The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog

8/9/2019 The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-coinage-of-the-mamluk-sultans-of-egypt-and-syria-paul-balog 1/493

F TH E MAM U K

P T AN D S R I A

D I E S

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e

/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_

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k History5

2

5

tionof theC atalogue57

tters58

84

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ksultansof E gyptandSyriaisone oftherichestandmost

ticsandtheree istsane tensive literatureonthesub ect.

ticeincataloguesofthe eighteenthcenturyandweregivenever-

gthenineteenthcentury.F raehnincludedtheminnearlya

ietras ew ski asearlyas1843 publishedhislargeco llectionwithgreat

tionwaslaterac uiredbytheB ritishMuseum.Towardsthe

w henthestudyof I slamicnumismaticsw asatitspeak tw ow ork s

ublished.O newastheCatalogueofO rientalCoinsintheB ritish

e- oo le( tenvo lumes theothertheC ataloguedesMonnaies

thi ueNationa lebyHenriL avo i (threevo lumes . B othw ork sare

ofI slamicnumismaticsandwillremainvaluablereference

me.

othestudyof Mamlukcoinshaveappearedsubse uently

candprivatecollectionsof varyingimportance andobservations

smaticproblems. O liverCodrington sarticle" O naH oardfound

aprominentplaceamongstthesepapers hedescribedane tremely

oldandsilvercoins whichcontainedseveralhundreddinarsand

meof al-NasirMuhammadtothereignofal-Mansur' Ali.

reuni ueandw ouldhaveremainedunk now ne ceptforC od-

maincataloguesandthenumerousshorterarticlesare theyare

reover ahugenumberofnewcoins hasbeendiscoveredduring

ublishedmaterialhasaccumulatedinpublicand private

wpossibletofill inwidegapsin poorly-knownseriesandeven

whohadnotbeenrepresentednumismaticallyatall.F urther-

onw hichthenameof therulerisnotclear( e . g. a l-Malik a l-Z ahir

sent cannowbesafelyattributedto thesultanswhocoined

ndinthe samehoardwithcoinsofthe sametypeonwhichthe

ypresent.

A ntiochHoardintheA mericanNumismaticSocietyco llectioncon-

endof theB ahriperioduntilthetimeofB ar u . C onse uently

henameal-Malik a l-Z ahircannotbutbe longtoB ar u theonly

etit le" a l-Z ahir.

y saprominentroleonMamluk co ins hasnotrece ivedtheattention

inhisgreatw ork SaracenicH era ldry fa iledtomak efulluseof the

coinageforthe studyoftheMamlukbla on.W ebelievethat

coinmaterialnowavailablewecanelucidatemanyq uestionsof

hertohaveremainedobscure.Certaincomplicatedandhereto-

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tans

sofnumismaticmetrologyandtherelationshipbetweenthevalues

ralso havebeenneglectedanddeservestudy.

e opinionthatanewgeneralstudyof thecoinageofthe

notsimplyanew catalogue asthisagainw ouldbeonlyapartia l

prehensiveworkcontainingthema imumofinformation.No

ncla imtobecomplete insucharichf ie ld a f termorethantenyears

westilloccasionallyfindcoinspreviouslyunknowntous. I thas

however toassembleandarrangeinorder alltypesandvarieties

d thathavecometoourattention.

therefore ofanintroductoryportionanda secondsection

Theintroductionbeginswithageneral surveyofthecoinage in

occurringsuccessive lyunderB ahrisandB ur is arediscussed.

ndsisthengiven inthisare includedthemintanddate theroya l

onsandreligiouslegends andtheindicationsofvalue.F ollowing

y isbrie f lye amined w ithmentionof theaccompanyingdiacrit ical

whichareused onthecoins.

dnounderstandingofheraldryinthe westernsense.Nordid

teofnobility suchasthatof thecontemporarywesternknights.

