The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis

TimelineTimeline

BackgroundBackground► January, 1959January, 1959 Fidel Castro assumes power after the Cuban Revolution. Shortly thereafter Castro Fidel Castro assumes power after the Cuban Revolution. Shortly thereafter Castro

nationalizes all foreign owned businesses in Cuba ( US oil refineries). nationalizes all foreign owned businesses in Cuba ( US oil refineries).

► March 17, 1960March 17, 1960, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved a document prepared by the 5412 , US President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved a document prepared by the 5412 Committee at a meeting of the US National Security Council (NSC). The stated first objective of the Committee at a meeting of the US National Security Council (NSC). The stated first objective of the plan began as follows:plan began as follows:

A PROGRAM OF COVERT ACTION AGAINST THE CASTRO REGIME:A PROGRAM OF COVERT ACTION AGAINST THE CASTRO REGIME:1.1. ObjectiveObjective: The purpose of the program outlined herein is to bring about the : The purpose of the program outlined herein is to bring about the replacement of replacement of the Castro regime with one more devoted to the true interests of the Castro regime with one more devoted to the true interests of the Cuban people and the Cuban people and more acceptable to the U.S. in such a manner to avoid more acceptable to the U.S. in such a manner to avoid any appearance of U.S. intervention. any appearance of U.S. intervention. ((Operation PlutoOperation Pluto ) )

► December, 1960December, 1960 Cuba openly aligns itself with the Soviet Union and their policies. Cuba openly aligns itself with the Soviet Union and their policies.

► January, 1961January, 1961 The U.S. terminates diplomatic and consular relation with Cuba. The U.S. terminates diplomatic and consular relation with Cuba. ► April 12 & 15 1961April 12 & 15 1961 President Kennedy pledges the U.S. will not intervene militarily to overthrow President Kennedy pledges the U.S. will not intervene militarily to overthrow

Castro.Castro.

Bay of PigsBay of Pigs

► April 17, 1961 Backed by the U.S., a group of Cuban exiles April 17, 1961 Backed by the U.S., a group of Cuban exiles (1,300)(1,300) invades Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in an attempt to invades Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in an attempt to trigger an anti-Castro rebellion. By the 19trigger an anti-Castro rebellion. By the 19thth the invasion fails the invasion fails and more than a thousand Cuban rebels are captured by and more than a thousand Cuban rebels are captured by Castro's forces Castro's forces (est. 100 killed)(est. 100 killed)..

► June 3-4, 1961June 3-4, 1961 Khrushchev and Kennedy hold summit in Vienna- first meeting. Khrushchev and Kennedy hold summit in Vienna- first meeting. Focus on Berlin.Focus on Berlin.

► July 27, 1962July 27, 1962 Castro announces that Cuba is taking measures that would make any Castro announces that Cuba is taking measures that would make any direct U.S. attack on Cuba the equivalent of a world war. He claims that the U.S.S.R. direct U.S. attack on Cuba the equivalent of a world war. He claims that the U.S.S.R. has invested greatly in helping defend his country.has invested greatly in helping defend his country.

► August 10, 1962August 10, 1962 CIA Director John McCone sends a memo to Kennedy expressing CIA Director John McCone sends a memo to Kennedy expressing his belief that Soviet medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs) will be deployed in his belief that Soviet medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs) will be deployed in CubaCuba

► August 31, 1962August 31, 1962 Senator Kenneth Keating tells the Senate that there is evidence of Senator Kenneth Keating tells the Senate that there is evidence of

Soviet missile installations in Cuba. Keating urges Kennedy to take action.Soviet missile installations in Cuba. Keating urges Kennedy to take action.

► September 11, 1962September 11, 1962 In a speech to the UN, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko In a speech to the UN, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko warns that an American attack on Cuba could mean war with the Soviet Unionwarns that an American attack on Cuba could mean war with the Soviet Union..

► October 9, 1962October 9, 1962 Kennedy orders a U-2 reconnaissance flight over western Cuba, Kennedy orders a U-2 reconnaissance flight over western Cuba, delayed by bad weather until the 14th.delayed by bad weather until the 14th.

► October 10, 1962October 10, 1962 Senator Keating charges that six intermediate-range ballistic Senator Keating charges that six intermediate-range ballistic

missile bases are being constructed in Cuba.missile bases are being constructed in Cuba.

► October 14, 1962October 14, 1962 A U-2 flying over western Cuba discovers missile sites. A U-2 flying over western Cuba discovers missile sites. Photographs obtained by this flight provide hard evidence that Soviets have missiles Photographs obtained by this flight provide hard evidence that Soviets have missiles in Cuba.in Cuba.

