The Cold War (1945-1960)
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Transcript of The Cold War (1945-1960)
The Cold War
(1945-1960)
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw0786.gif]
With the impending defeat of Germany, the Allies needed to plan for the post-war period.
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw0903.gif]
The Yalta Conference (February 1945) was an effort on the part of the Allies to
determine the future of Germany.
The Big Three Allies agreed to the creation of
the United Nations at Yalta. Delegates from
50 nations met in San Francisco to adopt a charter.[Image source:
http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/department/history/site/images/UN3.jpg]
In April 1945, following the death of FDR, Vice president
Harry S. Truman assumed became president of the United States.
[Image source: http://www.srmason-sj.org/web/temple-files/hall-of-honor/TRUMAN.JPG]
Even with the creation of the United Nations in 1945, there was a lot of
tension between the winners of WWII.
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[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw0983.gif]
Josef Stalin wanted
Germanyto pay
reparations for causing the Second
World War.
The United Nations held its first meeting in San Francisco during January 1946.
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw1031.gif]
The Five permanent members onthe Security Council were the United States, the Soviet Union, Nationalist China, Great Britain, and France.
[Image source: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/united-nations-security-council-3.jpg]
President Truman
wanted the people of Poland to
have elections and choose
their form of government.
Uncle Joe said
“Nyet!”
[Image source: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s/PRINT/Life/life_joshmary/life_web/stalin.jpg]
After losing more than 20
million people, Russia was
determined to build satellite
nations on their borders
that were friendly to
Communism.
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw0468.jpg]
Josef Stalin refused to cooperate with new
agencies like the World
Bank and . . .[Image source: http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/o/maro99/bank.gif]
. . . the International
Monetary Fund.
[Image source: http://www.newint.org/issue312/Images/imf.GIF]
These goals were at odds with each
other. The Soviet Union helped create
communist governments in:
Yugoslavia, Poland, Romania,
Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary,
and Czechoslovakia.
The result of these differences was a divided Europe.
[Image source: America – Pathways to the Present, page 743.]
[Image source: http://www.dhm.de/lemo/objekte/pict/Nachkriegsj
ahre_karteBesatzungszonen/index.jpg]
In February of 1946 Stalin predicted that communism would triumph over capitalism.
[Image source: http://members.surfeu.at/horvath/stalin.htm]
Stalin established the Cominform, a
Soviet agency intended to direct and co-ordinate the activities of
Communist parties around
the world.[Image source: http://rocinante.colorado.edu/~mnowak/TICK/rscare.jpg]
[Image source: http://oldwww.nvg.ntnu.no/songs/arve_hjalmars/jwayne.gif]
Them sound like fightin’
words to me!
Winston Churchill declared ina that an “Iron Curtain” had
descended across Europe.
[Image source: http://www.johndclare.net/images/Iron_Curtain.jpg]
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech was given at Westminster College in Fulton, MO, in March of 1946.
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw1094.gif]
[Image source: http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/bkhan/Global%20History%2012/Activities/iron%20curtain.JPG]
These speeches set the tone for the Cold War: A period of ideological conflict and proxy wars.
[Image source: http://www.reconnections.net/shadowboxing.jpg]
Fears of civil war in India
(February 1946)
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A bomb explodes
at the King David
Hotel in Jerusalem
(July 1946)
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw1115.gif]
Britain prevents Jewish refugees from arriving in Palestine(July 1946)
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw1127.gif]
Nehru elected Prime
Minister of India
(September 1946)
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Discussions held on India's constitution(November 1946)
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Israel proclaims its independence(May 1948)
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In a secret telegram to the State Dept in 1946, Ambassador George Kennan
outlined a policy of containment.
Containment is the policy of attempting to prevent the spread of communism by
quarantining (isolating) it.[Image source: http://www.ibiblio.org/Dave/Dr-Fun/collections/bac/bac-085.gif]
He said that if Communism couldn’t demonstrate its
superiority in Russia, people would find a different
ideology.
When Stalin threatened the stability of Greece and Turkey, the United States decided “Enough is enough!”
[Image source: http://www.trumanlibrary.org/teacher/europe1a.jpg]
US gave $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey. We also set
up military bases in each country. “Containment” and the Truman
Doctrine guided US foreign policy during the Cold War for 45 years.
Undersecretary of State Dean
Acheson stated what everyone already knew:
“Only two great powers remain in
the world, the United States and the Soviet Union.
In March of 1947, President Truman committed the United States to support free people everywhere in resisting communism.
[Image source: http://www.soldatini.org/images/recensioni/wa004_1.jpg]
This became known as
the Truman Doctrine.
[Image source: http://www.smh.com.au/ffxImage/urlpicture_id_1058034877314_2003/07/13/unclesam.jpg]
Back off, or there’ll be
big trouble!
The National Security Act of 1947
• Department of Defense (DoD)• Air Force (USAF)• Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)• National Security Council (NSC)
We were slowly returning to a war-time mentality.
In June 1947, Secretary of State George
Marshall outlined his
plan for rebuilding
Europe following
World War II.
The Soviet Union Rejects the Marshall Plan(July 1947)
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Seventeen Western Nations joined the plan.
Russia and its allies did not participate.
