Latin American

Revolutions

The conquistadors from Spain defeated the

Aztecs and the Incas.

Then what happened?

How did life change for the native peoples of the New World?

Who filled the power vacuum left when the major powers, the Aztec

and Inca, were conquered?

Life in the Spanish Colonies…Or—Causes of Latin AmericanRevolutions

1. With your partner, look at the picture. What do you see in the picture? Write what you think each of the labels means on your student handout. Write and be prepared to tell a story about this place that includes the people and the places in the illustration.

http://elcuadernillodesocialesdesegundo.blogspot.com/2012/04/queidea-se-tenia-de-la-tierra-en-el.html

The Hacienda & The Encomienda 2. Complete the definitions for hacienda and

encomienda on your student handout.• Hacienda = a land grant, or an estate, given to a

conquistador by the king that might include a plantation, mines, or factories.

• Encomienda = a grant from the king giving control of the lives of the people on the hacienda to a conquistador. The encomienda system is what provides the labor for the hacienda.

The HaciendaThe hacienda was the Spanish equivalent of a plantation. A hacienda was a large land grant given to a conquistador by the king. The land may also include other means of producing wealth—i.e.—mines, cattle ranching, and factories. The head of a hacienda was called the patrón. Peasants, or peones, worked land that belonged to the patrón. The campesinos worked small holdings, and owed a portion to the patrón.

https://www.google.com/search?q=hacienda&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=outGU7ZiptCwBJySgGA&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAg&biw=1365&bih=861#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=gBtOQO3wINMCeM%253A%3BpbzMqV8FcyxEPM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fupload.wikimedia.org%252Fwikipedia%252Fcommons%252Fc%252Fc6%252FFrancisco_Oller_-_Hacienda_Aurora.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.wikipedia.org%252Fwiki%252FHacienda%3B1456%3B800

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/new-spain-spanish-explorers-and-spanish-colonies.html#lesson

What Was The Encomienda?

Brainstorming Questions for your story.

The EncomiendaIn the encomienda, the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. It was the responsibility of the person granted the encomienda to compensate their subjects, protect them, educate them in the Christian faith and make sure the people could live off the land. Spain wanted to reduce any chance of overthrow by rebellious groups.

In return they could extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold, or other products. In practice, the difference between encomienda and slavery could be minimal.

Many natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/new-spain-

spanish-explorers-and-spanish-nies.html#lesson

Social Classes in the Spanish Colonies—The

Encomienda System

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/new-spain-spanish-explorers-and-spanish-colonies.html#lesson

Social Classes in the Spanish Colonies3. As you read about the different social classes in the Spanish colonies, label each section of the pyramid with the appropriate class distinction.4. Complete the cloze notes/definitions of each social class on your student handout.

Peninsulares• A Spanish born Spaniard living in the New World• Peninsulares refers to the Iberian Peninsula that

contains Spain and Portugal• At the top of the class system• Governed the Spanish colonies• Many times owned large quantities of land• Loyalty was to Spain

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/new-spain-spanish-explorers-and-spanish-colonies.html#lesson

Creoles (or Criollos)• Pure Spanish blood, but born in the Spanish

colonies to two parents born in Spain• Not allowed to hold the same positions in

government as the peninsulares• Could inherit land from peninsulares parents• Became the local aristocrats • http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/new-spain-spanish-explorers-and-spanish-colonies.html#lesson

Criollos

https://pgapworld.wikispaces.com/peninsulares

Mestizos And Mulattos• Mestizos = Mixed Spanish and Native American heritage. Because they had some Spanish blood, they were considered above any Native American.

• Mulattos = Mixed Spanish• and African heritage

• Both above slaves• Working class of society• Lived mainly in small towns• and communities

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/new-spain-spanish-explorers-and-spanish-colonies.html#lesson

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo

http://www.blackpast.org/aaw/sistema-de-castas-1500s-ca-1829

Labor Class• Aztec and other

Native Indian tribes

• African Slaves—at the bottom of the social ladder

ttp://www.glogster.com/14rconnal/potosi-and-encomienda-systems-review/g-6lv1hm48vp47hpsj1dt00a0

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/new-spain-spanish-explorers-and-spanish-colonies.html#lesson

Social Classes in the Spanish Colonies

Check your work.

Peninsulares

Criollos

Mestizos andMulattoes

Labor ClassNative Americans and African slaves

5. Read Living in the Colonies: Living in the City

with your partner.• 6. Describe the life of a wealthy city

dweller.• 7. Describe the life of the poor in a city.

Describe the life of…Check your work.

…a wealthy city dweller• Lived in two story houses with their

business on the first floor. Second story held family apartments.

• House had center courtyard with separate kitchen.

• House had decorative moldings and carved shutters.

• Furnishings elegant. Imported Spanish goods, silk draperies , and New World silver.

• Arts: Portraits popular, religious works, and decorative statues

• Drama and music from Europe• Lavish parties to show off wealth

…the poor in the city• Lived in barrios, or neighborhoods• Free blacks , Indians and mestizos lived here• Lived in one-room apartments divided into two

rooms by a blanket• Some people had to live in shacks• Social structure of barrios: --new immigrants from Spain, poorer Spanish people, and Indian artisans at the top --Gardeners, laborers, porters, and merchants --Unskilled or temporary Indian laborers and blacks• Cockfights a form of entertainment• Religious holidays with parades and prayers a

break from work• Watched the wealthy in their new clothes and

fine carriages

8. Read Living in the Colonies: Living in the

Country. and Living on a Hacienda with your

partner.9. Categorize IT!• You have been given pieces of paper on which are

important facts from the readings.• --Sort the facts into groups of like material --Label each group with a title that best categorizes the information• Create a chart: --Number of groups = number of columns on chart --Each column should be labeled with title --Chart should be given a title

No co

mpu

ter u

sed.

8. Read Living in the Colonies: Living in the

Country. and Living on a Hacienda with your

partner.9. Categorize IT!• You will use your computer’s Smart Notebook on which you have

been given boxes in which are important facts from the readings.• --Sort the facts into groups of like material by moving the boxes --Label each group with a title that best categorizes the information• Create a chart: --Number of groups = number of columns on chart --Each column should be labeled with title --Chart should be given a title

Com

pute

r use

d.

Land owned by wealthy. Haciendas=huge country estates.

Poor worked on estates for low wages and little hope of owning land.

Native Indians forced to work on estates. Millions of African slaves imported for labor on estates.

Wealth gained from sugarcane, coffee, cacao, rice, cotton, wheat, cattle.

Land owners attitudes kept laborers in poverty.

Latin American countries are still mostly agricultural. Industrial develop needed.

Patron of the hacienda provided homes, land, necessities, and protection for the peons

Patron ruler and judge for the peons.

Peons worked for the patron.

Patron kept peons in debt and unable to buy their freedom.

Hacienda covered hundreds of square miles of land.

Villages on the hacienda had to pay rent for the homes, land and grazing rights. Paid this by working for the haciendas.

Hacienda was self-sufficient, producing food, clothes, dishes, furniture and tools. Little purchased from the outside.

People bought what they needed from the hacienda store and paid for the goods with labor. People rarely got out of debt.Profit from items produced on the hacienda went to the patron.

Many patrons were absentee owners. They put a manager in charge and built themselves a mansion in the city

Almost half the land in South America was haciendas.

Patrons had lots of influence in government.

19th and 20th century political struggles were to overthrow the haciendas.

Mexican Independence

Why did the Mexicans revolt against Spanish rule?• Based on your knowledge of the social structure in the

Spanish colonies and the treatment of the people, what reasons would mestizos, mulattoes, Native Americans, and African slaves have to revolt against Spanish rule?

• What reasons would a criollo (creole) have to revolt against Spanish rule?

Discuss with your group. Be prepared to share with the class.

Miguel Hidalgo

Father of Mexico

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miguel_Hidalgo_con_estandarte.jpg

Gritos de Doloresor Shout of Dolores, September 15, 1810

'My children: a new dispensation comes to us today. Will you receive it? Will you free yourselves? Will you recover the lands stolen three hundred years ago from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards? We must act at once... Will you defend your religion and your rights as true patriots? Long live Our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the gachupines (or

peninsulares)!' Miguel HidalgoWikipedia.com

10. Read the speech by Father Miguel Hidalgo. What was the purpose of the speech? Who do you think Father Hidalgo was addressing when he made his speech?

11. With your group, read Mexico and Central America Revolt and answer questions 12-16. Be prepared to discuss your answers with the class.

12. Which groups in Mexico supported Father Hidalgo? Which groups did not support his fight for independence? Why?

Flag carried by Miguel Hidalgo and his insurgent militia.

12. Which groups in Mexico supported Father Hidalgo? Which groups did not support his fight for independence? Why?

Check your answer:

Answer: Poor mestizos and Native Americans rallied to Father Hidalgo and joined his army. Father Hidalgo called for an end to slavery and for reforms to improve conditions for Native Americans.

Creoles (criollos), after first supporting him (remember, only peninsulares could hold certain powerful government positions), rejected Father Hidalgo when they felt the reforms he asked for would cost them power.

13. Who was Jose Morelos? What social and political reforms did he

want for Mexico?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos

13. Who was Jose Morelos? What social and political reforms did he want for Mexico?

Answer:Father Jose Morelos was a mestizo and a priest who called for social and political reforms in the revolution.

Father Morelos wanted to improve conditions for the majority of Mexicans, abolish slavery, and give the vote to all men.

Check your answer:

14. Why did Augustin de Iturbide move from fighting the rebels to reaching out

to them to join him in winning independence?

http://losaristocratas.com/agustin-de-iturbide-189-anos-de-su-fusilamiento

14. Why did Augustin de Iturbide move from fighting the rebels to reaching out

to them to join him in winning independence?

Check your answer:

Augustin de Iturbide was a conservative creole who became alarmed when, in 1820, liberals in Spain forced the king to issue a constitution. He feared that new reforms would be forced on the colonies.

15. What type of government did Iturbide want to set up after independence from Spain was won?

http://english.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72:independence-agustin-de-iturbide&catid=36:independence&Itemid=37

15. What type of government did Iturbide want to set up after independence from Spain was won?

Check your answer:

Answer:Iturbide wanted a monarch with himself as emperor.

16. What type of government does Mexico have today? Describe the role the people of the country play in this type of government?

16. What type of government does Mexico have today? Describe the role the people of the country play in this type of government?

Check your answer:

Answer:Mexico today is a republic.

In this type of government,the people elect representatives to thelegislative branch and a president.

1821--Mexican Independence gained

http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/h/hidalgo.htm

Coat of Arms of Mexico

http://www.fotw.us/flags/mx).html

South American

Independence

Simon Bolivar“I swear before God and by my honor never to allow my hands to be idle nor my soul to rest Until I have broken the chains that bind us to Spain.”

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&ved=0CAQQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesocialist.us%2Fthe-life-and-legacy-of-simon-bolivar%2F&ei=6vdGU9LzNOfh0QH3nYGACg&usg=AFQjCNHmOshKIZ7r5X6gWW_zQjT4eUkXkA&bvm=bv.64507335,d.dmQ

17. Read Biography: Simon Bolivar with your partner.

18. Create a timeline of important events in the life of Simon Bolivar.

Simon Bolivar Timeline

1810 1815 1820 1825

1815

1830

Venezuela declaresIndependence on July 5, 1811

Bolivar defeatsSpanish at Battle of Lastaguanes inVenezuela 1813

Bolivar capturesBogata, Columbiaafter defeating Spanish at Battleof Boyaca, 1819

Bolivia declaresIts independence1825

Bolivar hosts acongress in Panamato promote Latin American unity.1826.

Bolivar dies.1830

19. Watch the Brainpop video, Simon Bolivar. We will review the quiz questions before the video and the complete the quiz after viewing.

Jose de San Martin

20. Read San Martin Joins the Fight with your partner.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn

21. Create a Flow Map showing the sequence of events in San Martin’s efforts to gain independence for Argentina and other countries in South America.

21. Create a Flow Map showing the sequence of events in San Martin’s efforts to gain independence for Argentina and

other countries in South America.

Check your answer:

Creole who went to Europe for military training.

Helped Argentina win freedom fromSpain.

Led an army acrossthe Andes from Argentina into Chile. Defeated the SpanishIn Chile.

Moved on to PeruTo fight colonial rule.

Turned command over toBolivar allowing him and his forces to win the finalvictories against Spain.

22. Read Freedom Leads to Power Struggles and Latin American Independence.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_wars_of_independence

23. Simon Bolivar wanted to unite the countries in South America into one single nation called Gran Columbia. Why was Bolivar not

successful in achieving this dream?

23. Simon Bolivar wanted to unite the countries in South America into one single nation called Gran Columbia. Why was Bolivar not successful in achieving this dream?

Check your answer:

Answer: Bolivar was not able to unite South America into a single nation due to power struggles between leaders who were bitter rivals.

Sources

• World Studies; Koontz, Sidwell, Bunker; BJU Press, Greenville, SC; 2000; pgs. 175-176, 178.

• World History: The Modern Era; Ellis, Esler; Pearson Prentiss Hall, Boston, MA; 2007; pgs. 285-286.

• Internet websites sourced on individual slides