snamedtocertainprominentpostsweredubbedamirs( nobles ,

Mamliiksofthe Mamlukempireconstitutedanorgani edclass

dentification.ThelateL .A.Mayerpublishedanoutstandingwork

mliik s buthedidnote tendhisva luablestudy toasystemic

onsonthecoins w hichwould nodoubt have ledhimtoappreciable

refore endeavoredtocomposearo llo farmsof theMamluk sultans

coinage.W ehopethatthiseffort willserveasabasis forfurther

emisthat ofthemetrologyofMamlukcoinage.I nthelight

seemedto manymodernscholarsthatMamlukcurrencydidnot

deralsystemandthat theindividualcoinshadq uiteirregular

gebasedonmuchmorematerialandon researchofthefinenessof

ever thatMamluk coinage w ithmodif ications sti l lbe longstothe

wcaseseventothatof thedinar.Anentiresection dealswith

rsectionsoftheintroductioncontain remarksonthemintsandon

dforthemanufactureofthecuTrency.

tionisabibliographicalinde andalist ofabbreviations.

mberofMamluk coins andespecia lly thecopperfulusofsome

s it isnotpossibletodescribeeachspecimeninfulldeta il. We

optedthefollowingsystemforthecatalogue:onlyone detailedde-

icalcoins followedbyallthereferencesknowntous.W henever

ebutcan becompletedfromdifferentspecimens thereadinghas

rvarietieshavebeenlistedateach reference butrareorim-

paratelyandfullydescribed.

tedinchronologicalorderwheneverpossible.Thereare how-

hichmintordate—orboth—aremissing andmanyothersundated

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entioned.Conse uently itbecamenecessarytocompromise:

opperarelisted separatelyundereachrulerinchronologicalorder

orboth— areabsent thelistingisaccording tocoin-types.

over81ophotographsofcoinshavebeenselected from

omecasesthesephotographstakendirectlyfromthe coinsthem-

particularlyw heretheco insareveryw ornorarecoveredw ithadark

eproductionsw ereobta inedf romcasts. I noure periencethebestresults

entheprominentparts areslightlyemphasi edwithgraphite.

weretakenbythe writer.MayI e pressheremyappreciation

Cairo whooverseveralyearshasgraciouslypermittedmeto use

photographiclaboratory andatthesametimetomyw ife w ho

laborioustaskofprintingandenlarging.I ame uallyobliged

dW. J ohnsonoftheAmericanNumismaticSocietywhokindly

sinthemuseumofthat Society.

smythank stotheC oinDepartmentof theB rit ishMuseum toThe

cietyandtotheCabinetdes MedaillesinP aris forthemany

emadefor me.

rchon Mamliikcoinsmanyinstitutionsandindividualshave

givenmefull facilitiesforstudyaswell aspermissiontopublish

e irchargeorinthe irpossession. May I therefore tak ethis

mywarmestappreciationandgratitudetothe followingfortheir

artedscientif iccooperation: Se limbey ' A bdelHa andDr.

a a l- O shshof theMuseeNationalSy rien D amascus Mr. George

nUniversity B e irut M. KarlB uri H istorischesMuseum B ern

habof theMuseeNationa l B e irut D rs. GrotemeyerandJ aeck el

ammlung Miinchen Drs. H o l mairandK omor ynskio f the

um Wien thenumismaticsectionof theMuseoA r ueo l6gico

YusufSa adof thePa lestineA rcheo logica lMuseum J erusalem

rmanof theF ranciscanConventof theF lage lla tion J erusalem

andandC olinM. K raayof theA shmoleanMuseum O x ford and

e J a c u i ot M . J e a n L a f au r ie a n d M. J a c u e s Y v o n w h oh a ve b e en

my longandrepeatedvisitsat theCabinetdesMedaillesinP aris.

essrs. TheodorandOscarH orovit o fGeneva formerlyA le andria

ofCa iroandMr. P hil ipThorburnofC ranley Surrey w hoa llmost

includetheirMamlukcoins inthisvolume.

y indebtedtothreegreatnumismatists: Dr. GeorgeC . Miles C hief

umismaticSociety whopermittedmetoworkon thevery

nsin hischargeatthatinstitution wherethewonderfulstimu-

mainoneofmymostpleasantmemories D r. J ohnWalk er

mentofC o insandMedalsattheB rit ishMuseum forthew arm

havealwaysbeenreceivedandencouragedtostudythe un-

derhiscare andM. J eanB abelon thenC onservateurenC hefof

B iblio the ueNationa le inParis w hok indlya llow edmeto

ntMamlukseriesinthatcollection.

