The Cold War. The cold war The term “Cold War” was coined by newspaper columnist, Walter...

The Cold WarThe Cold War

The cold warThe cold war

The term “Cold War” was coined by The term “Cold War” was coined by newspaper columnist, Walter newspaper columnist, Walter Lippmann, to refer to a state of war Lippmann, to refer to a state of war that did not involve actual that did not involve actual bloodshed.bloodshed.

It came to be used to describe the It came to be used to describe the icy rivalry that existed between the icy rivalry that existed between the U.S. and Soviet UnionU.S. and Soviet Union

East – West suspicionsEast – West suspicions

once the common enemies of once the common enemies of Germany and Japan were defeated, Germany and Japan were defeated, the fragile alliance between the the fragile alliance between the democratic nations and the Soviet democratic nations and the Soviet Union fell apartUnion fell apart

Why?Why?

SatellitesSatellites

As fighting ended, As fighting ended, Soviet troops occupied Soviet troops occupied much of Eastern much of Eastern Europe and Europe and “encouraged” the “encouraged” the development of development of communist communist governments in these governments in these countriescountries satellite nationssatellite nations

Heightened American Heightened American fears of communismfears of communism

The Iron CurtainThe Iron Curtain

In a speech in In a speech in Fulton, Missouri in Fulton, Missouri in March of 1946, March of 1946, Winston Churchill Winston Churchill warned that an “iron warned that an “iron curtain” had fallen curtain” had fallen across Europeacross Europe

This phrase would This phrase would be used to describe be used to describe Soviet policy in Soviet policy in Europe from 1945 - Europe from 1945 - 19891989

What’s so What’s so goodgood about about COMMUNISM COMMUNISM ????

Promised to abolish poverty, Promised to abolish poverty, privilege, and private propertyprivilege, and private property

Guaranteed work, shelter, education, Guaranteed work, shelter, education, health care, and a classless societyhealth care, and a classless society

Western responseWestern response• ““get tough” policy get tough” policy

of meeting Soviet of meeting Soviet challenge with challenge with force if necessaryforce if necessary

• The The containmentcontainment policy was based policy was based on the belief that on the belief that foreign policy foreign policy goals of Soviet goals of Soviet leaders included leaders included conquering other conquering other nationsnations

Aid to EuropeAid to Europe

Truman Doctrine: military support for Truman Doctrine: military support for countries believed to be in danger of countries believed to be in danger of a communist takeovera communist takeover first applied to Greece and Turkeyfirst applied to Greece and Turkey

What was the Marshall Plan?What was the Marshall Plan?

American aid to Europe in the American aid to Europe in the form of money, supplies, and form of money, supplies, and machinerymachinery

How would this benefit the U.S.?How would this benefit the U.S.?

Germany Divided and Germany Divided and OccupiedOccupied

• At the end of the war, the Allies At the end of the war, the Allies had decided on a joint had decided on a joint occupation of occupation of Germany and its and its capital, capital, Berlin, with each of the , with each of the four powers controlling a zonefour powers controlling a zone

• In 1948, the Western powers In 1948, the Western powers formed an independent nation formed an independent nation merging their three zones of merging their three zones of Germany, forming West Germany, forming West GermanyGermany

The Soviet ResponseThe Soviet ResponseSoviets respond by closing off Soviets respond by closing off BerlinBerlinThey thought this move would force They thought this move would force

the the WestWest to back down from its to back down from its control of West Berlincontrol of West Berlin

This is the Berlin This is the Berlin BlockadeBlockade. All . All transportationtransportation in or out of Berlin was in or out of Berlin was shut down. shut down.

Berlin was under siegeBerlin was under siege

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift Instead of sending troops through Instead of sending troops through

the land corridor to Berlin, Truman the land corridor to Berlin, Truman ordered a massive airlift of ordered a massive airlift of supplies to its peoplesupplies to its people

West Berliners rely on US for West Berliners rely on US for foodfood and and medicinemedicine..

This picture shows a This picture shows a small girl in West small girl in West Berlin bringing home a Berlin bringing home a ration of bread to her ration of bread to her family. The bread was family. The bread was made from American made from American flour that had been flour that had been flown into West Berlin flown into West Berlin during the Berlin Airlift. during the Berlin Airlift. Ironically the bread Ironically the bread was wrapped in a was wrapped in a Soviet newspaper. The Soviet newspaper. The newspaper's headline newspaper's headline was demanding an end was demanding an end to the airlift. to the airlift.

