The Computer IndustryThe Computer Industry

Unit LUnit L

ObjectivesObjectives

Review the History of Calculating Review the History of Calculating MachinesMachines

Examine the Development of Examine the Development of ComputersComputers

Introduce IT IndustriesIntroduce IT Industries

Market IT ProductsMarket IT Products

ObjectivesObjectives

Introduce IT CareersIntroduce IT Careers

Explore IT Education and Explore IT Education and CertificationCertification

Explore Employment StrategiesExplore Employment Strategies

Use the Internet to Find a JobUse the Internet to Find a Job

Calculating Machine HistoryCalculating Machine History

Calculation is based on an Calculation is based on an algorithmalgorithm

Manual calculatorsManual calculators– Abacus (1200)Abacus (1200)– Slide rules (1621)Slide rules (1621)

Mechanical calculator (1623)Mechanical calculator (1623)

Analytical engine (1834 – Analytical engine (1834 – Babbage)Babbage)

Calculating Machine HistoryCalculating Machine History

Herman HollerithHerman Hollerith

Electronic punch card systemElectronic punch card system

Hollerith Tabulating Machine Hollerith Tabulating Machine (1890)(1890)

The Tabulating Machine The Tabulating Machine Company became IBM in 1924Company became IBM in 1924

Generation of TechnologyGeneration of Technology

Vacuum tubes store data Vacuum tubes store data Drawbacks:Drawbacks:– Use much power; generates a Use much power; generates a

lot of heatlot of heat– Burn out quicklyBurn out quickly– ENIAC (had 18,000 tubes)ENIAC (had 18,000 tubes)

No operating systemsNo operating systemsUsed custom application Used custom application programsprograms

11stst 11stst

Generation of TechnologyGeneration of Technology

Transistors used (1947)Transistors used (1947)– Smaller, cheaper, less power, Smaller, cheaper, less power,

more reliable more reliable

Compilers and high-level Compilers and high-level languages bornlanguages born

Gave birth to software Gave birth to software industryindustry

22ndnd 22ndnd

Generation of TechnologyGeneration of Technology

Integrated circuits invented (1958) Integrated circuits invented (1958)

RCA and IBM used circuits in 1965RCA and IBM used circuits in 1965

DEC introduced successful DEC introduced successful minicomputerminicomputer

33rdrd 33rdrd

Generation of TechnologyGeneration of Technology

Microprocessor developed in 1971Microprocessor developed in 1971

PCs were bornPCs were born

Industry leaders Industry leaders – IntelIntel– ZilogZilog– MotorolaMotorola– Texas InstrumentsTexas Instruments

44thth 44thth

Industry TypesIndustry Types

Companies that Companies that manufacture manufacture computerscomputers

Software Software publisherspublishers

Peripheral device Peripheral device manufacturersmanufacturers

Companies that Companies that develop, produce, develop, produce, sell, or support sell, or support computers, computers, software or software or computer-related computer-related products products IBM and MicrosoftIBM and Microsoft

Computer IndustryComputer Industry IT IndustryIT Industry

IT Industry CategoriesIT Industry Categories

Equipment (IBM, Cisco)Equipment (IBM, Cisco)

Chipmakers (Intel, AMD)Chipmakers (Intel, AMD)

Software (Microsoft)Software (Microsoft)

Service (AOL/TimeWarner, EDS)Service (AOL/TimeWarner, EDS)

Retailers (CompUSA, PC Connection)Retailers (CompUSA, PC Connection)

Dot coms (sometimes under IT industry)Dot coms (sometimes under IT industry)

Equipment (IBM, Cisco)Equipment (IBM, Cisco)

Chipmakers (Intel, AMD)Chipmakers (Intel, AMD)

Software (Microsoft)Software (Microsoft)

Service (AOL/TimeWarner, EDS)Service (AOL/TimeWarner, EDS)

Retailers (CompUSA, PC Connection)Retailers (CompUSA, PC Connection)

Dot coms (sometimes under IT industry)Dot coms (sometimes under IT industry)

IT Industry – Silicon ValleyIT Industry – Silicon Valley

CiscoCisco

IntelIntel

OracleOracle PalmPalm

Sun MicrosystemsSun Microsystems

HPHP

AppleAppleAMDAMDHandspringHandspring

IT Industry ContributionsIT Industry Contributions

US Gross Domestic Product US Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – IT contributions(GDP) – IT contributions– 1985: 5% 1985: 5% – 1990: >6%1990: >6%– 2000: 8.6%2000: 8.6%

Biggest computer hardware Biggest computer hardware producersproducers– U.S., Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, U.S., Japan, Taiwan, Singapore,

ChinaChina

IT Industry – Government IT Industry – Government RegulationRegulation

Federal Communications Commission Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates interstate and (FCC) regulates interstate and international communicationsinternational communications– Radio, television, wire, satellite and cableRadio, television, wire, satellite and cable

