The Connecticut Fire Academy Skill Sheet 13.2.1 Ground ...

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Skill Sheet 13.2.1

Ground Ladders

Instructor Reference Material

The Connecticut Fire Academy

Recruit Firefighter Program

Practical Skill Training

Ladder Commands

One of the most important factors in the smooth operation of ladders is the proper use of ladder

commands. All persons working with ladders should be familiar with the exact communication

that takes place when executing a ladder evolution. Generally only one person will be tasked

with issuing the ladder commands.

By standardizing the ladder language it is the intent that this will facilitate ladder operations and

make for a safer, more consistent, and more efficient ladder evolution. Most of the language or

commands are common to ladder terms, consistent with other ladder terminology (Aerial

Ladders) or makes the most sense.

The Firefighter at the rear or right rear position shall give most commands DURING CARRIES.

The firefighter in front or right front shall give the “STOP” command when the ladder is being

positioned on the fire ground.

The Firefighter at the butt position shall give commands when RAISING, EXTENDING,

LAYING IN, TAKING AWAY, RETRACTING and LOWERING.

A preparatory command is given prior to any execution of the desired command. The firefighter

giving the commands will ensure all other firefighters are prepared for the execution of the

desired command, and then give the execution command.

The ladder commands for carries used by the Connecticut Fire Academy are:

PREPARATORY COMMAND EXECUTION OF COMMAND

“Prepare to Beam” “BEAM”

Commands used to place the ladder on its beam from a bedded position or from a carry.

“Prepare to Bed” “BED”

Commands used to lay the ladder on the bed section from a flat carry or when the ladder is

being flipped from the fly to bed section or from the beam to bed section. It is preferred to

store all ladders on the bed section.

“Prepare to Flip the Ladder” “FLIP”

Commands used to flip the ladder from the bed to fly section or fly to bed section. It is

preferred to store all ladders on the bed section.

“Prepare to Lift” “LIFT”

Commands used to lift the ladder from the ground when ladder is to be carried.

“Prepare to Move Forward” “MOVE FOWARD”

Commands used to carry the ladder on the fire ground.

“Prepare to Stop” “STOP”

Commands used to stop the carry or forward momentum of the carry.

“Prepare for Alley” “ALLEY”

Commands used to lift ladder from a flat shoulder carry to under the ladder for alley carry.

“Prepare to Shoulder” “SHOULDER”

Commands used to lower ladder from alley carry to flat shoulder carry.

“Prepare to Roll” “ROLL”

Commands used to change direction of carry. Must be performed from a stop.

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The commands for raising and lowering ladders used by the Connecticut Fire Academy are:


“Prepare to Raise” “RAISE”

Commands used to raise the ladder vertical from a bed or beam position.

“Prepare to Extend” “EXTEND”

Commands used to extend the fly section(s) of the ladder.

“Prepare to Lay It In” “LAY IT IN”

Commands used to lay the ladder against the building.

“Prepare to Take Away” “TAKE AWAY”

Commands used to pull the ladder away from the building.

“Prepare to Retract” “RETRACT”

Commands used to retract the fly section(s) from an extended position.

“Prepare to Lower” “LOWER”

Commands used to lower the ladder to the ground or position to be carried.

“Prepare to Step out” “STEP OUT”

Commands used during the lowering of the ladder to direct beam firefighter(s) to step out

from under ladder and continue lowering it to the ground or into a carry.

The Connecticut Fire Academy also uses standardized communications while executing ladder

operations. These include:

“Straight Arm Carry, Flat Shoulder or Low Shoulder”

Command used to inform partner(s) which carry will be executed.

“Ladder coming through”

Command used to alert others on the fire ground that you are operating nearby with a

ladder.

“Check for Obstructions”

Command is given prior to spotting, raising or lowering the ladder. This safety order

checks area for hazards, both overhead and ground obstructions.

“Clear”

Response given after checking for and to alert others that the area is clear of obstructions.

“Beam Raise or Flat Raise”

Command used to inform partner(s) which raise will be executed.

“Dogs locked”

Command and response given by all members of the ladder team ensuring the ladder locks

or dogs/pawls have been secured when ladder is extended. This should be performed prior

to Butt Firefighter releasing halyard.

