The CompactLight Project (XLS)

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Funded by theEuropean Union

Towards an Ultra-Compact X-ray Free-Electron Laser, UCLA January 22-25, 2019 G. D’Auria

The CompactLight Project (XLS)Gerardo D’Auria (Elettra-ST)

on behalf of the CompactLight Collaboration

[email protected] www.CompactLight.eu

Towards an Ultra-Compact X-ray Free-Electron Laser

UCLA Luskin Conference Center

January 22-25, 2019

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Context

• The XLS Collaboration

• The CompactLight Project

• Aims & Motivations

Timeline

Deliverables

Work Packages

• Objectives

• Expected performance

• Ongoing activities

Outline

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The XLS Collaboration

The XLS Collaboration is an initiative among several Intern. Labs aimed at promoting the construction

of the next generation FEL based photon sources with innovative accelerator technologies

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List of Participants

Participant Organisation Name Country1 ST (Coord.) Elettra – Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. Italy2 CERN CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research International3 STFC Science and Technology Facilities Council – Daresbury Laboratory United Kingdom4 SINAP Shanghai Inst. of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences China5 IASA Institute of Accelerating Systems and Applications Greece6 UU Uppsala Universitet Sweden7 UoM The University of Melbourne Australia8 ANSTO Australian Nuclear Science and Tecnology Organisation Australia9 UA-IAT Ankara University Institute of Accelerator Technologies Turkey

10 ULANC Lancaster University United Kingdom11 VDL ETG VDL Enabling Technology Group Eindhoven BV Netherlands12 TU/e Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Netherlands13 INFN Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Italy14 Kyma Kyma S.r.l. Italy15 SAPIENZA University of Rome "La Sapienza" Italy

16 ENEA Agenzia Naz. per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile Italy

17 ALBA-CELLS Consorcio para la Construccion Equipamiento y Explotacion del Lab. de Luz Sincrotron Spain

18 CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS France19 KIT Karlsruher Instritut für Technologie Germany20 PSI Paul Scherrer Institut PSI Switzerland21 CSIC Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicias Spain22 UH/HIP University of Helsinki - Helsinki Institute of Physics Finland23 VU VU University Amsterdam Netherlands24 USTR University of Strathclyde United Kingdom

Third Parties Organisation Name CountryAP1 OSLO Universitetet i Oslo - University of Oslo NorwayAP2 ARCNL Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography NetherlandsAP3 NTUA National Technical University of Athens GreeceAP4 AUEB Athens University Economics & Business Greece

Italy 5Neth. 3+1UK 3Spain 2Australia 2China 1Greece 1+2Sweden 1Turkey 1France 1Germany 1Switz. 1Finland 1Norway 0+1Internat. 1

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The CompactLight Project (XLS)

Horizon2020 - Work Programme 2016 – 2017

Research & Innovation INFRADEV-1-2017 Design Studies

Starting date: 01-01-2018

Duration: 36 months

Grant amount: 3 M€

http://CompactLight.eu

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Objectives

Our aim is to facilitate the widespread development of X-ray FEL facilities

across Europe and beyond, by making them more affordable to construct

and operate through an optimum combination of emerging and

innovative accelerator technologies.

We plan to design a Hard X-ray Facility using the very latest concepts for:

High brightness electron photoinjectors

Very high gradient accelerating structures

Novel short period undulators

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Work PackageLead

ParticipantPerson Months

Start Month

End month

WP1Project management and

Technical CoordinationElettra - ST 32 1 36

WP2FEL Science Requirements and

Facility DesignSTFC 68 2 36

WP3 Gun and Injector INFN 76 2 36

WP4 RF systems CERN 78 2 36

WP5Undulators andLight production

ENEA 81 2 36

WP6Beam dynamics and

Start to End ModellingUA-IAT 78 2 36

WP7Global Integration with

New Research Infrastructures Elettra - ST 27 6 36

Total Person Months 440

XLS Work Packages

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WP3Gun & Inj.