► October 15, 1962October 15, 1962 A readout team at the National Photographic Intelligence Center A readout team at the National Photographic Intelligence Center

reviews photos taken during the U-2 flight and identifies objects similar to MRBM reviews photos taken during the U-2 flight and identifies objects similar to MRBM components observed in the U.S.S.R. at San Cristobal. components observed in the U.S.S.R. at San Cristobal. McGeorge Bundy decides after hearing about the discovery of missiles in Cuba McGeorge Bundy decides after hearing about the discovery of missiles in Cuba

not to inform the president until the next day. not to inform the president until the next day. McNamara is shown the photographic evidence of the MRBMs at San Cristobal.McNamara is shown the photographic evidence of the MRBMs at San Cristobal.

► October 16, 1962October 16, 1962 Bundy breaks the news to Kennedy who calls for a meeting of a group later to become know as EX-COMM. Bundy breaks the news to Kennedy who calls for a meeting of a group later to become know as EX-COMM. At that meeting Kennedy and his advisors discuss possible diplomatic and military courses of action.At that meeting Kennedy and his advisors discuss possible diplomatic and military courses of action.

► October 17, 1962October 17, 1962 Kennedy flies to Connecticut to campaign for the Democratic Party and congressional candidate Abe Ribicoff. Kennedy flies to Connecticut to campaign for the Democratic Party and congressional candidate Abe Ribicoff.

Robert Kennedy and Theodore Sorensen meet the President at the airport and fill him in on what he had missed during that Robert Kennedy and Theodore Sorensen meet the President at the airport and fill him in on what he had missed during that day's deliberations. Throughout EX-COMM's discussions, the Joint Chiefs of Staff and especially the Air Force strongly day's deliberations. Throughout EX-COMM's discussions, the Joint Chiefs of Staff and especially the Air Force strongly argue for an air strike. argue for an air strike.

After another U-2 flight on the night of the 17th, the military discovers intermediate range (IRBMs) SS-5 nuclear missiles.After another U-2 flight on the night of the 17th, the military discovers intermediate range (IRBMs) SS-5 nuclear missiles.

► October 18, 1962October 18, 1962 Gromyko and Kennedy meet Gromyko and Kennedy meet for two hours. Reading from notes, Gromyko for two hours. Reading from notes, Gromyko assures Kennedy that Soviet aid to Cuba has assures Kennedy that Soviet aid to Cuba has been only for the been only for the "defensive capabilities of "defensive capabilities of Cuba."Cuba."

► October 19, 1962October 19, 1962 Kennedy departs Washington Kennedy departs Washington

for scheduled campaign speeches in Cleveland for scheduled campaign speeches in Cleveland and the West Coast.and the West Coast.

► October 20, 1962October 20, 1962 Kennedy's Press Secretary Kennedy's Press Secretary

announces that the President is canceling the announces that the President is canceling the remainder of his campaign trip because of an remainder of his campaign trip because of an "upper respiratory infection." "upper respiratory infection."

Kennedy meets with his advisors and Kennedy meets with his advisors and orders a defensive quarantine instituted as orders a defensive quarantine instituted as soon as possible. The full operation is soon as possible. The full operation is reviewed and approved, and the President's reviewed and approved, and the President's television address is scheduled for the next television address is scheduled for the next evening.evening.

► October 21, 1962October 21, 1962 Kennedy is told by General Maxwell Taylor that an air strike could not guarantee to destroy Kennedy is told by General Maxwell Taylor that an air strike could not guarantee to destroy all Soviet missiles in Cuba. all Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Kennedy decides on a quarantine of Cuba for the time being. Kennedy decides on a quarantine of Cuba for the time being.

Kennedy requests that the press not deny him the Kennedy requests that the press not deny him the "element of surprise""element of surprise" or he warns, or he warns, "I don't know what "I don't know what the Soviets will do."the Soviets will do."

Another U-2 flight that day reveals bombers and Migs being rapidly assembled and cruise missile sites Another U-2 flight that day reveals bombers and Migs being rapidly assembled and cruise missile sites being built on Cuba's northern shore.being built on Cuba's northern shore.

► October 22, 1962October 22, 1962 Congressional leaders assemble at the White House for a meeting with Kennedy. They are Congressional leaders assemble at the White House for a meeting with Kennedy. They are shown the photographic evidence of the Soviet missile installations. The congressional leaders express shown the photographic evidence of the Soviet missile installations. The congressional leaders express support, but many advocate stronger action. support, but many advocate stronger action.

The President addresses the nation in a televised speech, announcing the presence of offensive missile The President addresses the nation in a televised speech, announcing the presence of offensive missile sites in Cuba. sites in Cuba.

U.S. military forces go to U.S. military forces go to DEFCON 3.DEFCON 3. U.S. base at Guantanamo Bay is reinforced by Marines.U.S. base at Guantanamo Bay is reinforced by Marines.

► October 23, 1962October 23, 1962 Kennedy orders six Crusader jets to fly a low level reconnaissance Kennedy orders six Crusader jets to fly a low level reconnaissance mission. mission.