“3, 2, 1 Building”

Command used to by tip/beam firefighters to notify the team how close ladder tip is to

making contact with building.

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Raising and Lowering Ground Ladders on Command _____

The Firefighter at the butt position shall give commands when RAISING, EXTENDING,

LAYING IN, TAKING AWAY, RETRACTING and LOWERING.

A preparatory command is given prior to any execution of the desired command. The firefighter

giving the commands will ensure all other firefighters are prepared for the execution of the

desired command, and then give the execution command.


“Prepare to Raise” “RAISE”



operations. These include:

“Beam Raise or Flat Raise”

Command used to inform partner(s) which raise will be executed.

Checking for Hazards and Obstructions _____

Prior any ladder being placed/located on the fire ground, prepared for raising and taking away

from the building/structure the Command “Check for Obstructions” shall be given by the BUTT

firefighter.

“Check for Obstructions”

Command is given prior to spotting, raising or lowering the ladder. This safety order

checks area for hazards, both overhead and ground obstructions.

“Clear”

Response given after checking for and to alert others that the area is clear of obstructions.

Checking for Obstructions is the responsibility of ALL firefighters carrying the ladder to the

fireground for use.

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General Information for all Ladder Raising and Lowering

Gloved Hand grasp on the Halyard

o Each hand shall grasp the Halyard in a Thumb Down Position

This will form a “bite” on the halyard and provide the safest grasp to pull.

Proper Hand and Foot position prior to Extending or Retracting

Extending and Lowering extension ladders shall be performed from the Stabilized

Position.

o Prior to Extending or Retracting the Ladder from a stabilizing position, the BUTT

firefighter will call out “Fingers and Toes”

The TIP firefighter(s) should check to ensure that fingers of both hands are not in the

path of the extending/retracting fly section(s).

The all firefighter should check to ensure that toes are not under the path of the

extending/retracting fly section(s).

Thumb Down

Feet along sides of Beam

Fingers in Path of Fly

Ankle in Path of Fly

Grasping the Halyard

Finger alongside of Beam

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Checking for Locked Dogs/Pawls

o Each firefighter is responsible checking the Dogs/Pawls of the fly sections to ensure that

they are properly secure.

o Prior to Releasing the Grasp on the halyard, the BUTT firefighter will call out “Dogs are

Locked”

The BUTT firefighter should check to ensure the tip of each Dog/Pawl can visibly be

seen.

The TIP firefighter(s) should check to ensure that both Dogs/Pawls are over the

rungs.

The TIP firefighter(s) will reply “Dogs Locked” after they have visibly

confirmed that both Dogs/Pawls are locked over the rung.

Dog/Pawl NOT Locked

Locked Dog/Pawl

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Pivoting Ladders

Pivoting is the turning of the ladder in the appropriate direction on a designated spur/heel

while it is in the vertical position. Firefighters will appropriately stabilize the ladder

throughout the pivot.

The firefighter facing the bed section (the BUTT firefighter) of the ladder will give the

commands and will designate the beam on which the pivot will be made. The firefighter will

“slap” the designated beam.

Then, as part of the same command, will designate the direction of the pivot (in or out). The

terms IN or OUT refer to the direction of the pivot in relation to the building or objective.

Firefighter(s) facing the fly section of the ladder will steady the ladder, foot the ladder, push

the ladder onto the designated spur, and set the ladder after the pivot.

Each command to pivot should assume a quarter (1/4) turn unless directed in the command to

pivot greater or less (1/2 turn or 1/8 turn).

Firefighter on the bed side

o When the order is given to pivot, place, push the ladder onto the designated beam and

pivot the ladder in or out to the appropriate place.

o Help steady the ladder and foot the ladder inside the pivot spur.

Firefighter on the fly side

o When the order is given to pivot, push the ladder onto the designated beam and pivot the

ladder in or out to the appropriate place.

o Set the ladder and foot the ladder outside the pivot spur.


“Prepare to Pivot on Right Beam, BED IN ¼ turn” “PIVOT”

The ladder is tipped slightly onto the right beam then rotated one quarter turn toward the

Bed Section.

