The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the...

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The Counter Reformation

Transcript of The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the...

Page 1: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

The Counter Reformation

Page 2: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

Counter ReformationActions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation

“Counter-Reformation” invented by German Protestant historians.

Not liked by Catholic historians, but now generally accepted.

Page 3: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

Ingredients of the Counter Reformation

ReformationHumanism– Secularism

Religious WarfareNew versions of the Bible– Vernacular

ScienceRenewed religious emotionalism– Baroque Art

Page 4: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

Pope Paul III (1534 – 1539)

• The first “Counter-Reformation” pope

• Viewed the church “as a fortress to be guarded, defended, and kept on the alert”

Page 5: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

Council of Trent (1545 – 1563)

Debated the legitimacy of Protestant theology.

Most attendees were Italian bishops.

Page 6: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

Council of Trent (1545- 1563)

Defined Catholicism for the next 400 years– All medieval church law was valid– Latin would remain official language– Re-emphasized the importance of “good

works” and “faith”– No change to sacraments– No more money for indulgences– Priests must be educated

Page 7: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

Roman Inquisition

What is an Inquisition?

A tribunal designed to find heretics and bring them to justice

How does it work?

Accusation

Anyone could testify against you

No attorney

No appeals

Torture allowed

Page 8: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

Inquisition PunishmentsGo to church

Take a pilgrimage

Wear a “cross of infamy”

Imprisonment (if you confessed)

Burned at the stake (if you didn’t)

What if you begged for mercy?– They’d strangle and then burn you

What if you died before the trial ended?– They dug up your body and burned you

Page 9: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

Results of the Inquisitions?About 5,000 people burned

Land and property of all heretics seized by Church

Persecution of scientists

Witch hunts

Page 10: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

Scientists

Copernicus– Sun is center of

universe– Excommunicated

(posthumously)– Banned his books

Bruno– Believed in aliens and

that Bible was not divine

– Burned at the stake

Page 11: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

GalileoWarned by Church to stop

Wrote books in Italian– “Scriptures teach us how to

go to heaven, not how the heavens go.”

Threatened with torture

Galileo backed down

Galileo was acquitted– in 1992

Page 12: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

Roman Index of Prohibited Books

Process of reviewing and censoring books– Galileo’s books on list until 1835– All Protestant works– Any Bible not in Latin

Some books on the list until 1960s

Page 13: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

Roman Missal

A uniform liturgy for the Mass that would be used in every Catholic church throughout the world.

Page 14: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

Jesuits

New religious order devoted to teaching Catholicism

Extremely militant, well-educated men focused on revival of Catholicism

Loyola was their first leader

Page 15: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.

Jesuits and Education

Jesuits established excellent schools across Europe

Many famous Europeans educated by Jesuits– Descartes– Voltaire

Even Protestants attended

Ratio studiorum became the model for modern universities

Page 16: The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented.