THE COLD WAR

Brandenburg Gate

QuadrigaVictoria

East Berlin

West Berlin

Cold War

• After WWII France, Brittan, the Dutch, China and most other European nations suffered economically.

• Only the USA left the war with an economic boom and a dominating military power.

• This caused conflict between America and many other nations. (3rd world nations)

USA and U.N. to the Rescue

• Immediately after the war the UN supplied relief to the war torn parts of Asia and Europe.– Trying to mend some relations

• The USA sent billions of $ to the UN to help finance the rebuilding of Europe and Asia. – Britain itself borrowed almost $4 Billion from the

USA to pay for food.

USA Running Japan• As part of the Japan Surrender Treaty signed on the USS

Missouri, Japan came under allied control. Dwight Eisenhower as supreme controller of the allied

occupational powers controlled Japan during the occupation for approximately 8 months!

Japanese Sign Final Surrender Soviets, Poland, and Czechoslovakia opposed this plan and

refused to sign the treaty April 28th 1952 US officially ended the war with Japan and ALSO

ended the US Occupation of Japan Japan then signed treaties with most of the allied countries

allowing them (the allied countries) to keep troops in Japan.

BacktrackSetting the Stage

for Cold War

Berlin Split

• USA, France, Britain, and Russia all shared occupation duties in Germany

• London Protocol 1944– Berlin was split into 3 sectors. (4 later)– USA, Britain, and Russia all occupying a party of

Germany• France came in later

– USA, France, and Britain’s section of Berlin was in Soviet controlled area of Germany

Potsdam Conference 1945

• Allied powers authorized an “orderly and humane” transfer of ethnic Germans from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary to mainland Germany. (But this was put on hold)– Caused torture of the Germans

(men/women/children)– Germans forced to wear arm bands and died

while being forced to work in labor camps– Over 2 million Germans died during this slow

“transportation” period

Potsdam Conference 1945

Potsdam Conference 1945

• Big goal was Denazification – Eliminating all traces of the Nazi’s in Germany– Eradicating Nazi influences in society, culture,

press, economy, judiciary and visual aspects.– Removed all Swastikas – Harsh treatment was given to

supposed German Nazi’s (induced famine)• Hard to police. • YouTube - Nuremberg: Denazification and Nazi

Trials

Morgenthau Plan

• Created by Henry Morgenthau Jr. (U.S. Secretary of Treasury)

• A plan to ensure that Germany wouldn’t be able to wage war.

• Destroyed it’s industrial capabilities• Set up the framework for putting War

Criminals on Trial.• Precursor for the Nuremburg War Trials

Nuremburg Trials

• Held in Nuremburg in 1945-1946• 22 former Nazi officials were put on trial for

War Crimes.– 19 Convicted – 12 sentenced to be hanged (only 10 hung)

• Long Drop vs. Standard Drop• No firing squad for military officials

– YouTube - 21 Nazi Chiefs Guilty, Nuremberg Trials 1946/10/8

USA Refurbishes Japan• Under the treaty with Japan.• USA required Japan to destroy all military

weapons.– Japan would be protected by the USA’s military

force. (Specifically our nuclear capabilities)

• USA completely set up and modernized Japanese industry, management, and quality control.

• In less than 30 years Japan became a viable international economy.

1945 Bombing of Japan

Aftermath of the Atomic Bomb

AftermathIn Japanfrom theAtomicBomb

Japan 2009

Japan 2009

Japan 2009

Japan 2009

Japan 2009

Detroit 2009

Groundwork for Cold WarYALTA 1945

• Joseph Stalin—Soviet Union• Franklin D. Roosevelt—USA

• Winston Churchill—Great Britain• Discussed plans for final strike in Europe.• How they would handle Germany (post war)

– Divide into 4 zones, Joint occupation of Berlin

• United Nations Official Existence- Oct. 24th 1945

Yalta…Hot PointsPoland:

– Soviets wanted the government in Lublin (Communist Government) to be the governing body of Poland. (Soviets had very strong geographical/economic interests in Poland.

– Britain wanted the London Government to rule Poland.

– USA compromised:• Lublin would be the government of Poland. • Stalin would agree to “free & unrestrained” elections• Stalin agreed to hold the elections at “some time”.• Lublin would also have “other” political leaders as well.