Help!!Help!! Everything the Everything the

Berliners needed to Berliners needed to survive – from survive – from groceries to gasoline – groceries to gasoline – would come to them would come to them only by aironly by air until the end until the end of September 1949. of September 1949. The airlift lasted over The airlift lasted over 15 months 15 months and cost and cost more than $224 more than $224 million.million.

During those many During those many

months a months a U.S. or British U.S. or British plane landed every few plane landed every few minutes at Berlin's minutes at Berlin's central Tempelhof central Tempelhof airfield and another airfield and another airport that had been airport that had been built just for the airlift. built just for the airlift. Over two million tons of Over two million tons of goods were flown into goods were flown into Berlin. Berlin.

In May 1949, the In May 1949, the Soviets lifted the Soviets lifted the

blockadeblockade

Cold war alliancesCold war alliances

NATONATO (1949) (1949)• Military alliance between North Military alliance between North

America and Western Europe against America and Western Europe against the Sovietsthe Soviets

• Based on Based on collective securityWarsaw Pact (1955)• Soviets response to NATO• alliance between Soviet Union and its alliance between Soviet Union and its

satellitessatellites

NATO AND WARSAW PACT NATO AND WARSAW PACT COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES

COLD WAR COLD WAR in ASIAin ASIA

U.S. goalsU.S. goals

At the close of World War II, the aims At the close of World War II, the aims of the U.S. in Asia were to restore of the U.S. in Asia were to restore peace, help Asian peoples to resist peace, help Asian peoples to resist foreign rule, and restore Asian foreign rule, and restore Asian trade with the world.trade with the world.

The U.S. felt it had a special The U.S. felt it had a special commitment to the Philippines, commitment to the Philippines, Japan, and ChinaJapan, and China

Occupation of JapanOccupation of Japan

• The agreement regarding Japan The agreement regarding Japan (Potsdam Declaration) provided (Potsdam Declaration) provided that:that:

• Japanese militarists be punishedJapanese militarists be punished• Japan disarmedJapan disarmed• Japanese rule be restricted to Japanese rule be restricted to

their home islandstheir home islands• the Japanese be reeducated so the Japanese be reeducated so

that a democratic Japanese that a democratic Japanese nations could be formednations could be formed

OCCUPIED JAPANOCCUPIED JAPAN

These goals were overseen by These goals were overseen by General Douglas MacArthur General Douglas MacArthur

Japan gained back its independence Japan gained back its independence in 1951in 1951

Communism in ChinaCommunism in China

• Civil war between Nationalists and Civil war between Nationalists and Communists since 1930s but put Communists since 1930s but put on the back burner during World on the back burner during World War II to fight the JapaneseWar II to fight the Japanese

Civil War in China Civil War in China • After Japan surrendered, the After Japan surrendered, the

conflict flared up.conflict flared up.• As the Communists, led by Mao As the Communists, led by Mao

Zedong, gained strength, the Zedong, gained strength, the Nationalists appealed to the U.S.Nationalists appealed to the U.S.

• the U.S. focused on the U.S. focused on containmentcontainment in Western Europe insteadin Western Europe instead

• China fell to China fell to CommunistCommunist forces forces

Uneasy Peace: Uneasy Peace: The Korean The Korean WarWar

Buddies aid wounded man of 24th Infantry Buddies aid wounded man of 24th Infantry RegimentRegiment

The Beginning:The Beginning:

The Korean peninsula had been The Korean peninsula had been controlled by Japan since 1895, controlled by Japan since 1895, but with the defeat of Japan in but with the defeat of Japan in World War II, the United States World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union occupied the and the Soviet Union occupied the area until elections could be arranged area until elections could be arranged for the establishment of an for the establishment of an independent independent Korean nation…Korean nation…

However, the Soviets refused to However, the Soviets refused to conduct elections in the conduct elections in the northern half of the country, northern half of the country, which they occupied. which they occupied.

The elections went on, as The elections went on, as scheduled scheduled in the south, with the creation of in the south, with the creation of the Republic of South Korea in the Republic of South Korea in 1948.1948.