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“Pivoting” the Ladder

o Two firefighters facing the rungs select the one beam to pivot on.

Both the BUTT and TIP firefighter will remain the Stabilizing Stance.

o Both firefighters secure each side of the pivot point by placing a foot on the Outside and

Inside of the Pivot Beam.

If necessary the TIP firefighter will alter stance to switch foot placement by moving

his foot to the Outside of the pivoting beam when chosen.

If there are 3 firefighters, the third firefighter will assist by grasping the beam above

the hands of the other two firefighters and pushing or pulling on the pivoting beam.

o BUTT firefighter will communicate the direction of the pivoting beam using the

terminology … “BED IN to the Building” or “FLY OUT from the Building”.

o When the Pivot is to be executed, the BUTT firefighter will move his foot from the rung

and place it to the Inside of Pivot Beam.

Foot to the Sides of Same Beam

3 Firefighter PIVOT

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Flat Raise of a Ladder

The commands for raising ladders used by the Connecticut Fire Academy are:


Prepare to Raise” “RAISE”


TIP and BUTT Positioning on Ladder

o The BUTT Firefighter will take a position at the

Heel or Butt of the Ladder.

Standing with both feet on the Bottom Rung

Leaning forward with hands on the Beam

looking out towards the TIP Firefighter.

o The TIP Firefighter will take a position alongside

of the Ladder at the Second Rung from the Tip.

Kneeling with Inside Knee closest to the Beam.

Inside hand grasping the Rung or inside the

Beam.

Raising Techniques

o TIP Firefighter will stand and pivot under the Ladder placing both hands on the Beams.

o TIP firefighter will walk the ladder grasping the beams to a vertical position.

o BUTT firefighter will grasp each rung until ladder is vertical.

o BUTT firefighter will continue to stand on bottom rung until the ladder has been

stabilized by the TIP firefighter.

This is important when the ladder is raised in windy environments.

TIP Positioning Alongside of the

Ladder

TIP walking the ladder vertical

TIP firefighter pivoting

under the Ladder

BUTT grasping Rungs

while being raised

BUTT Positioning at Heel or Butt of

the Ladder

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Two Firefighter Stabilization Techniques It is important to properly stabilize the ladder prior to extending it; hand and foot

placements are vital.

After raising the ladder to vertical the TIP Firefighter will;

o Extend a hand opposite their chest grasping the outside of beam with their hand.

o Using the opposite side hand, grasp the outside of beam with their hand opposite their

head.

o Place a foot on the outside of a beam with a straightened leg.

o Drop the same side leg back, stiffening into a “Boxer Stance”.

The BUTT firefighter will;

o Perform the same technique positioning the same side hands as the TIP firefighter.

o Drop the same foot down and slightly back as the foot/ leg of the TIP firefighter (TIP FF

right foot back = BUTT FF right foot back).

The other foot will remain on the rung.

BUTT firefighter;

Foot on Rung, other foot slightly back

TIP firefighter;

Foot to the side of Beam, other foot back

“Boxer Stance”

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Three Firefighter Stabilization Techniques It is important to properly stabilize the ladder prior to extending it; hand and foot

placements are vital.

After raising the ladder to vertical;

The BUTT Firefighter will;

o Remain standing on the bottom rung until the TIP

Firefighters have taken their positions stabilizing the

ladder.

o Step back with one foot and relocating the other to the

center of the bottom rung.

o Place his/her hands across from shoulders between

each hand of the TIP Firefighters.

The TIP Firefighters will;

o Place the inside foot on the outside of a beam with a

straightened leg.

o With the same side hand, grasp the outside of beam

with their hand opposite their waist.

o Using the opposite side hand, grasp the outside of beam

with their hand opposite their forehead. This will form

the shape of a “K”.

o Drop the outside leg back, stiffening into a “Boxer

Stance”. Inside Shoulder should be in line with Beam

BUTT-Foot on Rung

Stiffened Back Legs

“K” Stance

Inside Foot to Outside of Beam

“K” with Arms/Hands

TIP Firefighters Stabilize

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Laying In and Taking Away to Vertical Techniques

It is important to properly stabilize the ladder prior to laying it into and taking away from

the building/objective; hand and foot placements are vital.

