The Critical Period Hypothesis. Definition A maturational period during which some experience will...
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Transcript of The Critical Period Hypothesis. Definition A maturational period during which some experience will...
Definition
A maturational period during which some experience will have its peak effect on development or learning resulting in normal behaviour attuned to the particular environment the organism has been exposed to. If exposure to this experience happens after this time, it will only have reduced or no effect. (Newport)
Critical period or critical periods?
The basic claim
- strong and weak versions
Evidence
- feral children
- child aphasia
- deaf speakers and signers
- L2 learning and acquisition
Evidence from the deaf: Chelsea
Retareded or deaf?Hearing aid, normal capacity IQ = 10 year oldWorks at a vet’s, reads, writes,
communicatesStrings of words, no syntactic structureUtterances comprehensible in context
Evidence from sign language
Native – clear advantage in the use of grammatical markers
Early starters Late starters
Evidence from neurology
Medical evidence: childhood aphasia
Right hemisphere compensates for language capacity in childhood
No such compensation in adulthood
Controversial evidence for normal exposure and brain capacity
Processing L1 and L2
L1 in both moniolinguals and bilinguals shows strong left hemisphere control
In later learners (even after 7) the active brain regions processing L2 and partially or completely non-overlapping with L1 areas
Neural organisation in late L2 is also less lateralisaed (more strategic control!!)
Onset of L1 has great influence, onset of L2 doesn’t
Even overhearing a language, but not speaking or using it or hearing it again can reult in native like control later in life
Feral children
Socialising, teaching and observing
Problems- ethical experiments?
- teacher=researcher bias
- relation between lack of language and mental + social retardation
Genie
Found: 13/1970 Severe social
isolation Thought to be
mentally retarded Punished for speech 20 words,
colours,”stoppit”, „nomore”
Research and socialisation
Taken into care The first year: HOPE- plural and singular nouns, - positive and negative sentences - 2/3-word sentences.
Later: slow-down Four years later- No negation- 'No' + V + Object - No proper questions
"Where is may I have a penny?"
"I where is graham cracker on top shelf?"
Chomsky- no 'movement‘( reorganise the underlying declarative sentence)
Confused her pronouns, 'you' and 'me' interchangeable
'Hello‘, 'Thank you‘ 'Stopit‘, 'Nomore' addressed to herself
Achievements
Sign language Making sense of chaos Spatial intelligence Social relations No apparent
mental retardation
Support for CPH?
Severe neglect and emotional trauma Possibility of mental retardation Right-hemisphere dominance Language not lateralised to left-hemisphere:
cause or result?
Conclusion
Is there a CPH in FLA?
- Clear neurological evidence (compensation)
- Suggestive evidence from the deaf- Feral children - inconclusive
Neurological considerations
LateralisationTime
- Lenneberg: 2-puberty- Krashen: 5- Walsh & Diller: different timetables for different functions
Alternative considerations and counterevidence
Left/Right cooperation in SLA
Obler (1981): strategies of acquisition, guessing meaning, formulaic utterances
Psychomotor considerations
Problems in accent studies - native judgement- testing isolated utterances, controlled language
Key issue: accent - depends on muscular plasticity, subject to
CP- the Henry Kissinger effect- significance? ELF
A watched pot never boils?
Equilibrium Superior cognitive capacity in adults
(Ausubel, 1964) - a watched pot never boils?
Rote and meaningful learning
Affective considerations
Attitudes, beliefs, stereotypes,
Inhibition egocentrism – decentration – defending ego
Strategies and processes in child L1 and L2 acquisition similar
• similar mistakes in acquisition
• acquisition order (Dulay and Burt, 1974)
• transfer is rare, creative language acquisition
• adults rely more on system of L1
Context
Learning vs. acquisition Input (motherese vs. foreigner talk) Peer pressure and group dynamics
Benefits for young learners in instructed FLL
- Accent (esp. with native speaker)- Acquisition (if rooted in activity and ample
time and + atmosphere available)- Low inhibition, communicating in L2:
natural- Natural curiosity- Little L1 influence- No preconceptions about language and culture
Drawbacks
– No (recognition of) communicative need– No reliance on reading/writing– No formal operation – Difficult to reproduce a rich „here and now”
context in classroom - Emergence of speech is to be tolerated- Difficult to demonstrate a sense of progress- Highly context and person dependent
Benefits for adults in instructed FLL
- Formal operation: grammar, vocabulary- Learn through explanation (no exposure) - L1- Previous learning strategies - Controlled motivation, goal orientation- Not strongly context dependent- Experience, beliefs might create + attitude- Faster development, better use of
instructional time