlespo�n jeden 45 31.9

M ¼ .6 k�aze�nsk�e p�restupky (SD¼ 1.2)

TABULKA 2Distribuce stup�nu rizik/pot�reb ve vzorku (N¼148)

Po�cet �zen Procenta

N�ızk�e 59 39.9%M�ırn�e 61 41.2%St�redn�ı 26 17.6%Vysok�e 2 1.4%Celkem 148 100%

10 T. TREJBALOV�A AND E. J. SALISBURY

Z�AV�ER

Na�se v�ysledky jsou v souladu s v�ysledky jin�ych studi�ı zab�yvaj�ıc�ıch se WRNA a n�a�s v�yzkumrovn�e�z poukazuje na to, �ze genderov�e specifick�e n�astroje maj�ı sv�e v�yznamn�e m�ısto i vzem�ıch mimo USA. Zji�st�en�a prediktivn�ı validita znamen�a, �ze implementace WRNA v �Cesk�erepublice by byla opodstatn�en�a. V praxi to znamen�a, �ze WRNA mu�ze pomoci pracovn�ıkums �zensk�ymi odsouzen�ymi zefektivnit p�r�ıpadov�e pl�anov�an�ı a pr�aci se �zenami. Mezn�ı body provymezen�ı pr�ace s klientem pomohou soci�aln�ım a ostatn�ım pracovn�ıkum rychle zjistit, jak�em�a doty�cn�a siln�e a slab�e str�anky a na co je t�reba se v pr�aci s klientkou soust�redit. D�ıky exis-tenci signifikantn�ıch asociac�ı mezi okruhy WRNA a celkov�ym po�ctem k�aze�nsk�ych p�restupkub�ehem 12 m�es�ıcu po WRNA rozhovoru tak�e mu�ze WRNA pomoci s predikc�ı chov�an�ı odsou-zen�ych �zen.

Zat�ımco n�ekter�e genderov�e neutr�aln�ı n�astroje jsou v tomto sm�eru n�apomocn�e, statistick�ekorelace poukazuj�ı na to, �ze je pot�reba p�resunout pozornost i na okruhy specifick�e pro �zeny,proto�ze pom�ahaj�ı v praxi l�epe p�redur�cit, jak se bude dan�a �zena chovat a kter�e intervence byj�ı mohly nejl�epe prosp�et. T�ımto nebude doch�azet k p�rehnan�emu ur�cen�ı stupn�e rizika skrzen�astroje vyvinut�e pro mu�ze u t�ech �zen, kter�e by p�reklasifikov�an�ı mohlo po�skodit. Vneposledn�ı �rad�e je tento n�astroj n�apomocn�y samotn�ym odsouzen�ym �zen�am, jeliko�z jim budoud�ıky p�r�ıpadov�emu pl�anov�an�ı WRNA poskytnuty na m�ıru p�ripraven�e slu�zby, kter�e opravdupot�rebuj�ı a kter�e jim pomohou vr�atit se zp�et do spole�cnosti s men�s�ımi probl�emy a t�ımpomoci sn�ı�zit recidivu v �Cesk�e republice.

TABULKA 3Korelace mezi prom�enn�ymi z WRNA a celkov�ym po�ctem p�restupku odsouzen�ycha,b

OkruhyCelkov�y po�cet p�restupku za

12 m�es�ıcu OkruhyCelkov�y po�cet p�restupku za

12 m�es�ıcu

Antisoci�aln�ı postoje – Vlastn�ı efektivita –.27��Antisoci�aln�ı p�r�atel�e .35�� T�yr�an�ı v d�etstv�ı .21��Vzd�el�an�ı - pot�reby .21�� T�yr�an�ı v dosp�elosti –

Zam�estnanost/Finan�cn�ı stabilita

.35�� Fyzick�e t�yr�an�ı –

Konflikty v rodin�e .17� Sexu�aln�ı zneu�zit�ı .30��Podpora rodiny – Symptomy deprese a �uzkosti .34��Historie se zneu�z�ıv�an�ım

n�avykov�ych l�atek.30�� Symptomy psych�ozy .18�

Ned�avn�a zku�senost sn�avykov�ymi l�atkami

.44�� Zapojen�ı se do rodi�covstv�ı –.28��

Historie psychick�ych poruch .32�� Podpora ve vztahu –.16�Zlost/Odpor .34�� Probl�emy se vztahy .28��Krimin�aln�ı minulost .28�� Rodi�covsk�y stres .36��Posttraumatick�a

stresov�a porucha.24�� Gambling .25��

Stabilita vztahu –.16� WRNA sk�ore .47��

Pozn�amka. �p< .05. ��p< .01aJednostrann�y test.bPouze signifikantn�ı korelace jsou vy�c�ısleny v t�eto tabulce.

WOMEN’S RISK AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT (WRNA) IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC 11

NOTES

1. Women’s Risk and Needs Assessment je ofici�aln�ı n�azev n�astroje, mu�ze b�yt ale voln�e p�relo�zen jako:N�astroj k posouzen�ı rizik a pot�reb �zen.

2. Pro detailn�ı informace o WRNA nav�stivte www.unlv.edu/ccjp/assessments/wrna.3. M�e�r�ıtko z�avisloti na gamblingu zalo�zen�e na the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI; Turner,

Preston, McAvoy, a Gillam, 2013) bylo p�rid�ano do WRNA pot�e, co �ce�st�ı zam�estnanci v�eznice upozornili na to, �zejde v �zensk�e v�eznici o v�a�zn�y behavior�aln�ı probl�em.

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Hardyman, P. L., & Van Voorhis, P. (2004). Developing Gender-specific Classification Systems for WomenOffenders. Washington, DC: USDOJ, National Institute of Corrections.

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