The commands for laying it in and taking away the ladder from the building/objective ladders

used by the Connecticut Fire Academy are:


“Prepare to Lay It In” “LAY IT IN”

Commands used to lay the ladder against the building.

“Prepare to Take Away” “TAKE AWAY”

Commands used to pull the ladder away from the building.


operations and laying the ladder into the building/objective:

“3, 2, 1 Building”

Command used to by tip/beam to notify team person how close ladder tip is to making

contact with building.

Laying it In / Taking Away

After calling out “Prepare to Lay It In”, The BUTT firefighter will;

o Place his/her two hands evenly on the beams of the ladder front of their face.

Continue to Place Foot on the center of the bottom rung.

It is important for the firefighter to keep his/her hands opposite their face.

o The TIP firefighter(s) will;

Relocate the foot from the side of the Beam to next to the BUTT firefighter’s foot on

the bottom rung.

Grasp the Ring across from their shoulders, 2 FF/both hands 3 FF/inside hand.

After calling out “LAY IT IN”, The BUTT firefighter will;

o Step back with the foot that is on the rung, pushing the ladders weight away from

building as it is laid in.

Continue to provide resistance until the ladder touches the building/objective.

o The TIP firefighter(s) will pull the ladders weight away from building as it is laid in.

Continue to provide resistance until the ladder touches the building/objective.

2 - Firefighter

2 - Firefighter

3 - Firefighter

3 - Firefighter

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Flat Lower of a Ladder

Firefighters MUST check for Obstructions prior to taking the ladder away from the

building and prior to lowering.

The Ladder must be properly stabilized prior to Lowering to the ground.

The commands for lowering ladders used by the Connecticut Fire Academy are:







Upon giving the “LOWER” Command

o The BUTT firefighter will;

Step up to the bottom rung with both feet and stand up straight.

Reach and grasp the highest rung possible.

Walk down the rung with each hand as the ladder is lowered, continuing to look up at

the TIP firefighter.

Give the Command “Prepare to Step out” when the TIP firefighter(s) is

approaching the 3rd

rung from tip.

BUTT firefighter standing on bottom

rung

BUTT firefighter looking up at TIP FF before calling the

PREPARE to STEP OUT command

3 firefighter Lowering Ladder

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Grasp the outside Beam with the fingers of both hands

Step back and the pull the ladder from vertical.

The TIP firefighter will continue walking backwards, lowering the ladder by grasping

the beam and allowing it slide or walking it down with the hands.

As the TIP firefighter approaches the tip of the ladder he should anticipate hearing

the Command “Prepare to Step out”.

After hearing the Command the TIP firefighter(s) will STOP and reposition and

lower the ladder to his his/her shoulder near the Second to last rung nearest the tip of

the ladder. The TIP firefighter of a two person lower will grasp the center of the rung

with the same hand as he/she lowers the ladder to the shoulder.

The TIP fighter will reach over the ladder with opposite hand and grasp the second

rung form the tip of ladder and await the command “STEP OUT”.

BUTT firefighter Steps up onto Rung

TIP firefighter Pulls the ladder from

vertical

2 Person Lower - TIP firefighter

Relocating Hand to Center of Rung

TIP firefighter approaching Second to

last Rung

3 Person Lower - TIP firefighters

walking ladder back

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o Once the TIP fighter(s) has grasped the second rung, the BUTT firefighter will give the

command “STEP OUT”.


2 firefighter lower - With hand of arm that that beam is on his/her shoulder, release

the grasp of the rung and then grasp under the beam that was set on his/her shoulder.

While grasping the beam with the opposite hand, turn out to face the beam and

continue turning out, lowering the ladder to the ground.

2 firefighter lower - TIP firefighter

Overhand Grasp and sliding hand to

center of the Rung

2 firefighter lower - TIP

firefighter lowering ladder to

ground


firefighters Overhand Grasp of

the Rung

BUTT firefighter ensuring TIP

firefighters have both grasped the Rung


firefighters lowering ladder to

ground

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Beam Raise of a Ground Ladder

Firefighters MUST check for Obstructions prior to raising a ladder. This should be

performed as the ladder is being carried and positioned/located at the building.

