The Cold War An overview - Fulk's World...
Transcript of The Cold War An overview - Fulk's World...
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The Cold War An overview 1945-1960
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I’m takin’ you down,
Freedom!! You and all
your “Western Friends!”
Neeeiiigggghhhh!!
We’re going to
“stamp” you out,
you and all your
“Commie cronies!”
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What is the Cold War?
• A state of political tension and military
rivalry between nations that stops short of
full-scale war .
– However, 50 million people died in “proxy”
wars across the globe
• How is a Cold War different from other
wars we have studied this trimester?
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Why was there a Cold War?
• Which two countries were involved in the
Cold War and why? What was the ultimate
goal of the Cold War?
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Prior to the end of WWII…
• The Big 3 (remember who they are?) met at
the Yalta and Potsdam conferences.
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What did they want…
• From the Yalta Conference?
– The USSR wanted pro-Soviet governments
established along the border of the Soviet
Union
– The U.S. loved the idea of self-determination;
in other words he wanted the countries of
Europe to be able to chose which democratic
government they wanted based on free
elections.
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What actually came out of
the…
• Yalta Conference
– Both the USSR and the U.S. agreed that the USSR would aid the U.S. in a war against Japan (This agreement occurred prior to the decision to drop the atomic bomb)
– Both countries also agreed upon the creation of the United Nations
– The idea to split Germany into four zones which would be governed by the military forces of the U.S., Great Britain, France and the USSR also came about at the Yalta Conference
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The Potsdam Conference
• The Big 3 had changed, Roosevelt had died and Harry Truman had replaced him.
• The conference started under a cloud of mistrust.
• Truman went in demanding free elections and Stalin came out demanding the presence of pro-Communist governments in Europe which would not be formed by allowing free elections.
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The War is over!
• Shortly after the Potsdam conference
Mussolini is killed and Hitler kills himself.
Germany surrenders.
• Although the war in the European Theatre is
now over the mistrust between the USSR
and the U.S. is just beginning to grow…
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After World War II
• It was time for a new world order
• The fight would be between the United
States and the Soviet Union
• Democracy vs. Communism
– Popular sovereignty vs. united workers
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The Iron Curtain Has Fallen Churchill gives the speech in 1946
Find more on page 836
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Disagreement The United States believed
• other democracies would be more apt to trade with us
• communism should be contained
• we should financially support countries that need it so they don’t turn communist (Truman Doctrine, ‘47)
• we should help all countries that need it (Marshall plan, ‘48)
• That we should stop any aggressive nation
The USSR believed
• They deserved land in Eastern Europe due to the destruction of WWII, and to balance US influence in Western Europe
• Felt the US was being deceptive, as they had kept the A-bomb a secret
• Keep Germany weak
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The Arms and Space Race… • In 1949 the USSR set off its
first atomic bomb.
• By the early 1950’s both the
USSR and the U.S. had
intercontinental ballistic
missiles, now both countries
were capable of sending
bombs anywhere.
• The U.S. and the USSR
continued to build up their
arsenals of weapons
including atomic bombs.
They both thought that their
large arsenals would prevent
war from occurring.
• Space Race…thanks to them we got a man on the moon!
• The Space Race began when the USSR launched its first human made space satellite, Sputnik I into space.
• Americans feared Sputnik I and the idea behind it. They thought that the USSR had a massive lead in building missiles. They feared a “missile gap” had developed between the USSR and the U.S.
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Space Race Arms Race
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I guess we made
it after all…
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Space Race vid clip (7 mins)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZkUSceAt
CIE
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Out of the Cold War…
• Came the “Iron Curtain” speech, The
Truman Doctrine, The National Security
Act of 1947, The Marshall Plan, The
Containment Policy, and the changing role
of women in Communist Countries.
• Take a few minutes with a partner to finish
the first page of your Cold War Timeline.
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New Organizations (alliances)
were formed…
• NATO stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
• NATO was formed in 1949 when Belgium, Luxembourg, France, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal and Iceland signed a treaty with the U.S. and Canada.
• All powers agreed to provide mutual help if any one of them was attacked.
• Later West Germany, Turkey and Greece also joined.
• How do you think the USSR felt about NATO?
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Communism spreads-1949
• Remember the last thing we talked about in China? The Communists had taken control.
• After WWII civil war broke out in China again, Communists had again taken control of Northern China under the leadership of Mao Zedong.
• The United States supported the Chiang Kai-shek (anti-communist) government in Southern and Central China.
• By 1949 Mao Zedong and his armies had defeated the Nationalists and Chiang and his people fled to Taiwan.
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1949 was the same
year the USSR tested
its first atomic
weapon…the West
grew more fearful.
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Korean War
• USSR: Fought to help the North Koreans spread communism to the South
• US: Fought to keep communism out of the South
• 1st war involving the UN
– Truman was against the war spreading to China, fired McArthur for his aggressive plans!
– In the end, no land was gained on either side (38th parallel)
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Show Korean War clip (U/S 8 min.)
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The Warsaw Pact
• In 1955 the Soviet Union joined with
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East
Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania in
a formal military alliance called the Warsaw
Pact.
• After the Warsaw Pact was created Europe
was once again divided into hostile alliance
systems. MAIN ANYONE???
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Can you
see the
“iron
curtain”?