The Korean ConflictThe Korean Conflict

In June of 1950, North In June of 1950, North Korean troops invaded Korean troops invaded South KoreaSouth Korea

President Truman President Truman appointed General appointed General MacArthur to MacArthur to command all UN command all UN troops in Korea and troops in Korea and ordered U.S. military ordered U.S. military forces to Korea without forces to Korea without asking Congress to asking Congress to declare wardeclare war

Corporal John Corporal John Simms of Simms of Bradbury Heights, Bradbury Heights, Maryland, is Maryland, is shown bidding his shown bidding his wife, Ann, and wife, Ann, and their 8 month old their 8 month old son, John Jr., son, John Jr., goodbye as he goodbye as he leaves for Korea, leaves for Korea, 1950.1950.

Leatherneck machine gun crew dug in for the Leatherneck machine gun crew dug in for the night in Korea. night in Korea.

Men of the 4.2 mortar crew, 31st Heavy Mortar Men of the 4.2 mortar crew, 31st Heavy Mortar Company fire at enemy position, west of Chorwon, Company fire at enemy position, west of Chorwon,

Korea. Korea.

Private First Private First Class Roman Class Roman Prauty, a Prauty, a gunner with gunner with 31st 31st Regimental Regimental Combat Combat Team, with Team, with the the assistance of assistance of his gun crew, his gun crew, near near Oetlook-Oetlook-tong, Korea.tong, Korea.

Men of the 24th Infantry Regiment move up to the firing line Men of the 24th Infantry Regiment move up to the firing line in Korea.in Korea.

Catching up Catching up on his letters on his letters to the folks at to the folks at home during a home during a break in break in action is action is Private First Private First Class Dwight Class Dwight Exe, 5th Exe, 5th Cavalry Cavalry Regiment.Regiment.

He returns…..again…..He returns…..again…..

UN forces were pushed UN forces were pushed all the down the Korean all the down the Korean peninsula until peninsula until MacArthur staged a MacArthur staged a surprise landing at surprise landing at InchonInchon

MacArthur was given MacArthur was given authority to unite all of authority to unite all of Korea and he ordered Korea and he ordered troops to push Northtroops to push North

Chinese troops come to Chinese troops come to aid the North Koreansaid the North Koreans

Troops of the 31st Infantry Regiment land at Troops of the 31st Infantry Regiment land at Inchon Harbor. Inchon Harbor.

Invasion of Inchon, Korea. Invasion of Inchon, Korea.

Bob Hope, radio and screen star, sits with men of X Bob Hope, radio and screen star, sits with men of X Corps, as members of his troupe entertain at Corps, as members of his troupe entertain at

Wonsan, Korea.Wonsan, Korea.

Marilyn Monroe sings several songs for men of the Marilyn Monroe sings several songs for men of the First Marine Division. First Marine Division.

Truman would come head-to-Truman would come head-to-head with his Commanding head with his Commanding Officer, MacArthur, over the Officer, MacArthur, over the general’s outspoken criticism of general’s outspoken criticism of military decisions and insistence military decisions and insistence that victory be attained by direct that victory be attained by direct bombing bombing of Chinese cities.of Chinese cities.

MacArthur would be relieved MacArthur would be relieved of his command.of his command.

ArmisticeArmistice

years of fighting produced a years of fighting produced a stalemate in Koreastalemate in Korea

A A cease-firecease-fire was declared in 1953 was declared in 1953 that left the country as divided as that left the country as divided as before the warbefore the war

Over just three years, one million Over just three years, one million South Korean civilians were killed, South Korean civilians were killed, while millions more became homeless.while millions more became homeless.

Another half million U.N. troops died; Another half million U.N. troops died; casualties of Communist troops casualties of Communist troops topped 1.6 million more….topped 1.6 million more….

U.S. lost more than U.S. lost more than 54,00054,000 troops troops

After numerous attempts to arrive at After numerous attempts to arrive at a permanent peace treaty, a permanent peace treaty, negotiations broke down in 1954 negotiations broke down in 1954 without a plan. without a plan.

A A peace treaty peace treaty has never been signed has never been signed as of today.as of today.

And the division of a And the division of a CommunistCommunist North North Korea and a Korea and a democraticdemocratic South Korea South Korea remains a troubling status quo for remains a troubling status quo for Asian and world politics…Asian and world politics…

KOREAN WAR MEMORIALKOREAN WAR MEMORIAL

A grief stricken American infantryman whose A grief stricken American infantryman whose buddy has been killed in action is comforted by buddy has been killed in action is comforted by

another soldier. another soldier. In the background a corpsman fills out casualty In the background a corpsman fills out casualty

tags, Haktong-ni, Korea.tags, Haktong-ni, Korea.

