The Counter Reformation Council of Thirty Years War....The Counter-Reformation, also called the...
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The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years War.
Transcript of The Counter Reformation Council of Thirty Years War....The Counter-Reformation, also called the...
TheCounter-Reformation,alsocalledtheCatholicReformationortheCatholicRevival,wastheperiodofCatholicresurgenceinitiatedinresponsetotheProtestantReformation,beginningwiththeCouncilofTrent(1545–1563)andendingatthecloseoftheThirtyYearsWar.
Inspiration for the Counter Reformation • ManytheologiansandCatholicpractitionerswereengaginginself-analysisquestioningtheirownChristianity.• SecularcriticsoftheChurchalsomadetheirvoicesheardandcriticizedmanyoftheChurchespositions.• TheProtestantReformationalsodrewmanymembersawayandamajorgoaloftheCounterReformationwastobringbackthoselostmembersincountrieslikeSwedenandEngland.
The Council of Trent • WasanecumenicalcouncilorconferenceofecclesiasticaldignitariesandtheologicalexpertsconvenedtodiscussandsettlemattersofChurchdoctrineandpractice.Theymet25timesoveraperiodof18yearsbetweenDecember1545andDecember1563.• Issuesconfrontedinclude:Scripture,SacredTradition,OriginalSin,Justification,Salvation,Sacraments,MassandtheVenerationofSaints.• TheCatholicChurchaffirmedasitsofficialLatinBible,theVulgatetranslatedbySt.Jerome.• ProtestantviewswereconsideredHeresy.
Heresy • Heresyisdefinedasbelieforopinioncontrarytoorthodoxreligiousdoctrinethatisgenerallyaccepted.• IncertainhistoricalChristian,IslamicandJewishcultures,amongothers,espousingideasdeemedhereticalandinsomecasesstillissubjectednotmerelytopunishmentssuchasexcommunication,buteventothedeathpenalty.• CatholicsandProtestantsinflictedthedeathpenaltyforheresy.
The 4 Elements of the Counter Reformation
• Structuralreconfiguration• Religiousorders• Spiritualmovements• Politicaldimensions
Structural Reconfiguration
• Seminarieswereinstitutedtohelpbringunitytotheteachingandtrainingofpriests.
Religious Orders • ReligiousOrdersincludedtheFranciscans,Jesuits,Capuchins,DiscalcedCarmelites,DiscalcedAugustinians,AugustinianRecollects,CistercianFeuillants,Ursulines,Theatines,Barnabitesandyetothers.• Theseordersfocusedonahighlevelofpersonaldevotionandself-sacrifice,servicetothepoorandexactcompliancewithdoctrine.
Spiritual Movements • SpanishmysticsTeresaofAvilaandJohnoftheCrosswerereformersoftheCarmeliteOrder,• TheirministryfocusedoninteriorconversiontoChrist,thedeepeningofprayer,andcommitmenttoGod'swill.• TeresawasgiventhetaskofdevelopingandwritingaboutthewaytoperfectioninherloveandunitywithChrist.• IgnatiusofLoyolaformedtheJesuitOrderwhoactedasmissionariesthatwerecompletelyloyaltothePope.
Political Dimensions • TheCatholicChurchrejectedallcompromisewiththeProtestantsandfocusedonmissionarywork.• TheysoughttosolidifytheirrelationshipwithGovernments.
Inquisitions • TheRomanInquisitionwasasystemoftribunalsresponsibleforprosecutingindividualsaccusedofcrimesrelatingtoreligiousdoctrineoralternatereligiousdoctrine.• ItwasoneofthreedifferentmanifestationsofthewiderCatholicInquisitionalongwiththeSpanishInquisitionandPortugueseInquisition.
Penalties for Heresy in the Inquisitions • Mostsentencesconsistedofpenancelikewearingacrosssewnonone'sclothes,goingonpilgrimage,etc.• Thoseconvictedofunrepentantheresywererequiredbylawtobehandedovertosecularauthorities.Thepenaltywasusuallyburningatthestake.
Charles V • CharlesIofSpain,whobybirthalreadyheldswayovermuchofEuropeandSpanishAmerica,iselectedthesuccessorofhislategrandfather,HolyRomanEmperorMaximilianI.• Charles,whowasalsothegrandsonofFerdinandIIandIsabellaofSpain,hadbribedtheprincesofGermanytovoteforhim,defeatingsuchformidablecandidatesasKingHenryVIIIofEngland,KingFrancisIofFrance,andFredericktheWise,thedukeofSaxonyin1519.
Charles V • CrownedasEmperorCharlesV,thenewHolyRomanemperorsoughttounitethemanykingdomsunderhisruleinthehopeofcreatingavast,universalempire.• However,hishopeswerethwartedbytheProtestantReformationinGermany,alifelongdynasticstrugglewithKingFrancis,andtheadvanceoftheOttomanTurksintoEurope.• CharlesopposedtheProtestantReformationbutwasunabletodefeattheGermanprincesandGermanyremainsdividedtothisdaybetweenCatholicismandProtestantism.• In1558,afternearlyfourdecadesasHolyRomanemperor,Charlesabdicatedthethroneinfavorofhisbrother,Ferdinand.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre • TheSt.Bartholomew'sDaymassacrein1572wasatargetedgroupofassassinationsandawaveofCatholicmobviolence,directedagainsttheHuguenots(FrenchCalvinistProtestants)duringtheFrenchWarsofReligion.• SparkedbyCatherinede'Medici,themotherofKingCharlesIX,themassacretookplacefivedaysaftertheweddingoftheking'ssisterMargarettotheProtestantHenryIIIofNavarre(thefutureHenryIVofFrance).ThismarriagewasanoccasionforwhichmanyofthemostwealthyandprominentHuguenotshadgatheredinlargelyCatholicParis.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre • ThekingorderedthekillingofagroupofHuguenotleadersandtheslaughterspreadthroughoutParis.Lastingseveralweeks,themassacreexpandedoutwardtootherurbancentersandthecountryside.• ModernestimatesforthenumberofdeadacrossFrancevarywidely,from5,000to30,000.• ThemassacrewastheworstreligiousmassacreofthecenturyandconvincedProtestantsthatCatholicismwasabloodyandtreacherousreligion.
The Thirty Years War • TheThirtyYears’War(1618-48)beganwhenHolyRomanEmperorFerdinandIIofBohemiaattemptedtostopreligiousactivities,sparkingrebellionamongProtestants.• ThewarcametoinvolvethemajorpowersofEurope,withSweden,France,SpainandAustriaallwagingcampaignsprimarilyonGermansoil.
• Knowninpartfortheatrocitiescommittedbymercenarysoldiers,thewarendedwithaseriesoftreatiesthatmadeupthePeaceofWestphalia.• ThefalloutreshapedthereligiousandpoliticalmapofcentralEurope,settingthestagefortheoldcentralizedRomanCatholicempiretogivewaytoacommunityofsovereignstates.
The Thirty Years War