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Stalin dies..and
wants to be
remembered…
Enter Nikita
Khrushchev
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Nikita Khrushchev
• Khrushchev took power of the USSR in 1955.
• De-Stalinization (no more totalitarianism or genocide)
• When Khrushchev took over one of the biggest problems within the USSR was the issue of East Germans escaping into West Germany through West Berlin.
• Khrushchev made a decision…build a wall (not not for a few more years)
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When Germany
was divided
Berlin was also
divided
amongst the
four big nations
(France, Great
Britain,
America, and
the USSR).
West Berlin was
given aid by the
Western
countries while
East Berlin was
poverty-
stricken
West
Berlin
East
Berlin
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Sputnik I • Sputnik I was the
first human satellite
put into orbit.
• Def of a satellite: a
body that revolves
around a planet; a moon.
• On October 4, 1957, the
Soviet Union launched a
basketball-sized satellite
called (Sputnik 1), and a
second Soviet satellite
(Sputnik II) carrying a
living dog (named Laika)
soon followed.
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China’s Great Leap Forward
• When Communists took control of China Mao
Zedong took land from wealthy land holders and
gave a lot of it back to poor peasants. Most
private farmland was collectivized (remember
what that means?) and most industry and
commerce was nationalized-he wanted to
modernize quickly!!.
• When food production did not increase people did
not move into working in industry.
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Chairman Mao
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• Mao Zedong decided to start a new program- The
Great Leap Forward in 1958. Under this program
he took existing collectivized farms normally the
size of a village and were combined into vast
communes.
• Each commune contained more than 30,000
people who lived and worked together.
• Mao hoped that the Great Leap Forward would
enable China to become a classless society.
• The government slogan promised the following:
“Hard work for a few years, happiness for a
thousand.
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The actual outcome of the GLF
• The Great Leap Forward was actually a
disaster. Bad weather and peasants’ hatred
of the new system drove food production
down.
• As a result almost 15 million starved to
death.
• The government eventually started to break
the communes down to return them to
collectivized farms and some private plots.
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At-a-glance: History of the Chinese economy
Great Leap Forward
• Mao orders a return to the countryside and the creation of small rural factories in a push to drive through industrialization more quickly. Between l958-61, rural communes were encouraged to produce industrial products like steel and iron to the neglect of agricultural production. The result was widespread famine, with per capita grain consumption falling by 22% and millions of deaths.
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See video: GLF
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efBQKH
OfW60&feature=PlayList&p=5C5AF41713
834C6A&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL
&index=18
• (4 minutes)
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The Berlin Wall • The Berlin Wall was built by Nikita
Khrushchev, his goal in building the wall was to keep people from escaping East Germany.
• The wall was started in 1961separating East and West Berlin. The wall eventually was guarded by barbed wire, floodlights, machine-gun towers, minefields, and vicious dog patrols.
• Answer #3 map Q on the back-Why did East Berliners try to escape to the West? Who controlled the West?
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The Cuban Missile Crisis
• We will now watch a clip about the Cuban
Missile Crisis.
• Fill in the Soviet and the U.S. side of your
timeline as you watch.
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It’s Venn diagram time…Oh
YEAH!
• You will be paired with 2 other people. In your group you will need to do 2 things.
• 1- Complete the Venn diagram on the back of your Korean/Vietnam War assignment
• 2- Complete the boxes for the Vietnam War (Soviet and U.S. boxes including the Domino Theory.)
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Civil Rights Movements in the
U.S. • The Civil Rights movement started early
with the comings of WWII when African
Americans moved North to help work in
industry.
• When JFK was assassinated and Lyndon
Johnson took over- one of his passions was
the civil rights movement or equal rights for
African Americans.
• MLK Jr. called for racial equality-passive
disobedience (Gandhi)
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Civil Rights continued…
• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 enabled the
United States to end segregation and
discrimination in the workplace and all
public places.
• The Voting Rights Act followed the
following year and made it easier for
African Americans to vote in southern
states.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=iEMXaTktUfA
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Time to finish it up…
• You have the next few minutes to finish up
1950s-1960s: Revolts against Communism
in Eastern Europe, and the Great Proletarian
Cultural Revolution (China).
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1950s-1960s: Revolts against
Communism in Eastern Europe
• Communism did not stick in E. Europe
• They felt exploited (used) by the USSR, and
began to fight back after Stalin’s death
• Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary
began to fight for reform and independence!
• USSR resisted this new movement…
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An example…
• In Hungary, Imre Nagy brought some new
freedoms to the people
• Tried to leave the USSR
• Soviet armies marched into Budapest (the
capital)…Nagy later executed
• The lesson? Do not defy the USSR!
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1966 The Great Proletarian
Cultural Revolution in China • When the GLF failed, Mao still wanted a classless
society
• Needed a “permanent revolution”
• CR was meant to create a new working class culture (proletarian)
• Mao’s thoughts, “Little Red Book”
• Red Guards-destroyed all things religious and foreign (remember Chinese nationalism???)
• Red traffic lights now- “GO!” instead of green
• People began to resist the movement…it ended in 1976
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Predictions:
• What do you predict the Cold War will be
like in the 1970s and 1980s?
• Is it slowing down or speeding up?
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Map time!
• Finish the back page of your Cold War
timeline now.
This is you
guys, at the
thought of
finishing your
maps!