The Ladder must be properly stabilized once the ladder is raised to a vertical position.



Prepare to Raise” “RAISE”


2 Firefighter Beam Raise


o The BUTT Firefighter will take a position at the Heel or Butt of the Ladder.

Standing with facing the Bed Section of the Ladder.

Place foot closed to the TIP at the HEAL of the Ladder.

Leaning forward with hands on the Beam looking out towards the TIP Firefighter.

o The TIP Firefighter will take a position alongside of the Ladder at the Second Rung

from the Tip.


Inside hand grasping the Rung or outside the Beam.

Outside hand under the beam

TIP Positioning Alongside Bed

Section

BUTT Positioning at Heel or Butt of

the Ladder

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Raising Techniques

o TIP Firefighter will stand and pivot under the Ladder placing both hands on the Beams.

o TIP firefighter will walk the ladder grasping the beam to a vertical position.

o BUTT firefighter will grasp beam, walking his hands up the beam until ladder is vertical.

o BUTT firefighter will continue to stand with foot against the heal until the ladder has

been stabilized by the TIP firefighter.

TIP firefighter pivoting under the

Ladder

TIP firefighter lifting the Ladder

Ladder Stabilized when vertical

TIP firefighter walking the ladder

vertical

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3 Firefighter Beam Raise


o The BUTT Firefighter will take a position at

the Heel or Butt of the Ladder.

Standing facing the Bed Section of the

Ladder.

Place foot closest to the Tip at the Heel

of the Ladder.

Leaning forward with hands on the

Beam looking out towards the TIP

Firefighter.

o The each TIP Firefighters will take a position alongside of the Ladder.

The Outward TIP Firefighter at the Second Rung from the Tip.

The Inward TIP Firefighter on the Fly section of the ladder and closer to the Butt.

Both firefighter should be:


Inside hand grasping the Rung or outside the Beam.

Outside hand under the top beam.

TIP Positioning Alongside Bed Section

BUTT Positioning at Heel or Butt of the

Ladder

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Raising Techniques

o TIP Firefighters will stand and pivot under the Ladder placing both hands on the Beams

while walking towards the butt bringing the ladder to a vertical position.

The Outward TIP firefighter will extend his arms when grasping the beam

The Inward TIP firefighter will rest the beam on his shoulder with his head on the

side of the Fly Section of the ladder.

o BUTT firefighter will grasp beam, walking his up it until ladder is vertical.

o BUTT firefighter will continue to stand with foot against the Heel until the ladder has

been stabilized by the TIP firefighters.

PIVOT or STABILIZE

o Pivot the Ladder if the Bed Section is not facing the Building.

o If positioned correctly:

The Inward TIP Firefighter should then stabilize the Ladder.

Followed by the Outward TIP Firefighter.

TIP walking the ladder vertical

TIP firefighter pivoting under the Ladder

Ladder coming to Vertical, Inward TIP

firefighter steps out to Stabilize

Inward TIP Stabilizing Ladder; “K

Stance”

Stabilizing Ladder

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Lowering of a Ladder onto the Beam

Firefighters MUST check for Obstructions prior to taking the ladder away from the

building and prior to lowering.

The Ladder must be properly stabilized prior to Lowering to the ground or to a carry.








2 Firefighter Beam Lower of a Ladder

Prior to giving the command “Prepare to

Lower” the BUTT firefighter will choose the

beam the ladder will be lowered on;

o “Lower the ladder on this Beam”, slapping

or tapping the beam.

o Place his/her foot against the inside of the

beam.

o Upon hearing the command “Prepare to

Lower” on the chosen beam, the TIP

firefighter will step out of the Stabilizing

Position and face the beam to be lowered on.

Upon giving the command “LOWER” the BUTT firefighter will;

o Reach back to the Beam away from the side be lowered to.

o Allow the ladder to slide through his/her hands while providing a counter balance and

continuing to look up at the TIP firefighter.

o Give the Command “Prepare to Step out” when the TIP firefighter(s) is approaching

the 3rd

rung from tip.

