The Congress System
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The Congress SystemThe Congress System
The Congress SystemThe Congress System
The Congress of Vienna (1814-15)The Congress of Vienna (1814-15) The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) The Congress of Troppau (1820)The Congress of Troppau (1820) The Congress of Laibach (1821)The Congress of Laibach (1821) The Congress of Verona (1822)The Congress of Verona (1822)
The Congress of Aix-la-ChappelleThe Congress of Aix-la-Chappelle
Attendants:Attendants: RussiaRussia PrussiaPrussia BritainBritain AustriaAustria
FranceFrance
The Congress of Aix-la-Chappelle The Congress of Aix-la-Chappelle :Agreement:Agreement
To withdraw the army of occupation from To withdraw the army of occupation from FranceFrance
To admit France to the Quadruple Alliance To admit France to the Quadruple Alliance and rename it Quintuple Allianceand rename it Quintuple Alliance
The Congress of Aix-la-Chappelle The Congress of Aix-la-Chappelle :Disputes:Disputes
Russia- Propose an international fleet to Russia- Propose an international fleet to eliminated pirate activities. eliminated pirate activities.
British opposed it.British opposed it. Prussia suggested an allied army to Prussia suggested an allied army to
suppress revolutions in Europe. suppress revolutions in Europe.
British opposed it.British opposed it.
Britain proposed a naval force to search Britain proposed a naval force to search vessels for slaves.vessels for slaves.
The other Powers opposed it.The other Powers opposed it.
The Congress of Aix-la-ChappelleThe Congress of Aix-la-Chappelle
The Congress successfully preserved The Congress successfully preserved peace in Europe for almost 40 years, until peace in Europe for almost 40 years, until Crimean WarCrimean War
Mutual suspicion between Britain and the Mutual suspicion between Britain and the other four Powers.other four Powers.
The mutual suspicion caused the collapse of The mutual suspicion caused the collapse of the Congress System. the Congress System.
The Congress of Troppau (1820)The Congress of Troppau (1820)
Background: Revolutions in EuropeBackground: Revolutions in Europe Italy – Carbonari fomented disturbances. Italy – Carbonari fomented disturbances.
Kings were forced to adopt constitutions.Kings were forced to adopt constitutions. Germany – students demonstrated against Germany – students demonstrated against
Metternich and demand German unificatioMetternich and demand German unification.n.
Central and South America – The Spanish Central and South America – The Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Central and Soand Portuguese colonies in Central and South America declared independence. uth America declared independence.
The Congress of Troppau (1820)The Congress of Troppau (1820)
Metternich of Austria and Czar Alexander I Metternich of Austria and Czar Alexander I therefore called the Congress.therefore called the Congress.
Prussia, Austria and Russia attended the Prussia, Austria and Russia attended the Congress. Congress.
Britain and France only sent observers to Britain and France only sent observers to the meeting.the meeting.
The Congress of Troppau (1820)The Congress of Troppau (1820)
Metternich suggested that revolutions in Metternich suggested that revolutions in Europe should be suppressed. Europe should be suppressed.
Czar Alexander I agreed the proposal but Czar Alexander I agreed the proposal but Britain and France disagreed of it.Britain and France disagreed of it.
The Congress of Troppau (1820)The Congress of Troppau (1820)
The Troppau Protocol was signed.The Troppau Protocol was signed. It declared that if revolution broke out in a It declared that if revolution broke out in a
state and endangered other European state and endangered other European states, the Powers would remedy the states, the Powers would remedy the situation by peaceful means or by arm if situation by peaceful means or by arm if needed. needed.
The Congress of Troppau (1820)The Congress of Troppau (1820)
France supported the Protocol with some France supported the Protocol with some reservationreservation
Britain declared not to intervene into the Britain declared not to intervene into the domestic affairs of the other sates although domestic affairs of the other sates although she still remained in the Alliance.she still remained in the Alliance.
The Congress system was further The Congress system was further weakened.weakened.
The Congress of Laibach (1821)The Congress of Laibach (1821)
BackgroundBackground1.1. In 1821, the Kingdom of Naples faced In 1821, the Kingdom of Naples faced
revolution. The King promised to give a revolution. The King promised to give a constitution to the people of Naples.constitution to the people of Naples.
2.2. There were also revolutions in Greece and There were also revolutions in Greece and Spain in 1821.Spain in 1821.
3.3. The Congress was called in 1821 by the The Congress was called in 1821 by the Powers. Besides the five Powers, the King Powers. Besides the five Powers, the King of Naples also attended the Congress. of Naples also attended the Congress.