U.S. Federal Trade Commission U.S. Federal Trade Commission

Department of JusticeDepartment of Justice

U.S. government restricts U.S. government restricts imports/exportsimports/exports

IT Industry – Self RegulationIT Industry – Self Regulation

Information Technology Industry CouncilInformation Technology Industry Council–Powerful lobbying groupPowerful lobbying group

–Oppose legislation that curtails technology Oppose legislation that curtails technology innovation and useinnovation and use

IEEE Standards AssociationIEEE Standards Association–Helps provide industry technology standardsHelps provide industry technology standards

Software and Information Industry AssociationSoftware and Information Industry Association–Protects intellectual property of members via Protects intellectual property of members via an anti-piracy programan anti-piracy program

Marketing – Computer Life CyleMarketing – Computer Life Cyle

Product developmentProduct development – secretlysecretly

Product announcementProduct announcement– vaporware: products announced, not producedvaporware: products announced, not produced

Product introductionProduct introduction – manufacturers suggested retail price may be manufacturers suggested retail price may be

high at firsthigh at first

Product maintenanceProduct maintenance – price decreases to a street priceprice decreases to a street price

Product retirementProduct retirement

Marketing – SoftwareMarketing – Software

Extensive testing required before Extensive testing required before releaserelease– Alpha test (in-house testing team)Alpha test (in-house testing team)– Beta test (off-site testers)Beta test (off-site testers)

New package can beNew package can be– New productNew product– New version or release (significant New version or release (significant

changes)changes)– Revision (minor changes and fixes)Revision (minor changes and fixes)

Users need to upgradeUsers need to upgrade

Marketing TerminologyMarketing Terminology

Market share:Market share: company’s company’s percentage of the total market percentage of the total market pie; use to gauge successpie; use to gauge successMarketing channels:Marketing channels:– Distribution centersDistribution centers– Computer retail storesComputer retail stores– Manufacturer directManufacturer direct– Mail-orderMail-order– Value-Added Resellers (VARs)Value-Added Resellers (VARs)

Large companies; identifiable Large companies; identifiable share (>2%)share (>2%)

Startup companies; mail orderStartup companies; mail order

Newer companies; lower share; Newer companies; lower share; fewer resourcesfewer resources

IT Market TiersIT Market Tiers

First (top) tierFirst (top) tier

Second tierSecond tier

Third tierThird tier

Computers usually more expensive Computers usually more expensive from top tier companiesfrom top tier companies

IT CareersIT Careers

A computer professional is any person whose primary occupation involves the design, configuration,

analysis, development, modification, testing, or security of

computer hardware or software.

Per U.S. Congress in 1999Per U.S. Congress in 1999Per U.S. Congress in 1999Per U.S. Congress in 1999

IT CareersIT Careers

Systems analystSystems analystSecurity specialistSecurity specialistComputer Computer programmerprogrammerQuality assurance Quality assurance specialistspecialistDatabase Database administratoradministratorNetwork specialist Network specialist or administratoror administrator

Computer operatorComputer operatorComputer engineerComputer engineerTechnical support Technical support specialistspecialistTechnical writerTechnical writerComputer Computer salespersonsalespersonWeb site designerWeb site designerManufacturing Manufacturing techniciantechnician

IT Career TrendsIT Career Trends

Jobs substantially Jobs substantially increase by 2008increase by 2008

Must be willing to train Must be willing to train and retrainand retrain

Contract workers Contract workers

Telecommuting Telecommuting

Voluntary turnover rateVoluntary turnover rate– Decrease via employee-Decrease via employee-

friendly working conditionsfriendly working conditions

ErgonomicsErgonomics

IT Job RequirementsIT Job Requirements

Job experienceJob experience

CertificationCertification

Associate’s degree (2 yr.)Associate’s degree (2 yr.)

Bachelor’s degreeBachelor’s degree

Advanced degreeAdvanced degree

IT CertificationsIT Certifications

Certificates of CompletionCertificates of Completion– Complete one or more courses Complete one or more courses

Certification ExamCertification Exam– Test verifies your knowledge levelTest verifies your knowledge level

CategoriesCategories– General knowledge, software, General knowledge, software,

database, networking, hardwaredatabase, networking, hardware– CCP, MOUS, MCDBA, MCSE, A+CCP, MOUS, MCDBA, MCSE, A+

4-Year Degree Programs4-Year Degree Programs

Computer EngineeringComputer Engineering– Design of computer Design of computer

hardware/peripheralshardware/peripherals

Computer ScienceComputer Science– Computer architecture and softwareComputer architecture and software– How to program computers for How to program computers for

effectiveness and efficiencyeffectiveness and efficiency

Information SystemsInformation Systems– Applying computers to business Applying computers to business

problemsproblems

Other College ProgramsOther College Programs

Associate degreesAssociate degrees– Graphic design, networking, Graphic design, networking,

telecommunicationstelecommunications

Master’s degreesMaster’s degrees– Software engineeringSoftware engineering

Doctoral degreesDoctoral degrees– Software engineering, systems software Software engineering, systems software

development and MISdevelopment and MIS– Technical research or college professorTechnical research or college professor