WP4RF Systems

WP5Und. & LP

Pre-Selection:risk-drivenphysics-driven

Filter:Beam quality, FEL specs

Filter:Self-consistency

Evaluation:FeasibilityCost

WP1Manag. & Coord.

WP6BD & S2E Simul.

WP2FEL Sc. & Fac. Des.

WP7Integrat. in Res. Infr.

Courtesy of S. Di Mitri

Process and WPs relations

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Time plan, Milestones and Deliverables

MD

Kick-offMeeting

PublicWEB site

II MidtermRev. Meet.

I MidtermRev. Meet.

I Annual Meet.

User Meet. & Req. Rep

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Deliv. Deliverable nameWP

Lead part.

Type

Del. date

D1.1 CompactLight Public Website. WP1-ST DEC-PU-M3

D1.2 Data Management Plan WP1-ST ORDP-PU-M6

D2.1 Report providing users requirements and FEL performance specification. WP2-STFC R-PU-M12

D3.1 Evaluation report of the optimum e-gun and injector solution for the XLS CDR. WP3-INFN R-PU-M18

D3.2 A review report on the bunch compression techniques and phase space linearization WP3-INFN R-PU-M18

D4.1 Computer code report for RF power unit design and cost optimization. WP4-CERN R-PU-M18

D5.1 A review report comparing the different technologies for the CompactLight undulator. WP5-ENEA R-PU-M18

D6.1 Review report on the most advanced computer codes for the facility design WP6-UAIAT R-PU-M18

D2.2 Report summarizing the FEL design with accelerator and undulator requirements. WP2-STFC R-PU-M24

D7.1 Mid-term report with CompactLight global integration and cost analysis WP7-ST R-PU-M24

D3.3 Design report of the injector diagnostics/beam manipulations based on a X-band cavities WP3-INFN R-PU-M36

D3.4 E-gun and injector Design Report with diagnostics and phase space linearizer WP3-INFN R-PU-M36

D4.2 Design report of the optimized RF unit WP4-CERN R-PU-M36

D4.3 Report on RF unit design and fabrication procedure WP4-CERN R-PU-M36

D5.2 Conceptual Design Report of the undulator WP5-ENEA R-PU-M36

D6.2 Final report with start to end facility simulations WP6-UAIAT R-PU-M36

D7.2 Final report with CompactLight global integration analysis, services and cost. WP7-ST R-PU-M36

D2.3 Hard X-ray FEL Conceptual Design Report. WP2-STFC R-PU-M36

D1.2 Production of a short monograph summarizing the Conceptual Design Report. WP1-ST R-PU-M36

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List of Deliverables

Coming6 months!

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Work Packages:

Objectives

Ongoing Activities

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WP7: Global integration with new Research Infrastructures (R. Rochow,

Elettra-ST)

WP7 will address strategic issues related to the objectives of XLS, namely

the impact and benefits for the user community, in both the public and

private sectors, at the scientific and technical level. The results of this work

package will be a series of reports which target funding agencies and

policy makers in the decision making process for the approval of new

research infrastructures or the upgrade of existing Facilities.

WP1: Project management and Technical Coordination (G. D’Auria,

Elettra – ST).

WP1 carries the overall management of the XLS Design Study to ensure

timely achievement of project results through technical and

administrative management.

WP1 and WP7 Objectives

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WP2: FEL science requirements and facility design (J. Clarke STFC -

Daresbury)

The objective of WP2 is to provide the overall design of the FEL. It will

determine performance specification for the Facility “based on user-driven

scientific requirements”. It will identify and choose the most appropriate

technical solutions considering cost, technical risk and performance.

Survey with a specially developed questionnaire sent to over 50

European experts (October-November 2018).