War in Asia Agreement

• Yalta Concessions• What Soviets Got• What The USA Got

– Do this on your own

• USA really wanted Soviet help in the war with Japan.

• USA agreed to many political concessions to Soviets to accomplish this. (Soviets gained a lot of political power)

Soviets Union expands it’s grasp

• Soviets started to set up communist regimes in Eastern Europe

• Roosevelt and Truman saw this as a violation of the Yalta agreements.

• Truman specifically told the Soviet union they were in violation of the Yalta agreement…Soviets didn’t care.

• Stalin set up puppet communist governments in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.

Uncle SamChurchill

Stalin

USA’s Response

• USA concerned with Soviet influence expansion.• USA viewed Eastern Europe as a viable trading

partner….Now in serious jeopardy because of Soviet control.

• Soviets asked for $6 billion from USA.– USA said only on the condition that the soviets work

cooperatively with us on trade. (Soviets said NYET)– Soviets then asked for only $1 billion. But USA said

on the condition USA could trade in Eastern Europe. (NYET AGAIN)

Tensions Grow

• Soviets resented lack of USA help and our failure to accept their dominance in E. Europe.

• USA distrusted the Soviets Union• USA imposed economic sanctions on Soviet

Union… But it didn’t deter them.• USA figured it wasn’t worth a war with Soviet

Union over E. Europe.• USA looked the other way and reluctantly

accepted Soviet Union expansion in E. Europe.

USE of the A-Bomb Rational??

• Critics of Truman say he used the A-Bomb:– “Atomic Diplomacy”– On an already defeated Japan to stop Soviets from

going too far into China – So Soviets wouldn’t’ have involvement in postwar

occupation of Japan.

USE of the A-Bomb Rational??

• Truman rational for use of the A-Bomb: “Theories”– Because it would bring a quick end to the war. #1– Save countless American lives #1– Afraid of criticism from American Public of spending

$2billion on a weapon and not using it– Use of bomb would make Soviets more cooperative.

• It didn’t.

– Hoped it would end the war with Japan before Soviets got involved thus keeping soviets out of post war spoils.

USA fears Iron Curtain

• USA was hoping to have a free trade with a prosperous E. Europe.

• Soviets were determined to acquire and set up puppet governments in surrounding countries.

• Winston Churchill said “we need to roll back the iron curtain of the Soviet Union”– Soviet Union took this as a declaration of war.

USA tries to bring unity

• USA offers Soviet Union chance to join:– World Bank– International Monetary Fund

• Both were denied by the Soviet Gov.– Soviets didn’t want to join because they felt both of

those organizations were dominated by the USA and went against the Soviets plan for postwar.

RISE OF THE COLD WAR

“THE ARMS RACE”

VS

Nuclear Power

• Truman mentioned to Stalin in early 1945 they had a new weapon that would be awesome.

• Stalin didn’t seem to care.– Stalin on the spot told his advisors to funnel

money to their own nuclear arms research.

• Stalin hired spies in the USA and other areas to find out as much info on the Manhattan Project.

The RosenbergsJulius and Ethel Rosenberg

• Civilians who were convicted of passing along information to the Soviets about the Atomic Bomb.– First civilians EVER executed for Espionage

• Executed June 19th 1953 under the Espionage Act.

• This information helped the Soviets gain Nuclear Weapons approximately 5 years earlier than expected.

USA Worries of Nuclear Weapons

• The world was worried about a potential arms race. (what else could they come up with)

• USA tried to go through the UN to gain control of international nuclear weapons.– Bernard Baruch: Lead the plan for the USA

USA/UN’s Nuclear Plan

• Nuclear Weapons would be curtailed in stages but the USA would keep their weapons.

• The Soviets would have to allow UN inspections of their Nuclear Sites to ensure compliance. – Soviets said NYET!– Soviets said how about USA destroys their

weapons as a sign of faith.– USA said…”have you lost your mind? No!”

Disarmament Stalemate:

• USA & Soviets both said their plan unconditionally or nothing.

• Atomic Energy Act of 1946:– Agency (nongovernmental) to control all atomic

energy research.– Kept tight restrictions– Only applied to the USA – (feeble attempt of show of faith)

Disarmament Stalemate

• The mutual rise of Nuclear Weapons and the arms race most likely helped the world AVOID WWIII. – Be able to explain how and why.Be able to explain how and why.