Chaplain Chaplain Kenny Lynch Kenny Lynch conducts conducts services services north of north of Hwachon, Hwachon, Korea, for Korea, for men of 31st men of 31st Regiment.Regiment.

Marines of the First Marine Division pay their respects to Marines of the First Marine Division pay their respects to fallen buddies during memorial services at the division's fallen buddies during memorial services at the division's

cemetery at Hamhung, Korea.cemetery at Hamhung, Korea.

Seemingly endless file of Korean refugees slogs Seemingly endless file of Korean refugees slogs through snow outside of Kangnung.through snow outside of Kangnung.

An aged Korean woman pauses in her search for An aged Korean woman pauses in her search for salvageable materials among the ruins of Seoul, Korea.salvageable materials among the ruins of Seoul, Korea.

Homeless, Homeless, this brother this brother and sister and sister search empty search empty cans for cans for morsels of morsels of food, and try food, and try to keep warm to keep warm beside a small beside a small fire in the fire in the Seoul, Korea, Seoul, Korea, railroad railroad yards. yards.

With her brother on her back a war weary With her brother on her back a war weary Korean girl tiredly trudges by a stalled M-26 Korean girl tiredly trudges by a stalled M-26

tank.tank.

VIETNAMVIETNAM

Vietnam War 1963-1975

• North Vietnam – backed by USSR & CHINA• South

Vietnam – backed by US

Vietnam War 1963-1975• N. Vietnam was COMMUNIST and had a

dictatorship run by HO CHI MINH. • Many S. Vietnamese peasants joined the

VIETCONG, which were a group of communist GUERRILLAS (fighters who use hit-and-run tactics; they do not fight in large forces). They were supported by North Vietnam.

Vietnam War 1963-1975• President KENNEDY believed in the

DOMINO THEORY & began sending advisors to help the South against the Vietcong.


• In 1964, American ships were torpedoed, but not damaged. President JOHNSON asked for the GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION, which said that the U.S. would take all measures necessary to stop Soviet aggression in North Vietnam. He ordered air strikes of N. Vietnamese military bases.


• In 1965, President Johnson ordered OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER which was a series of air strikes meant to destroy N. Vietnamese war industries. Johnson also believed the attacks would destroy the HO CHI MINH TRAIL. The trail went from N. Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia to S. Vietnam. It was used by the N. Vietnamese to send supplies to the Vietcong in S. Vietnam. The bombing raids lasted until 1968.


• In 1967 the number of soldiers had ESCALATED or increased. WESTMORELAND was in charge of the US ground forces. He sent patrols on SEARCH and DESTROY missions. The US had superior military technology and it was believed the US would win easily. However the N. Vietnamese army and the Vietcong used guerilla tactics and had better knowledge of the local geography.

Vietnam War 1963-1975Gradually some TELEVISION journalists started reporting

that the US troops were not doing as well as the public was being told by military leaders. While most people supported the war at this time, groups of people nicknamed DOVES started to protest the war. Many protested the DRAFT or requirement of military service. Most soldiers who were drafted were from poor families or minority groups. Others, nicknamed HAWKS believed more money and troops needed to be sent to Vietnam.


January 1968, General WESTMORELAND stated that the war would soon be over. However on January 30th the N. Vietnamese launched a surprise attack on US forces throughout S. Vietnam called the TET OFFENSIVE. American and S. Vietnamese troops won most of the battles, but the American public began to really question how soon the war was going to end.

Vietnam War 1963-1975• Through more television reporting, public

support for the war declined. In March 1968, JOHNSON announced he would not run for reelection. NIXON won the candidacy. He and his national security advisor HENRY KISSENGER created a policy to bring about “peace with honor” called VIETNAMIZATION.


• Under this policy, they would gradually turn over control to the S. Vietnamese army. Nixon began to withdraw some ground troops, but also ordered air strikes on LAOS and CAMBODIA without telling Congress or the public.

Vietnam War 1963-1975• Americans were outraged, because it seemed

NIXON was expanding the war instead of looking for PEACE. Many college students protested the President’s actions. Protesting at KENT STATE turned deadly when 4 students were killed.


• Nixon won reelection in 1972 with the continued promise that he would end the war. In 1973, representatives from North and South Vietnam and the US signed a CEASE-FIRE at the PARIS PEACE ACCORDS. American troops left and it was agreed that the two Vietnams would remain separate. However in 1974, fighting broke out. In 1975 the North took over the South, and in 1976 the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was created.