CompactLight User Meeting: CERN, November 27th – 28th, 2018

WP2

D 2.1: Science Requirements and Performance Specification for

the CompactLight X-Ray Free-Electron LaserCourtesy of J. Clarke

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Parameter Unit Soft x-ray FEL Hard x-ray FEL

Photon energy KeV 0.25 - 2.0 2.0 - 16.0

Wavelength nm 5.0 - 0.6 0.6 - 0.08

Repetition rate Hz 100 to 1000* 100

Pulse duration fs

Pulse energy mJ

Polarization

Two-pulse delay fs

Two-colour separation % 20 10

Synchronization fs

Variable - Selectable

< 10

± 100

0.1 - 50

< 0.3

*A repetition rate of 1000 Hz would be a unique and desirable feature of our design. Werecognise that this is a very challenging target that we may have to reduce during the study.

Preliminary Parameters of the CompactLight FEL

XLS FEL Parameters

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INJ

BC1 BC2

SX

HX

50 pC160 MeV0.2 um emit60 A

4.3 - 4.8 GeV0.2 um6 kA5 fs fwhm

0.005% - 0.01% rms slice e.spr.

6.5 – 7.5 GeV0.2 um6 kA5 fs fwhm0.003% - 0.01% rms slice e.spr.

XLS FEL possible configuration

Courtesy of N. Thompson, D. Dunning, S. Di Mitri

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WP3: Gun and injector (M. Ferrario, INFN - Frascati) The objective of WP3 is to provide the technical specification and the optimum design of the Linace-gun and injector. Options considered:

• High-gradient injectors at existing gun frequencies, S and C bands (towards lower emittance).• A full-X-band solution, inclusive of higher-harmonic linearization in K band.• DC Gun• Injector diagnostics & beam manipulations based on X-band technology. Bunch compression

techniques (compact magnetic chicanes, velocity bunching).

Gun design (RF, Solenoid, Cathode, Laser, Diagnostics)• S-Band Gun RF Design (CNRS + IASA+UAIAT-INFN+ALBA)• C-Band Gun RF Design (INFN +IASA+Sapienza)• X-Band Gun RF Design (CSIC-IFIC + UAIAT+ Sapienza)• DC Gun Design (TU/e)• Laser/Photocathode (IASA+CNRS+INFN)

Compressor Design (Velocity Bunching, Magnetic Chicane)• S-Band Velocity Bunching (TU/e + IASA+ALBA) • C-Band Velocity Bunching (INFN +IASA+TU/e ) • X-Band Velocity Bunching (Sapienza+CERN+IASA+INFN)• Magnetic Compressor (ST + CERN+INFN+CNRS)

X-Band Diagnostics (Transverse RF Deflector)

• Transverse RF Deflector (Sapienza + IASA)

Linearizer Design (RF and passive linearizers)• X-Band RF Linearizer (Sapienza) • K-Band RF Linearizer (ULANC + Sapienza )• Passive linearizers (CNRS)

WP3

Main Tasks

Courtesy of M. Ferrario

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WP3 - C-Band Ultra-Fast GUN Design (prel.)

The C-band injector is based on an ultra-high gradient C-bandgun (1.6 cells) operating at 240 MV/m cathode peak field

We proposed to adopt an ultra-fast gun (rf pulses <150 ns)keeping under control all quantities that drive the breakdownphenomena (Modified Poynting vector, surface electric field, etc.)

The design of the overall system is based on commerciallyavailable components (klystrons, circulators, pulse compressors,ect…)

We have optimized the 2D profile of the cells and the inputcoupler exploring different solutions. An input coupler workingon the TM020 mode on the full cell seems to be the bestsolution

Parameter

fres 5.712 GHz

≈ 80 MHz

Q0 14347

β 3

QL 3623

τF 201 ns

Ecath [MV/m] 240

Esurf/Ecath (on the coupler) 0.91

Hsurf [kA/m] (on the coupler) 357 KA/m

Tpulsed (square pulse)

@ 100 ns

@ 200 ns

12.2°C17.3°C

4

56.4

100 ns, 85 MW

KLY

1-1.5 s, 40 MW

P.C.X2.1

GUN

=3Circ.

Circ.