You don’t like the Marshall Plan comrade?
NYET!
Soviet Foreign Minister
Vyacheslav Molotov believed the Marshall Plan
was a vicious American scheme
for using dollars to “buy its way” in
European affairs.[Image source:
http://digilander.libero.it/secondaguerra/molotov.jpg]
[Image source: http://www.charleslipson.com/Images/Stalin-Marshall-Plan-cartoon.jpg]
Congress approved the Marshall Plan in 1948.
[Image source: http://www.marshallfoundation.org/ECA_org_chart_1949.jpg]
Known as the European Recovery Program, it sent some $13 billion in
grants and loans to Western Europe.
[Image source: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/marshall/p4647.jpg]
[Image source: http://www.ncpa.org/~ncpa/pd/gif/gdptbl.gif]
[Image source: http://www.library.auckland.ac.nz/subjects/dev_stud/images/marshall.gif]
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Gandhi is assassinated;
Doctors oppose the setting up of
the National Health Service
(January 1948)
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw1372.gif]
Communists seized Czechoslovakia in February 1948
As tensions rose, Stalin
tightened the USSR’s hold
on East Germany and isolating West Germany (US controlled.)
The German city of Berlin
was divided into a Russian-controlled
sector and a sector
controlled by Britain, France,
and theUnited States.
[Image source: http://www.foothill.fhda.edu/divisions/unification/images/berlin.gif]
On 24th June 1948, Russia closed off Western Berlin when American,
British, and French leaders merged their zones of
control.[Image source:
http://www.cs.utah.edu/~hatch/images/europe/checkpoint.charlie.jpg]
The Soviet Union stops road and rail traffic to Berlin(April 1948)
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The Berlin airlift begins(June 1948)
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The US supplied West Berlin with food, medicine, and all other materials for 2.5
million people by air for 15 months. This was known as the Berlin Airlift.
[Image source: http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mosaic/chapter16/images/airlift.jpg]
The Berlinairlift continues
(September 1948)
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Trouble continues in Palestine(January 1949)
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The Berlin Airlift Continues(February 1949)
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Plans for NATO published(March 1949)
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India become republics(April 1949)
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During the summer of 1949 Western nations made a bid for
collective security when
they created the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
(NATO).[Image source:
http://www.wwnorton.com/worlds/images/map11_3.jpg]
The US seemed prepared to handle Russia with NATO, the UN, and the Truman Doctrine, but in
1949 the Communists made several advances.
George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four is published(June 1949)
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East Germany established(October 1949)
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Problems continue when China falls to the Communist
forces of Mao Zedong. The United States subsequently blocked their
entry into the UN.[Image source: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/images/mao-zedong-3.jpg]
North Korea invades South Korea(June 1950)
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw1772.gif]
Britain sends
troops to Korea to
serve with the United
Nations(July 1950)
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw1776.gif]
China enters the Korean War
(November 1950)
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw1807.gif]
North Korean advance stopped
by the UN(January 1951)
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw1824.gif]
Iran nationalizes its oil industry(March 1951)
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw1854.gif]
A truce is signed between North
and South Korea(November 1951)
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw1899.gif]
The Korean truce holds(December 1951)
[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw2913.gif]
In 1955, in response to NATO, the
Soviet Union formed the
Warsaw Pact,a political,
economic, and military alliance comprising the
nations in Eastern Europe.
[Image source: http://www.wwnorton.com/wo
rlds/images/map11_3.jpg]
• Belgium• Canada• Denmark• France• Great Britain• Iceland• Italy• Luxembourg• Norway• Portugal• United States• Greece• Turkey• West Germany
• Albania• Bulgaria• Czechoslovakia• East Germany• Hungary• Poland• Romania• Soviet Union (USSR)
[Image source: http://astro.temple.edu/~barbday/Europe66/resources/images/coldwar.jpg]
[Image source: http://www.nato.int/multi/interactive-maps/dl_map_en.html]
[Image source: http://www.brahler-ics.co.uk/images/infracom-nato.jpg]
President Harry Truman officially recognized Israel as a country in
1948, complicating our foreign policy with Arab nations.
[Image source: http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415236614/resources/maps/map71.jpg]
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were
executed for espionage after being convicted
of divulging secrets of our
atomic weapons to the Russians.
[Image source: http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t304/T304779A.jpg]
America became paranoid. Truman began a Loyalty Program with FBI background checks, loyalty oaths, and a Loyalty Review Board.
Are you lookin’ at
me?
Congress created the House Un-American Activities Committee which
investigated charges of disloyalty. Many Hollywood stars were accused of
Commie connections. Humphrey Bogart and Shirley Temple were two of them.
Bogart denied
involvement with
communist party.
America had become the police state that they feared Communists wanted to create! Many lives
were destroyed with false accusations.
[Image source: http://www.perthimc.asn.au/storyuploads/1999/follow.jpg]
State Department employee Alger Hiss was accused of spying for Russia and spent four years in prison.
[Image source: http://www.wilsonsalmanac.com/images1/hiss.jpg]
[Image source: http://www.sorvarangerfilmklubb.com/graphics/movies/1983/alger_hiss.jpg]
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[Image source: http://indyweek.com/durham/2002-04-03/cover2-1.jpg]
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