The CRM Cycle 03 - Participatory Coastal...revenue sources Annual program preparation and budgeting...

1

Issue identificationand baseline assessment

CRM planpreparation

and adoption

Action plan and project

implementation

Local legislation

Coastal lawenforcement

Regulation

Externalrevenuesources

Annual programpreparation andbudgeting

Revenuegeneration

Monitoring and evaluation

Information management, education andoutreach


CRM planpreparation

and adoption


implementation

Local legislation


Regulation

Local legislation


Regulation





RevenuegenerationRevenuegeneration



The CRM Cycle

2


CRM planpreparation

and adoption


implementation

Local legislation


Regulation



Revenuegeneration




CRM planpreparation

and adoption


implementation

Local legislation


Regulation

Local legislation


Regulation





RevenuegenerationRevenuegeneration



The CRM Cycle

Commitment and Willingness of the LGU and the Communities?Data gathering, consolidation and analysis? Community consultations?Drafting of plan? Legislation? Implementation, monitoring and evaluation

The Planning Process

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Data Gathering through PCRA, identification of:

Resources - elements in the environment used by individualsor society to satisfy particular needs

Resource-Uses

- ways of utilizing the elements in the specificarea and time

Resource-Users

- the stakeholders in Coastal Resources Management- individuals or group of individuals who tap various elements in the environment to satisfyneeds and wants

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Objectives:Objectives:

1.1. Provide the rationale for PCRA in the context of Provide the rationale for PCRA in the context of good governance in CRMgood governance in CRM

2.2. Familiarize participants with some participatory Familiarize participants with some participatory methods and apply these in actual coastal habitat, methods and apply these in actual coastal habitat, fisheries and sociofisheries and socio--economic assessmenteconomic assessment

3.3. Compile a preliminary coastal environment and Compile a preliminary coastal environment and sociosocio--economic and cultural profile based on PCRA economic and cultural profile based on PCRA resultsresults

4.4. Analyze results to identify issues and recommend Analyze results to identify issues and recommend possible management guidelines.possible management guidelines.

Importance of PCRA:

•• facilitates validation of the status of coastal facilitates validation of the status of coastal habitats and resources, their current uses and habitats and resources, their current uses and resource users by local community membersresource users by local community members

•• generates quantitative technical descriptions of generates quantitative technical descriptions of coastal habitats and resources (e.g. fisheries)coastal habitats and resources (e.g. fisheries)

•• documents local and indigenous knowledge crucial documents local and indigenous knowledge crucial for CRMfor CRM

•• generates baseline information for the formulation generates baseline information for the formulation of management strategiesof management strategies

•• generates baseline information for monitoring and generates baseline information for monitoring and evaluation (i.e. revision and refinement of evaluation (i.e. revision and refinement of management actions)management actions)

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Why is it important to be Why is it important to be participatory?participatory?

•• Facilitates broader understanding of coastal Facilitates broader understanding of coastal resources uses and users so that communities resources uses and users so that communities can make informed decisions about how to best can make informed decisions about how to best manage local coastal resourcesmanage local coastal resources

•• Provides an opportunity to develop and enhance Provides an opportunity to develop and enhance the knowledge of local communitiesthe knowledge of local communities

•• Contributes to community empowerment Contributes to community empowerment

•• Enhances ownership in decisionEnhances ownership in decision--makingmaking

•• Facilitates consensus building and information Facilitates consensus building and information disseminationdissemination

Who participates?

The trainors and trainees• Scientists and fishers, managers or …

What are the resources available?• SCUBA and snorkeling; video and other tools

How to analyze assessment information for feedback and validation?Frameworks approaches, models and management objectives

How to facilitate the linkage to informed decisions?• Ecosystem and area based decision support processe.g. Fisheries and pollution

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Understanding ecological connectivities important to Integrated area management

Understanding ecologicalUnderstanding ecological connectivitiesconnectivities important to important to Integrated area managementIntegrated area management

• The water cycle interconnects the terrestrial and aquatic ecosy stems and the atmosphere

•• The water cycle interconnects the terrestrial and aquatic ecosyThe water cycle interconnects the terrestrial and aquatic ecosy stems stems and the atmosphereand the atmosphere

• coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves are major life-support systems

- source of products and diverse fishery resources- serve as nursery and feeding grounds- provide areas for recreation and tourism- prevent soil erosion and stabilize coastal areas- buffer wave action and protect coastlines