• Truman Doctrine

Lead up to the Marshall Plan:

• The split of East and West Europe hurt American Economy.– Eastern Europe was being run (semi-successfully)

by the Soviets and communism. – Western Europe was following democracy.

• Western Europe didn’t bounce back from the war like the USA did with a strong economy.

• Western Europe was in bad economic shape.

Lead up to the Marshall Plan:• France, Italy, and even West Germany were

hurting economically and the USA feared they may turn to Communism.– They all had strong communist parties within their

country.

• These countries had a growing “Dollar Gap”• Dollar Gap:Dollar Gap:

– The difference, measured in U.S. dollars, between the earnings of a foreign country through sales and investments in the U.S. and the payments made by that country to the U.S.

Lead up to the Marshall Plan:• The “dollar gap” was exciding $8 billion

dollars. • USA didn’t want any Western European

countries falling to Communism. • Truman asked General George Marshall to

draft a plan for European Recovery. (European Recovery Program)

• The plan was designed to help fight hunger, poverty, desperation, chaos, and to help the USA on a world economic level.

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

• European Nations would work TOGETHER to recover.

• USA would help them formulate a recovery plan for all European Countries…..TOGETHER.

• All European Nations were invited to participate.– Including Soviet Union and E. European Countries

controlled by the Soviets.

• Truman urged congress to appropriate $27 Billion for this plan. (only 5 Million was given)

The Marshall Plan:

• Soviets did attend but walked out of the meeting citing it was just another attempt for the USA to control Europe.– Stalin’s response was to stage a coup in Czechoslovakia– This was a show of the Soviets flexing their communist

muscles as a show of opposition.

• This lead to the European Economic Cooperation European Economic Cooperation (1948)(1948)– Agreement of over 30 countries to a representative

democracy and free-market economy.

European Economic Cooperation European Economic Cooperation (Goals)(Goals)

1. To achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy;

2. To contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as nonmember countries in the process of economic development; and

3. To contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with

international obligations.

The Marshall Plan:It worked!

• European economy rose over 200%.• It worked because it “taught them to fish”• It established a viable economic region for the

USA to do business with.• This plan also helped maintain the U.S. policy

of Containment of communism…no western European country fell to communism for economic reasons.

• YouTube - Cold War: Marshall Plan - part 1/5

Berlin Blockade & AirliftBerlin Blockade & Airlift

Berlin Airlift & BlockadeBerlin Airlift & Blockade

• With the success of the Marshall Plan the Soviets decided to try to squeeze the Americans out of Berlin to gain full control over Germany (a vital central Europe foothold)

• Berlin, as per the London Protocol was divided into 4 sectors. – (By this time USA, France, Britain joined theirs

together)

Berlin Airlift & BlockadeBerlin Airlift & Blockade

• Soviets closed all access roads into W. Berlin which was deep inside Soviet territory in East Germany.

• Soviets also cut power lines into West Berlin.– They hoped it would cripple W. Berlin and force

the Americans to allow the Soviets to supply them with their necessities thus giving the Soviets control.

Berlin Airlift & BlockadeBerlin Airlift & BlockadeAmerican ResponseAmerican Response

• American Response was 2 fold.– 1st. Fly over 50 Bombers with Nuclear Warheads to

land/base in Britain to get them closer to the Soviets.– 2. Start a multinational Airlift of fuel and food into

W. Berlin.

• Flights came into W. Berlin every 90 seconds!– Approx 450-600 flights per day!

• The airlift lasted 324 days.• June 1948 to May 1949

Berlin Airlift & BlockadeBerlin Airlift & BlockadeAmerican ResponseAmerican Response

• Soviets didn’t want to intervene because they didn’t want WWIII

• Soviets never expected the Airlift to work.

• YouTube - Berlin Airlift• Huge moral victory for

the USA and humiliating for the Soviets.

NATONATO

• Americans knew that the Soviet actions would require a stronger resolve than just themselves.

• They knew military action would also most likely be necessary and having just gotten out of a war they wanted back up.

• 1949 NATO comes to life.– North Atlantic Treaty Organization. – Comprised of 10 European countries + USA and

Canada.