TIP firefighter pulls on beam

Prepare to Lower Positioning

BUTT firefighter reaches and grasps beam

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Upon hearing the command “LOWER”;

o The TIP firefighter will Step back and the pull the ladder from vertical.

The TIP firefighter will continue walking backwards, lowering the ladder by grasping

the beam and allowing it slide or walking it down with the hands.

o As the TIP firefighter approaches the tip of the ladder he should anticipate hearing the

Command “Prepare to Step out”.

After hearing the Command the TIP firefighter(s) will STOP and lower the beam to

his his/her shoulder near the Second to last rung nearest the tip of the ladder.

The TIP firefighter will reach up and grasp the closest rung on the Bed Side of the

ladder and await the command “STEP OUT”.

Upon hearing the command “STEP OUT”;

o The TIP firefighter will pivot to face the Bed Section, lowering the ladder to his waist.

o The TIP firefighter will continue pivoting and lowering the ladder to the ground or into a

carry.

TIP firefighter lowering the

Ladder

TIP firefighter “Preparing to Step

Out”

TIP firefighter pulling the

Ladder from vertical.

TIP firefighter “Stepping Out”

and Lowering the Ladder

TIP firefighter lowering Ladder to the

ground

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3 Firefighter Beam Lower of a Ladder

Prior to giving the command “Prepare to Lower” the BUTT firefighter will choose the

beam the ladder will be lowered on;

o “Lower the ladder on this Beam”, slapping or tapping the beam.

o Place his/her foot against the inside of the beam.

o Upon hearing the command “Prepare to Lower” on the chosen beam, the TIP

firefighter stabilizing the Beam to be lowered on will step out of the Stabilizing Position

and face the beam and become the Outward TIP Firefighter.

o Once the Outward TIP FF is facing the Beam, the second TIP firefighter will step and

face the Fly Section and Stabilize the Ladder and become the Inward TIP firefighter.

o The Ladder can now be Lowered or Pivoted.

Inward TIP – Moves from “K” to “X”

Stabilize Positioning

Inward TIP – In Stabilize Position

Outward TIP – Moves to the side of the

Beam being lowered on

BUTT – Moves foot to Inside of the Beam

being lowered on

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Upon giving the command “LOWER” the BUTT firefighter will;

o Reach back to the Beam away from the side be lowered to.

o Allow the ladder to slide through his/her hands while providing a counter balance and

continuing to look up at the TIP firefighter.

o Give the Command “Prepare to Step out” when the Outward TIP firefighter is

approaching the 3rd

rung from tip.

Upon hearing the command “LOWER”;

o The Outward TIP firefighter will Step back and the pull the ladder from vertical.

The Outward TIP firefighter will continue walking backwards, lowering the ladder

by grasping the beam and allowing it slide or walking it down with the hands.

o The Inward TIP firefighter will Step under the Outward TIP firefighter.

The Inward TIP firefighter will continue walking backwards, lowering the ladder by

grasping the beam in both hands and sliding the beam on his shoulder.

BUTT firefighter leaning back

Inward TIP firefighter stepping Under the

Outward TIP firefighter

Outward TIP firefighter pulling ladder from

vertical

BUTT firefighter calling for “Prepare to Step

Out”

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Step Out

o As the TIP firefighter approaches the tip of the ladder he should anticipate hearing the

Command “Prepare to Step out”.

o After hearing the Command the Outward TIP firefighter will STOP and the Inward TIP

firefighter will continue to lower the beam until he meets the Outward TIP firefighter.

o Each TIP fighter will reach up and grasp the closest rung on the Bed Side of the ladder

and await the command “STEP OUT”.

Upon hearing the command “STEP OUT”;

o The TIP firefighter will pivot to face the Bed Section, lowering the ladder to his waist.

o The TIP firefighter will continue pivoting and lowering the ladder to the ground or into a

carry.

Inward TIP firefighter sliding back to Outward

TIP firefighter

Outward TIP firefighter stopping at the

command “Prepare to Step Out”

TIP firefighters pivoting toward ladder and

grasping rung with outside hand

TIP firefighters pivoting lowering ladder

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