Coastal Habitats and FisheriesCoastal Habitats and Fisheries

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Coral ReefsCoral Reefs

??One of the worldOne of the world’’s most productive and diverse ecosystem;s most productive and diverse ecosystem;

??Coral Coral -- is an animal is an animal

??Reef Reef -- massive deposits of CaCOmassive deposits of CaCO33 produced by coralsproduced by corals

??Types of corals: soft coral and hard coralTypes of corals: soft coral and hard coral

??Two groups of hard corals: Two groups of hard corals: hermatypichermatypic and and ahermatypicahermatypic

??ZooxanthellaeZooxanthellae -- symbiotic plant cells responsible for symbiotic plant cells responsible for reef formationreef formation

Life Cycle of a Hard Coral

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Common Benthic Common Benthic LifeformsLifeforms

Hard coral Soft coral

Macroalgae

Coral Reefs

Importance:

? provide shelter to various fishes and invertebrates? breeding and feeding grounds for various organisms? protects the coastline from erosion and typhoons? tourism and recreational area? provide source of income to coastal communities

Threats:

? illegal and destructive fishing? overfishing? sedimentation? pollution

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Assessment Methods1. Manta TowRapid reconnaissance technique to gauge the condition ofcoral reefs, its spatial distribution and evaluate synoptic threats in a coastal area.

Parameters measured: lifeformbenthos e.g. live hard coral, soft coral, sand

Expected Output

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2. Belt and Quadrat Transect Method

A method used for estimating the relative abundance of living and non-living things on the reef bottom observed within a defined area.

Parameters Measured:? percentage cover of hard corals, dead corals, algae, various reef substrates and abundance macro invertebratesWithin the belt transect

Expected Output:? average percentage cover of various reef life formand substrates ? average density of macro invertebrates

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3. Underwater Fish Visual Census?identification and counting of fishes observed within

a defined area.

Common Reef Fish FamiliesEpinephelinae Lutjanidae Haemulidae

Lethrinidae Caesionidae

Nemipteridae Mullidae Balistidae

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Common Reef Fish FamiliesChaetodontidae Pomacanthidae Labridae

Scaridae Acanthuridae Siganidae

Pomacentridae Anthiinae Zanclus cornutus

Parameters Measured:Fish species, density and biomassFish species, density and biomass

Expected Output:FISH GRAPHING FORMSite Name: Tuka Reef Municipality & Province: Kiamba, Sarangani

Zone/Sector: Outside Outside Outside Inside Inside Inside

Month & Year: Oct 1998 Mar 1999 Apr 2000 Oct 1998 Mar 1999 Apr 2000

Types/groups

Groupers

Snappers

Sweetlips

Jacks

Fusiliers

Parrotfishes

Surgeonfishes

Rabbitfishes

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Mangrove Forest

??tropical inshore communities dominated by several tropical inshore communities dominated by several species of trees or shrubs that have the ability to species of trees or shrubs that have the ability to grow in salt water;grow in salt water;??well developed in estuarine areas;well developed in estuarine areas;

Requirements for growth:Requirements for growth:

??moderate salinity (25 moderate salinity (25 pptppt))??neutral acidity (pH 6 to 7)neutral acidity (pH 6 to 7)??yearyear--round warm temperatureround warm temperature??regular surfaceregular surface--water flushingwater flushing??exposure to moderate terrestrialexposure to moderate terrestrial--water runoffwater runoff

Adaptations?shallow rooted;?prop roots;?pneumatophores;?tough and succulent leaves;?reproductive strategy

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Common Mangrove Genus

Avicennia Bruguiera

Rhizophora Sonneratia

Importance:

? provide protection from erosion and typhoons? feeding/breeding ground of various organisms? maintains water quality? source of timber products? provide shelter for coastal communities

Threats:

? land conversion and reclamation? unsustainable harvest of timber products

Mangrove Forests

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Parameters measured:

•encountered species;•number of mature trees;•number of saplings;•number of seedlings•diameter at breast height (DBH) •total plant height

Expected Output:• species diversity• relative abundance of seedlings saplings, trees (per hectare)•stem density (per hectare)•basal area

1. Transect Plot Method

Seagrass Beds

?flowering terrestrial plants

?adapted to living submerged in seawater

?seed-producing marine plants

?reproduce by vegetative spreading and by production and dispersal of seeds

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Common Seagrass Genus

Seagrass Beds

Importance:

? bottom stabilizer? sediment trap? maintains water quality? source of food of various marine organisms

Threats:

? illegal and destructive fishing methods? aquaculture? sedimentation and siltation

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Parameters Measured:

Expected Output:

• species of segrass and macro invertebrates•% cover of segrass•Substrate type

•Species composition

•Average % seagrass cover

•Density of macroinvertebrates

1. Transect Quadrat Method

Coastal Fishery Resources- fish, invertebrates, seaweeds

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Common Gear Types

Economic benefits from fisheries and coastal ecosystems

Municipal fisheries- food security and livelihood

Total fishery production per fishery sector

• comprise ~32% of total fisheryproduction

Contribution to employment per fishery sector

• provides employment to 5% of thenational labor force; ~68% involvedin municipal fisheries

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Municipal fisheries production is declining

Trends of catch per unit effort since 1948

• legally most municipal waters are reserved exclusively for use of municipal fishers

Total fishery production trends per sector

1. Seasonal Calendar

Summarize fishery – related activities and resources harvested throughout the year

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2. Gear Inventory and MappingSpatial Distribution of major fishing gears at different times of the year.

3.Trend Line? graphically illustrates the community’s perception of

certain events and changes;

? focuses on changes in fisheries catch, income and availability of coastal resources

0

10

20

30

40

50

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s

Year

Fish

cat

ch (K

g)

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1. Community Resource and Resource Use Map

•

Collective perception of a group of community members about the spatial distribution of coastal resources and habitats

Validated and enriched during PCRA

Data Collation and Analysis

2. Indicative Zoning Map

Initial delineation of primary uses in particular areas based on analysis of PCRA results

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Identification of environmental, socio-economic and legal-institutional issues through:

?Ecological Profiling/Situational Analysis

?Community Resource- and Resource-Use Mapping

Validation of PCRA Results

The Participatory Coastal Resources Assessment

Orientations for FGDs, survey interviews, mapping, habitat surveys

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Assessment and Monitoring Methods

Manta TowRapid reconnaissance technique to gauge the condition ofcoral reefs, its spatial distribution and evaluate synoptic threats in a coastal area.

Many coral reef areas were seen to have Many coral reef areas were seen to have poor coverpoor cover

Living hard coral cover with butterfly fish

Massive and encrusting hard corals with some soft corals

Sandy areas and coralline macro algae

Coral reef areas in Sabang showed good coral cover and fish abundance and biomass

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Fish Visual Census

Poblacion

LEGEND

HARD CORAL

SOFT CORAL

DEAD CORAL W/ ALGAE

ABIOTIC

Sabang

The coral and fish communities are in better The coral and fish communities are in better condition in condition in Sabang Sabang than in the than in the PoblacionPoblacion areaarea

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AIMS: 1. Characterize the state and 1. Characterize the state and pressures of the coastal resources pressures of the coastal resources of of MorongMorong;;

2. Evaluate the causes, threats 2. Evaluate the causes, threats and opportunities in the and opportunities in the management of these resourcesmanagement of these resources3. Propose some possible actions 3. Propose some possible actions that may be taken;that may be taken;

Community Consultations

Consolidation of Zonation Plans

Village 1Village 2Village 3Village x




Cluster 1 Cluster 3Cluster 2 Cluster x

Consensus on Municipal Coastal Zonation SchemeSetting of Vision, Mission and Goals Refined/improved Situational Analysis and

Resource- Resource-Use MapsIdentification of appropriate Resource Management Tools

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Expected Intermediate Outputs of PCRA

1. Spatial and temporal profile of coastal habitats and fisheries

2. Identification of issues to be addressed

3. Preliminary recommendations and possible management guidelines

• To be presented for feedback and validation during barangay (Village) consultations

Next Steps?Facilitating agreements?Action plans and timelines? linking to CRM governanceSMART objectives:? Specific,

? e.g. sustaining fish catch? e.g. tourism

? Measurable, ? e.g. catch, biomass, production per unit area

? Achievable, ? e.g. capacity to do, to be and to become

? Realistic (Relevant)? e.g. within functional decision cycles

? Timebound? short term objectives, medium term mission and long term goals and vision

The CRM Cycle 03 - Participatory Coastal...revenue sources Annual program preparation and budgeting...

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