NATONATO

• One key element of NATO is the language;– An armed attack against one or more members shall

be considered an attack against them all.– Meaning if you attack 1 country all countries in part

of NATO are fighting back.– This alliance ensured to the Soviets that aggression

from them in anyway would bring about WWIII– NATO was America's 1st Joint Military Agreement.

WARSAW PACT

• Soviets responded with the WARSAW PACT• Similar alliance with Eastern European

Countries.

More Nuclear Arms• 1949 Soviets successfully build their Atomic

Bomb.• Truman authorizes the continued

research/development of the Hydrogen bomb.

More Nuclear ArmsMore Nuclear Arms• 1949 Soviets successfully build their Atomic

Bomb.• Truman authorizes the continued

research/development of the Hydrogen bomb.• A Bomb 1000x more destructive than the ones

dropped on Japan. (Tested in 1952)• Soviets tested their own H-Bomb in 1953.• (The fact that both had the bomb just upped the

ante and kept us safe from WWIII)

Containment Put to the Test

• In 1949, China was going through a major political change via a Civil War.– Mao Zedong Mao Zedong emerged and established the People’s

Republic of China (communist government)

– Jiang Jieshi’s Jiang Jieshi’s Nationalist Government was losing control. (USA supported his party)

Mao Zedong

Jiang Jieshi

Containment Put to the Test• USA tried to negotiate a peace/power sharing

system between both parties. – Both declined because they each thought they

could win in a military battle against each other.

• Jieshi led an offensive but spread himself too thin and eventually his party/military fled to Taiwan.

• Mao Zedong set up a communist government in China and this was a defeat of the Truman Doctrine principle for the USA.

Containment Put to the Test

• With Zedong’s victory the US official policy became “nonrecognition” “nonrecognition” we didn’t recognize the People’s Republic of China as the official government.

• We issued a trade boycott with China that lasted more than 20 years until Nixon’s 1972 visit to China.

Containment Put to the TestPart II

Vietnam• 1950 France had been trying to reestablish a

colonialism in Vietnam – Colonialism:

• The control or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people

• USA took a neutral stance because we didn’t want to get into colonialism issues but we were against communism so we secretly helped France.

Containment Put to the TestPart II (Vietnam)

• French set up a puppet government in Saigon to “rationalize” the USA involvement – In essence to allow our involvement under the

Truman Doctrine.

• Soviets and China officially recognized Ho Chi Minh’s Communist Government.

• USA then recognizes the “Mock Government in Saigon”

Containment Put to the TestPart II (Vietnam)

• We begin funneling $ and military aid to S. Vietnam.

• Truman then sends in a small amount of troops.

• Troops are in Vietnam in various degrees for the next 25 years!!!

• NSC 68 (On your own)– What it was

– When it happened– What it proposed

– How much– Any specific uses

New Asia PlanNew Asia Plan• After the “loss” of China,

Truman & America change their foreign policy in Asia.– USA reorganized their

areas of “protection”– It excluded Taiwan, Korea

and most of Southeast Asia. (Meaning they had to fend for themselves)

• North Korea– Kim iL Sung (leader)– Communist– Backed by the Soviets

• South Korea– Syngman Rhee (leader)– Republic government– Outside the protection area

of the USA

• 1950 N. Korea invades S. Korea

Korean ConflictKorean Conflict

Korean Police Action• Soviets backed N. Korea’s invasion (figured an

easy win without the USA)• USA decided to help S. Korea because we couldn’t

risk another “loss” like China.– Feared communism getting larger and becoming a

global threat. (DETAILS NEEDED)

• Truman didn’t get congress permission to declare war so it was termed a “POLICE ACTION”“POLICE ACTION”– Officially it was run through the United Nations– USA provided over 90% of the operations

Korean Police Action• The separation point

was the 3838thth Parallel Parallel• War didn’t go well at

first but the USA led an attack at Inchon and Pusan

• Within 3 months MacArthur and the USA had pushed the Communist insurgents back across the 38th Parallel.

Korean Police Action• Truman then decides to go

across the 38th parallel• Diverging from containment

to “reoccupation/rollback”• MacArthur went in and was

successful. He continued on.• North Korea was on the

verge of defeat.

General Douglas MacArthur

Korean Police ActionNorth Korea/China/SovietsNorth Korea/China/Soviets

• 1. China issued warnings to 1. China issued warnings to stop pushing north.stop pushing north.

• 4. China sent over 300,000 4. China sent over 300,000 troops in and split the 2 troops in and split the 2 offensives in half.offensives in half.– Within 2 weeks MacArthur’s

troops were driven back down past the 38th parallel.

USAUSA• 2. MacArthur ignored them2. MacArthur ignored them

– Assured Truman he would win the war and have our boys home by Christmas.

• 3. MacArthur launches 2 3. MacArthur launches 2 major offensives (thinking it major offensives (thinking it would end the war)would end the war)

• 5. MacArthur wanted to 5. MacArthur wanted to launch an attack against launch an attack against China (go all out)China (go all out)– Truman felt attacking China Truman felt attacking China

meant attacking the Sovietsmeant attacking the Soviets– MacArthur felt China acted MacArthur felt China acted

alonealone

Korean Police Action

• 6. Truman decided not to go into China. He 6. Truman decided not to go into China. He would return to building up our weapons. would return to building up our weapons. (NSC 68 continued)(NSC 68 continued)

• YouTube - BACK TO SCHOOL - Sam Kinison YouTube - BACK TO SCHOOL - Sam Kinison teaches classteaches class

• Pg. 49-51 (out loud)Pg. 49-51 (out loud)• Fighting continued in Korea to contain Fighting continued in Korea to contain

communism.communism.

• I __________________ do authorize and accept the conditions of the video of which I’m given the chance to view. Mr. Malecki has informed me of its content and has given me a chance to remove myself from the room if I objected to it’s content/language without any penalty to myself in terms of grading or class participation. I acknowledge the material in the clip is for humor purposes and does not express any views of Mr. Malecki or the Bentworth School district. I give my consent to view the clip knowing it’s of my own free will and will not hold Mr. Malecki or The Bentworth School District responsible in any way shape or form.

Korean Police Action

• MacArthur has Senator Joe Martin read a letter to Congress chastising the president for his lack of guts to go into N. Korea and China.

• April 11th 1951 President Truman relieves General MacArthur of his command in Korea.– Most people supported MacArthurMost people supported MacArthur– People called for Truman to be impeachedPeople called for Truman to be impeached– It was another black eye for our country because It was another black eye for our country because

the Korean War was unpopular in the first placethe Korean War was unpopular in the first place– The Last of Douglas MacarthurThe Last of Douglas Macarthur

MacArthur Comes Home• MacArthur returns to tickertape parades. • People tout his command (he is widely

supported)• 3 days later April 16th 1951 MacArthur

addresses congress and retires from the military.

• Congress investigates his dismissal and it became clear the Truman fired an insubordinate general who was not following the chain of command.

Struggle for Truce in Korea

• Peace talks kept getting bogged down to end the war because:– China wanted captured N. Koreans and Chinese

returned to them.– These prisoners didn’t want to return to the

communist government.– USA wouldn’t force someone back to a country

they didn’t want to go.• This helped justify the war to the USA (containment

and how communism was not popular)

Korean War Ends

• President Eisenhower threatened a major expansion of the war if a truce couldn’t be achieved.

• July 27th 1953 China/N. Korea agree to a peace.– N. Korea & Chinese solders were able to remain in

S. Korea.– The 38th parallel became the dividing line again.– USA kept troops in S. Korea “just in case” which

made S. Korea’s government happy.

Impact of the Korean War on the Impact of the Korean War on the Cold WarCold War

• Took Containment to a global perspective.• Changed the Cold War struggle by adding the

military aspect. – USA realized it had to be a military force during

peace time. (just in case)– Most Americans were onboard with

Truman’s/Eisenhower’s approach to the Soviets (being harsh)

– Soviets were portrayed by the American media as aggressors.

Impact of the Korean War on the Impact of the Korean War on the Cold WarCold War

• Soviet leaders came to be viewed as the New Hitler's and the New Nazi’s

• By the early 1950’s because of world events, most Americans agreed that containing communism was the best interest of the USA as a whole and the world.

• Containing communism became the biggest foreign policy perspective for the next 40 years.