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tans

bemorecompletewereit notfortwoseriousshortcomings:

hasnotbeenpossibletov isittheco llectionofMamluk co insof theB erlin

ywouldhaveaddedmuchtothecorpus andtherichMamluk

f I slamicA rtisa lsomissingf romthecata logue becauseat

nthesecoinswerenotyetavailablefor e amination.

ticSocietygoesmyheartfeltgratitudefor makingthepubli-

ible. I amespecia llygratefulto theEditor Mr. SawyerMcA.

d carewhichhehasdevotedto thetaskofseeingthe manu-

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V E Y O F M AM U K H I STO R Y

literallytranslated" owned ) doesnotbyanymeanssignify

ftheword.AlthoughtheMamluk ormaleslave wasreally

mastere itherbypurchaseorbycapture inw arorinara id he

nslaveordomesticservantbutbecamea highlyvaluedbody-

engentleman-at-arms.

w ellcaredforbyhisow ner giventhoroughtra ininginthemili-

andinsports w hichatthattimew eretheprivilegeof thecasteof

ukpagegrewuptobecomea full-fledgedsoldier therewasprac-

ncement.Accordingtohisability thefaithfulservicesrendered

plo itsonthebattle f ield hew asnotonlye ligible formanumission

dabil ityw ereoutstanding hew asraisedtotherank ofamir. H ow -

ameanoblemanandcommanderofotherMamluks afirmbond

master indomesticmattersaswellas inpoliticsandin war.

Mamlukcarriednoblemish onthecontrary theseknights

shipwiththe greatprincesandlordstheyformerlyserved

sastheruling classofthecountry.Theyalso feltaclosekinship

uksservingacommonmaster.

onsweremadein thechoiceofyoungmalecaptivesto be

w ere ingreatma ority Turks. The ' A bbasidC a liphsofB aghdad

ngalarge retTnueofpersonalbodyguards recruitedfrom

ertoprotect themagainsttheirunrulyArabcountrymenwho

ciplinedambitionsfor personalpowerandindependence

ubleandseditionand wereaconstantmenacetothe Caliphs.

he Mamluksoldiery theirownerhadtorewardthem cease-

robesofhonour valuabledonationsoflandandtenureofoffice

rshipofrich provincesandcities.I tisnot surprising therefore

ame fromsimpleslaves arulingmilitarycasteofnobleknights

ereigns andwhosebenevolenceordissatisfactiondecidedthe

yhad tobeca oledandbribedincessantly.Theyformedclans

throughallegiancetoacommonmaster.Therefore theSultan s

hisabil ity toac uirethesupporto f thema orityof theMamluk

largeMamlukbodyguardwase tensivelyadoptedbymany

gthoseof E gypt.TheAyyubidshadtheirregimentsofMamluk

mw asbroughttoperfectionbya l-Sa lihA yy iib Sa ladin sgreat-

dthemainforcesofthe E gyptianarmyunderhimconsistofthe

butthewholeadministrationofthegovernmentslippedinto

werfulamirs.

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nasty sE gyptianbranchbecamee tincta ftertheassassinationof

urunshah by theB ahriMamluk s itw asthecollegeof thegreat

dhissuccessor.Thus withoutanyincidentorevenwithout

acompletechangeofdynastyw asaccomplished. TheB ahriMam-

governmentofE gyptandparto fSy ria w ereTurk s theyw ere

a l Mamluk sf romtheirbarrack ssituatedonthe islandofR hoda

meinthehistoryofMoslemEgypt aw oman Sha ara l-Durr

May 125oA .D . . Sheq ualifiedforthethronethroughthee ce llent

veproofduring thelastillnessof herhusband al-SalihAyyub

whenshekeptthereinsof governmentfirmlyinhand.F urther

herrulewereherstatus aswidowofthelate sultanand lastbut

ctthatshew asthemotherofa l-SalihA yyub sson. Thefactthatthisson

me ofherelectiondoesnot seemtohavediminishedthevalidity

theaffairs ofstateveryablyduringthe shorttwomonths

Shew as how ever compelledtoabdicateandturnoverthegovern-

theleadingMamlukamirs afterviolentprotestsoftheCaliph

w omanonE gypt sthrone.