Results: • Vietnam was one communist country.• 58,000 _ American soldiers were killed• 2,500 ___ are still missing in action• 1 MILLION North Vietnamese & Vietcong soldiers

were killed • 185,000 South Vietnamese soldiers were killed• 500,000___ Civilians died• 1 MILLION _ Vietnamese children became orphans


• In 1973 Congress passed the WAR POWERS ACT, which required the President to get approval from Congress before sending troops to an armed struggle.


• Many veterans suffered the effects of napalm & Agent Orange, which were used to burn forests & kill vegetation & trees in the Vietnamese jungles. Many veterans did not receive a warm welcome, but were insulted and harassed by some Americans.

Vietnam War 1963-19751.) Identify the main issue presented in this cartoon.

2.) State one reason to support each point of view expressed by the people in the cartoon. Stay in Vietnam:

Get out of Vietnam:

3.) Which right protected by the Constitution is shown in this cartoon?

Bay of PigsBay of Pigs

The United States felt they needed to invade Cuba to overthrow CUBA'S COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT.The CIA trained and armed CUBAN EXILES to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro.

The invasion was a disaster. 114 Cuban exiles were killed in the invasion and 1000 more were captured. It was UNSUCCESSFUL AND EMBARRASSING. The Cuban government freed the exiles in exchange for $53 million worth of BABY FOOD AND MEDICINE

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile CrisisUS SPY PLANES discovered the Soviet Union had placed missiles in CUBA.

Cuban leaders thought the US was planning to ATTACK CUBA AGAIN. In a TV address on October 22, 1962, President JOHN KENNEDY notified Americans about the presence of the missiles, explained his decision to enact a NAVAL BLOCKADE around Cuba and made it clear the U.S. was prepared to use MILITARY FORCE if necessary to neutralize this perceived threat to national security. Following this news, many people feared the world was on the brink of NUCLEAR WAR. However, disaster was avoided when the U.S. agreed to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev’s offer to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the U.S. promising not to INVADE CUBA. Kennedy also secretly agreed to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey..

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to stop the large numbers of EAST GERMANS from leaving communist rule and seeking freedom and a better living in the WEST.The wall SEPARATED families for 28 years. Anyone who attempted to escape could be KILLED.

This is a symbol of the cold war because the US supported democratic WEST and USSR supported communist EAST

Space RaceSpace Race

The launch of SPUTNIK was so historically significant because the USSR was winning the SPACE RACE .The US won the space race because we were the first to land on the MOON.

Arms RaceArms Race

STAR WARS was a large-scale defense system that would shield the nation from a massive nuclear attack by the SOVIET UNION. Cost the US millions of dollars. It was intimidating to the Soviets but was abandoned after American scientists realized the technology needed was too complex.

DÉTENTE DÉTENTE The signing of an arms reduction treaty began

a period of DÉTENTE or an easing of tensions between the U.S. & Soviet Union in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. The time of détente diminished between the countries when the USSR invaded AFGHANISTAN. The U.S. backed the rebels with weapons, placed an EMBARGO (restriction) on U.S. GRAIN sales to the Soviet Union and BOYCOTTED the 1980 Summer Olympics held in MOSCOW, RUSSIA.

In 1981 RONALD REGEAN becomes President

of the U.S. and views the Soviet Union as an “EVIL EMPIRE.” In 1985 MIKHAIL GORBACHEV becomes Premier of the USSR and begins political & economic changes known as PERESTROIKA. He also created a policy of political openness & freedom of expression called GLASNOST which had never existed in the Soviet Union before and led to the 1st FREE ELECTIONS held in the Soviet Union.

Berlin Wall comes down – end Berlin Wall comes down – end of the Cold Warof the Cold War

Mr. Gorbachev, tear down that wall. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down that wall. https://www.youtube.com/watch?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtYdjbpBk6Av=YtYdjbpBk6A

With these changes in the Soviet Union & satellite nations in 1989 the BERLIN WALL came down uniting EAST & WEST Berlin. Following the unity of this city in 1990, 45 years after the end of WWII and the SEPARATION of East & West GERMANY, the country became ONE again.

In 1991, when the Soviet leader MIKHAIL GORBACHEV resigned and elections for president took place it marked the official end of the SOVIET UNION (USSR) and the COLD WAR.

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