The Congress of Laibach (1821)The Congress of Laibach (1821)
Austrian army moved into Naples and Austrian army moved into Naples and restored the despotic powers of King restored the despotic powers of King Ferdinand I of Naples.Ferdinand I of Naples.
An Austrian army was also sent to Piedmont An Austrian army was also sent to Piedmont and suppress the liberal movement there.and suppress the liberal movement there.
The Congress of Laibach (1821)The Congress of Laibach (1821)
Britain strongly disagreed with the decision. Britain strongly disagreed with the decision. She would have withdrawn from the She would have withdrawn from the Congress system if the Greek War of Congress system if the Greek War of Independence did not break out. Independence did not break out.
The Congress of Verona (1822)The Congress of Verona (1822)
BackgroundBackground
1.1. In 1921, Greeks revolt against their Turk In 1921, Greeks revolt against their Turk ruler.ruler.
2.2. Revolution also took place in Spain. The Revolution also took place in Spain. The Spanish King, Ferdinand VII was Spanish King, Ferdinand VII was overthrown.overthrown.
The Congress of Verona (1822)The Congress of Verona (1822)
The Congress did not reach any agreement.The Congress did not reach any agreement.
1.1. Russia proposed to send a troop to Spain to Russia proposed to send a troop to Spain to suppress the revolution. It was rejected by the suppress the revolution. It was rejected by the other Powers.other Powers.
2.2. France proposed to suppressed the revolution by France proposed to suppressed the revolution by a French army. British disagreed because the a French army. British disagreed because the Spanish King wanted to restore the colonies in Spanish King wanted to restore the colonies in South AmericaSouth America
Britain withdrew from the Congress eventually. Britain withdrew from the Congress eventually.
The Greek War of IndependenceThe Greek War of IndependenceBackgroundBackground
Greece was ruled by Ottoman Empire (the Greece was ruled by Ottoman Empire (the Turks ) since 15th century.Turks ) since 15th century.
The Greeks kept their own religion The Greeks kept their own religion (Orthodox) despite they had Muslim rulers.(Orthodox) despite they had Muslim rulers.
Although the Greeks were exempted to Although the Greeks were exempted to serve in Turkish armies, they still hated serve in Turkish armies, they still hated Turks because of the high tax rate. Turks because of the high tax rate.
The Greek War of IndependenceThe Greek War of Independence
In the early 19th century, the Turkish Empire In the early 19th century, the Turkish Empire declined. declined.
People in the Balkan Peninsular (most of People in the Balkan Peninsular (most of them were Christians) fought for them were Christians) fought for independence from the Turks.independence from the Turks.
In 1921, Greeks begin to fight for In 1921, Greeks begin to fight for independence.independence.
The Greek War of IndependenceThe Greek War of Independence
The Powers attitude:The Powers attitude: Russia: support/against?Russia: support/against? Britain: support/against?Britain: support/against? Austria: support/against?Austria: support/against? Prussia and France: support/ against?Prussia and France: support/ against?
The Greek War of IndependenceThe Greek War of Independence
CourseCourse
1.1. In 1827, Russia, France and Britain signed In 1827, Russia, France and Britain signed the Treaty of London. They agreed to help the Treaty of London. They agreed to help Greece gain self-governmentGreece gain self-government
2.2. In 1828, Russia declared war on Turkey.In 1828, Russia declared war on Turkey.
3.3. Under the Treaty of Adrianople, Greece gUnder the Treaty of Adrianople, Greece gain self-governmentain self-government
Break up of the Congress SystemBreak up of the Congress System
There were no more congress after the There were no more congress after the Greek War of Independence because:Greek War of Independence because:
1.1. Conflicting interests of the PowersConflicting interests of the Powers
2.2. As nationalism grew, change against the As nationalism grew, change against the Congress System increased.Congress System increased.
3.3. Britain did not support the systemBritain did not support the system
The Congress System: The Congress System: AchievementsAchievements
Prevented war for almost 40 yearsPrevented war for almost 40 years A good example of international co-A good example of international co-
operationoperation
The Congress System: DefectsThe Congress System: Defects
Most of the powers were old fashioned. They Most of the powers were old fashioned. They refused ideas such as Liberalism and Nationalism, refused ideas such as Liberalism and Nationalism, which were world trends in the 19th centurywhich were world trends in the 19th century
The decision of the Powers acted on motives of The decision of the Powers acted on motives of self interest. They ignored Nationalism and self interest. They ignored Nationalism and Liberalism and caused hatred Liberalism and caused hatred
Although there were no war in Europe until 1850’s, Although there were no war in Europe until 1850’s, revolutions broke out everywhere in Europe. revolutions broke out everywhere in Europe.