Organization of American States (OAS) unanimously approves of the quarantine against Organization of American States (OAS) unanimously approves of the quarantine against Cuba. Cuba.

By the end of the day U.S. ships had taken up position along the quarantine line, 800 By the end of the day U.S. ships had taken up position along the quarantine line, 800 miles from Cuba. miles from Cuba.

Late in the evening, the President sends Robert Kennedy to the Soviet embassy to talk Late in the evening, the President sends Robert Kennedy to the Soviet embassy to talk with Ambassador Dobrynin. with Ambassador Dobrynin.

Kennedy receives a letter from Khrushchev in which Khrushchev comments that there is Kennedy receives a letter from Khrushchev in which Khrushchev comments that there is a, "serious threat to peace and security of peoples." a, "serious threat to peace and security of peoples."

President decides to give Khrushchev more time and pulls the quarantine line back to President decides to give Khrushchev more time and pulls the quarantine line back to 500 miles.500 miles.

► October 24, 1962October 24, 1962 Soviet ships en route to Soviet ships en route to Cuba with questionable cargo either slow Cuba with questionable cargo either slow down or reverse their course except for down or reverse their course except for one. one.

Military forces go to Military forces go to DEFCON 2DEFCON 2 the the highest ever in U.S. history.highest ever in U.S. history.

► October 25, 1962October 25, 1962 Kennedy sends a letter Kennedy sends a letter to Khrushchev laying the responsibility for to Khrushchev laying the responsibility for the crisis on the Soviet Union. the crisis on the Soviet Union.

EX-COMM discusses a proposal to EX-COMM discusses a proposal to withdraw U.S. missiles from Turkey in withdraw U.S. missiles from Turkey in exchange for the withdrawal of Soviet exchange for the withdrawal of Soviet missiles in Cuba.missiles in Cuba.

► October 26, 1962October 26, 1962 The Soviet ship Marucla is cleared through the quarantine. The Soviet ship Marucla is cleared through the quarantine.

During an EX-COMM meeting, Kennedy says that he believes the quarantine alone During an EX-COMM meeting, Kennedy says that he believes the quarantine alone can not force the Soviet government to remove its offensive weapons from Cuba. can not force the Soviet government to remove its offensive weapons from Cuba.

A CIA report from that morning states that there was no halt in progress in the A CIA report from that morning states that there was no halt in progress in the development of the missile sites and another reconnaissance flight reveals the development of the missile sites and another reconnaissance flight reveals the Soviets were also attempting to camouflage the missiles. Soviets were also attempting to camouflage the missiles.

Aleksandr Fomin, who was known to be the KGB station chief in Washington, Aleksandr Fomin, who was known to be the KGB station chief in Washington, requests a meeting with ABC News correspondent John Scali. Fomin proposes the requests a meeting with ABC News correspondent John Scali. Fomin proposes the dismantling of Soviet bases under U.N. supervision in exchange for a public pledge dismantling of Soviet bases under U.N. supervision in exchange for a public pledge from the U.S. not to invade Cuba. from the U.S. not to invade Cuba.

Khrushchev sends another letter to Kennedy proposing removing his missiles if Khrushchev sends another letter to Kennedy proposing removing his missiles if Kennedy would publicly announce never to invade Cuba.Kennedy would publicly announce never to invade Cuba.

► October 27, 1962October 27, 1962 A new letter from Khrushchev arrives, proposing a public trade of A new letter from Khrushchev arrives, proposing a public trade of Soviet missiles in Cuba for U.S. missile in Turkey.Soviet missiles in Cuba for U.S. missile in Turkey.

An American U-2 is shot down over Cuba killing the pilot, Major Rudolf Anderson. An American U-2 is shot down over Cuba killing the pilot, Major Rudolf Anderson.

U-2 accidentally strays into Soviet airspace near Alaska nearly being intercepted by U-2 accidentally strays into Soviet airspace near Alaska nearly being intercepted by Soviet fighters. Soviet fighters.

Dobrynin and Robert Kennedy meet and discuss the price of removing the missiles Dobrynin and Robert Kennedy meet and discuss the price of removing the missiles from Cuba. from Cuba.

Kennedy writes Khrushchev a letter stating that he will make a statement that the Kennedy writes Khrushchev a letter stating that he will make a statement that the U.S. will not invade Cuba if Khrushchev removes the missiles from Cuba.U.S. will not invade Cuba if Khrushchev removes the missiles from Cuba.

► October 28, 1962October 28, 1962 Khrushchev announces over Radio Moscow that he has agreed to Khrushchev announces over Radio Moscow that he has agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba.remove the missiles from Cuba.

► December 21, 1962 December 21, 1962 Fidel Castro and US sign an agreement Fidel Castro and US sign an agreement to exchange 1,113 to exchange 1,113 (Bay of Pigs)(Bay of Pigs) prisoners for US $53 million prisoners for US $53 million in food and medicine. in food and medicine.