IT Careers – Finding IT Careers – Finding InformationInformation

www.petersons.com– Database of 2-year and 4-year programsDatabase of 2-year and 4-year programs– Provides testing services of admissions and Provides testing services of admissions and

certificationcertification

www.microsoft.com/traincert/exams– Certification, competency topics, trainingCertification, competency topics, training

www.cisco.com– Certification options, exam info and training Certification options, exam info and training

partnerspartners

IT Employment – Job SeekingIT Employment – Job Seeking

IdentifyIdentify– Job titles relevant to your skillsJob titles relevant to your skills– Potential employersPotential employers– Geographic preferencesGeographic preferences

Create resumeCreate resume

Look for jobs by contactingLook for jobs by contacting– Potential employers, school Potential employers, school

placement, employment agencies, placement, employment agencies, recruiting firmsrecruiting firms

IT Employment – ResumeIT Employment – Resume

Clear, accurate and easy to readClear, accurate and easy to read

Ask for suggestions/review for Ask for suggestions/review for errorserrors

Prepare in a variety of formats Prepare in a variety of formats for different platformsfor different platforms

High-quality paperHigh-quality paper

Post on internetPost on internet

IT Employment: Job IT Employment: Job ApplicationApplication

Company Company background background informationinformationFormulate intelligent Formulate intelligent questions for questions for interviewinterviewUse web to find outUse web to find out– Company financial Company financial

statusstatus– Corporate cultureCorporate culture– New townNew town

IT Employment – RecruitmentIT Employment – Recruitment

Head hunterHead hunter–Contacted by companies seeking employeesContacted by companies seeking employees

–Fees paid by companyFees paid by company

–Usually managerial/executive jobsUsually managerial/executive jobs

Head hunterHead hunter–Contacted by companies seeking employeesContacted by companies seeking employees

–Fees paid by companyFees paid by company

–Usually managerial/executive jobsUsually managerial/executive jobs

Employment agencyEmployment agency–Contacted by employee seeking jobContacted by employee seeking job

–Can be free from state or universityCan be free from state or university

–Fee can be required when job offer is acceptedFee can be required when job offer is accepted

Employment agencyEmployment agency–Contacted by employee seeking jobContacted by employee seeking job

–Can be free from state or universityCan be free from state or university

–Fee can be required when job offer is acceptedFee can be required when job offer is accepted

IT Employment – Your Career IT Employment – Your Career

OrganizationOrganization

BusinessBusiness

Nonprofit organizationNonprofit organization

Mission statementMission statement

Organization chartOrganization chart

IT Employment – InternetIT Employment – Internet

Send resume via e-mailSend resume via e-mail

Post resume in a searchable Post resume in a searchable databasedatabase

Post resume on a web sitePost resume on a web site

Have a web portfolioHave a web portfolio

IT Employment – InternetIT Employment – Internet

www.computerjobs.com Online Job BankOnline Job Bank

www.careerbuilder.com Online search Online search agentagent

TechTalk: The Future of TechTalk: The Future of ComputingComputing

Moore’s LawMoore’s Law– Chip power doubles every 18 months; Chip power doubles every 18 months;

hold true until 2012hold true until 2012

Current technology Current technology – Silicon-basedSilicon-based

Future technologyFuture technology– Molecular computing (carbon nanotube)Molecular computing (carbon nanotube)– Biological computing (DNA strands)Biological computing (DNA strands)– Quantum computing (qubit)Quantum computing (qubit)

Issue: Who Needs Professional Issue: Who Needs Professional Ethics?Ethics?

Thou shalt not use a computer to Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other peopleharm other people

Thou shalt not interfere with Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s computer workother people’s computer work

Thou shalt not snoop around in Thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s filesother people’s files

Thou shalt not use a computer to Thou shalt not use a computer to stealsteal

Professional EthicsProfessional Ethics

Thou shalt not use a computer to Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witnessbear false witnessThou shalt not use or copy Thou shalt not use or copy software for which you have not software for which you have not paidpaidThou shalt not use other people’s Thou shalt not use other people’s computer resources without computer resources without authorizationauthorization

Professional EthicsProfessional Ethics

Thou shalt not appropriate other Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s intellectual output people’s intellectual output Thou shalt think about the social Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program consequences of the program you writeyou writeThou shalt use a computer in Thou shalt use a computer in ways that show consideration ways that show consideration and respectand respect

From the Computer Ethics InstituteFrom the Computer Ethics Institute

The Computer IndustryThe Computer Industry

EndEnd