THE CRUSADES – FIGHT FOR THE HOLY LAND

Obj: To understand the consequences of the Crusades by identifying the background & motives that led to them.

BACKGROUND• SPREAD OF ISLAM INTO SPAIN 711• RELATIONS BETWEEN CHRISTIANS &

MUSLIMS DETERIORATE AT DEATH OF ABD AL-RAHMAN III 961

• N. SPANISH CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS MOVE SOUTH

• INCREASED TRADE IN MEDITERRA-NEAN BETWEEN MUSLIMS, BYZ., EUROPEANS

• DISINTIGRATION WITHIN BYZANTINE EMPIRE

• PROBLEMS BETWEEN ROME & CON-STANTINOPLE

TURKS & ALEXIUS I – BYZANTINES ASK FOR HELPBATTLE OF MANZIKERT 1071

• TURKS MUSLIM CONVERTS• 1071 CHALLENGED BY

BYZANTINE EMPEROR• ASKS POPE FOR HELP• POPE AGREES BECAUSE

HE HAS ULTERIOR MOTIVES

• LIBERATE JERUSALEM FROM INFIDEL

• DANGEROUS TIMES IN MIDDLE EAST FOR CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS

POPE URBAN II & THE CALL AT CLAREMONT FRANCE

• UNION B/W EASTERN & WESTERN CHURCHES HIS GOAL

• “TAKE UP WEAPONS AGAINST THE INFIDEL” 1095 FIRST CRUSADE

• ABSOLUTION IN ADVANCE FOR ANY AND ALL SINS MAY BE COMMITTED

• FORGIVENESS OF PRIOR SINS AND ENTRANCE INTO HEAVEN - INDULGENCE

• DEUS VULT – IT IS GOD’S WILL• CRUSADER STATES: EDESSA,

ANTIOCH, JERUSALEM & TRIPOLI

2ND CRUSADE 1144• FALL OF EDESSA – ST. BERNARD OF

CLAIRVAUX • RULERS OF FRANCE & GERMANY

ENLISTED BY ST. BERNARD• TOTAL FAILURE• ARMIES DIDN’T COORDINATE W/

EACH OTHER, NOT WELL ORGANIZED, NO COOPERATION FROM CRUSADERS LIVING IN LEVANT – FOUND A WAY TO MAKE IT WORK FOR THEM

• FAILED PER BERNARD DUE TO LOSS OF GOD’S FAVOR DUE TO HUMAN SINFULNESS

3RD CRUSADE – FALL OF JERUSALEM 1187

• SALADIN TAKES JERUSALEM• KINGS CRUSADE: BARBAROSSA,

RICHARD I OF ENGLAND, PHILIP II AUGUSTUS FRANCE

• RESPONSE OVERWHELMING• BARBAROSSA INITIALLY

SUCCESSFUL BUT DROWNED AFTER BEING THROWN FROM HIS HORSE & ARMY DETERIORATED

• RICHARD & PHILIP SUCCESSES EARLY ALONG COAST BUT INLAND DISASTER STRUCK - POLITICS

• RICHARD I NEGOTIATED SETTLE-MENT W/ SALADIN & SAFE & FREE ACCESS FOR CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS

4TH CRUSADE – DEATH OF SALADIN 1193• SANCTIONED BY INNOCENT III• EGYPT WAS GOAL• ROLE OF VENETIAN TRADERS• ZARA – CHRISTIAN VS. CHRISTIAN• CARELESS PREPARATION &

INADEQUATE FINANCING• DIVERTED TO CONSTANTINOPLE AT

REQUEST OF PATRIARCH• PLUNDERED BY CRUSADERS• CONSTANTINOPLE SACKED 1204,

RELICS, ARTIFACTS, ANYTHING THEY COULD GET THEIR HANDS ON WERE STOLEN & BROUGHT BACK TO EUROPE

TETRARCHS – ST. MARKS, VENICE GRIFFIN – PISA CATHEDRAL, PISA

HAGIA SOPHIA NOW A MOSQUE, ISTANBUL

CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES

• REOPENED TRADE BETWEEN EAST & WEST – DID IT EVER REALLY GO AWAY?

• GROWTH OF ITALIAN PORT CITIES: VENICE, GENOA, PISA• SANCTIFICATION OF VIOLENCE• VISIBLE RELICS IN LEVANT ARE CASTLE RUINS• UNIFICATION OF EASTERN ORTHODOX & ROMAN CATHOLIC

CHURCES NEVER REALIZED• 1ST WIDESPREAD ATTACK ON JEWS EVEN AFTER POPE TOLD

CRUSADERS THEY WERE TO BE LEFT ALONE