Courtesy of M. Croia

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WP4

Task 1: Layout and optimization of the linac RF system A. Gallo INFN-LNF, CERN, SINAP

Task 2: Industrialization X. Janssen VDL

Task 3: Modulator technology M. Jacewicz UU

Task 4: Power sources for higher-harmonic systems A. Cross USTR

Task 5: Integration M. Aicheler UH-HIP

Courtesy of W. Wuensch

WP4: RF systems (W. Wuensch, CERN)

The primary objective of WP4 is to define the RF system for the linac in the main and sub-design

variants (specialized hardware for an eventual 36 GHz lineariser system, deflectors for profile

measurement systems,…).

A key goal will be “to define a standardized RF unit”:

• Simplify the preparation of future construction projects.

• Cost savings (industrialization of linac hardware).

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• Baseline accelerating gradient: 65 MV/m

• RF system and pulse compressor characteristics

• Average iris radius: 3.5 mm

• Electromagnetic parametric study of the TW cell

• Effective shunt impedance optimization by a 2D scan of the total length and the iris tapering

• Check of modified Poynting vector values @ nominal gradient

• Design a realistic RF module including power distribution network

• Finalize the electromagnetic (input and output couplers) and mechanical design

Trade-off between machine compactness and RF power requirements

50 MW, 1.5 µs

Beam dynamics requirements (BBU threshold)

WP4 - X-band Accel. Struct. Design & Optim.

Courtesy of A. Gallo

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Freq. of 2π/3 mode [GHz] 11.9942

Average iris radius <a> [mm] 3.5

Total length of the TW structure Ls [m] 0.9

RF pulse [µs] 1.5

Average gradient <G> [MV/m] 65

Linac Energy gain Egain [GeV] 4.5

Linac active length Lact [m] 69.2

Unloaded SLED Q-factor Q0 180.000

External SLED Q-factor QE 21400

Iris radius a [mm] 4.3-2.7

Group velocity vg [%] 4.5-1.0

Effective shunt Imp. Rs [M/m] 389

Filling time tf [ns] 140

Input power per structure Pk_s [MW] 9.8

Structures per module Nm

(input power per module Pk_m [MW])4 (39)

Total number of structures Ntot 80

Total number of klystrons Nk 20

Compact Light optimum

EuSPARC optimum

EuSPARC working point(optimization of RF power splitting)

Best effective shunt impedance

WP4 – RF structure Preliminary Parameters

Courtesy of A. Gallo

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WP5: Undulators and light production (F. Nguyen, ENEA - Frascati)The primary objective of WP5 is to determine the undulator design for XLS. It will start byinvestigating state of art undulators and then consider on-going developments. “Ambitiousundulators” will be compared with the boundary conditions of technologies available on 4-5 yearstime scale. These will include:

• Novel short period undulators

• Superconducting undulator• RF-microwave undulators.

Particip. N. C. Undulators S.C. UndulatorsBeam Dynamics

(Opt. & Match.)

Exotic Undulators

(MW, ...)

Magn. Measur.

Facilities

ENEA

KYMA R. Geometrante

CERN

USTR

STFC

KIT A. Bernhard

PSI T. Schmidt

ANSTO D. Zhu

Au-IAT Z. Negriz

ALBA

Task Leaders

Different undulator solutions subject to the following investigations:

a. Shortest possible wavelength for a given beam energy.

b. Highest possible FEL performance (shortest gain length, highest saturation power) for a given target wavelength.

c. Highest possible undulator performance (shortest longitudinal space per undulator module, shortest undulator gap

width) for a given focusing scheme.

WP5

Courtesy of F. Nguyen

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WP6: Beam dynamics and start-to-end modelling (A. Aksoy, UA IAT - Ankara)The main objective of WP6 is to provide key parameters and performance estimates of the Facility. Consistent tools for modelling the machine, as the basis for the integrated performance studies, will be developed.

• S2E simulations from the cathode to the undulator exit.• Tolerance studies will be also performed. • Beam-based alignment and tuning methods that can relax the tolerances.

WP6

Courtesy of A. Aksoy

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CompactLight is funded by the European Union’s Horizon2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 777431

The CompactLight Project (XLS)

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