7A.D . becamethenewlyelectedkingofE gypt.I norderto

hemarriedSha ara l-Durr a lthoughhea lreadyhadaw ife( w hom

rce andason. B uthea lsohadtodefeattheambitionstothe

yubidpretendersin Syriawhohadnumeroussupporters he

hesi yearo ldsonof the lastA yyubidk ingof theYemen a l-

b. a l-NasirY iisuf asnomina lco- regentinC airo .

cametoopenconflictwiththeSyrianAyyiibids whoseheadwas

onofa l- A dilI I . TheMamluk sw erev ictoriousandthebackboneof

ok en. Thissuccess how ever didnotmeantheendofA ybak s

owamirs nowbegantoconspireagainsthim andevenaremnant

yrialaythreateningneartheE gyptianborder.

ehisopponentsandsuccessfullyconsolidatedhisgovernment

rrneversurrenderedthetreasurytohim andendeavouredtoretain

Their relationshipwasoftheworstkind andtheybothintrigued

ther.F inally whenAybakwantedtocontractapolitical mar-

eGoldenHorde thequeendecidedtoe lim inatehimbyassassi-

Sha ara l-Durrw asherse lf clubbedtodeathby theslavew omenof the

sdivorcedw ife.

nsur' A li( 1257-1259A .D. , anincompetentyouth w assoondis-

a l-Mu af farQ utu ( 1259-126oA .D . , anablegeneralande ce llent

elyannihilatedtheremainingforcesoftheAyyubidal-Mughith

notherandfargreaterdangerthreatenedtheMamluk empire thato f

agu w ho in1253destroyedthe ' A bbasidca lif ateofB aghdad

rustintoSyria devastatingthecountrywhereverhepassed

on ueringE gypt. I napitchedbattlenear' A ynJ a lutinSy ria

hadchangedmorethanonceduringtheday sf ighting theMam-

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ry

heMongolarmyand e pelledthemfromSyriawithenormous

esofHimsandHamah w hopledgedallegiancetoQutu , w ere

d allowedtogovernasvassalsofthe Mamlukking.

erthev ictoriouscampaign Q utu w assla inby j ea lousanddis-

aybarsI waselectedsultaninhis stead.With B aybarsbegan

eriodsofMoslemE gypt.Thenewsultan sfirsttaskwasto elim-

saderswhostillheldimportantpartsof theSyriancoast.O ne

rstrongholdsfell tohisarmies andin1268evenAntioch was

yed afterwhichonlyafewcoastal townsremainedinChristian

todealwith theMongolswho nowinpossessionnotonlyof

A siaMinor continuedtothreatenhissafety . Withhishabitua le f ficiency

rmidablearmy.

ub ectedtorepeatedraidsandhad topayheavytribute.

uouswarlikeactivityuntiltheend ofhisreign B aybarsmanaged

mpirewithe ua lsk il l energyandw isdom improvedhisdo-

buildingofpublic works.H isgovernmentwasj ust enlightened

allywithhis sub ects.

hattheMongolsofH ulagudestroyedtheca liphateofB aghdad.

viv ing' A bbasidprincetoC airo appointedhimcaliphand in

mtheinvestitureassultanofE gypt. Thereaf ter dow ntothefa ll

thisinvestiturebythecaliphbecamean essentialpartofeach

werenotw orthyof the irgreatfatherand a f tertw oyearsofun-

t anothermightyamirandformerMamlukofal-SalihAyyub

1279-1290A . D. ascendedthethrone. Q ala unw asmorefortunate

hanhis predecessorB aybars andhishousecontinuedtorule

years.

thissultantooclashedwiththe Mongolarmywhichonce

ddefinitelycrusheditnearHims sothathehadnomoretrouble

eCrusadersof theSyriancoastw erehisne tob ective andhis

effectivethat whenhedied barelyanythingwasleftofthe

nif icentbuildingsstil le ist inginC a irobearw itnesstoQala un s

sofhishospital provethathewasgeneroustowardsthesick andpoor.

l -A s hr a f K h a li l ( 1 2 90 - 12 9 3 A. D . h a d bu t o ne v i rt u e c o ur a ge . H e c o n -

o ldof theC rusaders ' A k k a pil lagedandburneditandenslaved

edidnotslaughter. H ew ascruel v iciousandcapricious and

nuousterrorandin ustice. I tw asnotsurprising therefore that

sthimandhad himassassinated.

gson a l-NasirMuhammad w ase lectedtothethrone in1293A . D.

soonsetasideby thenobles oneofw hombecamesultan. A f terfour

dmanagement al-NasirMuhammadwasreinstalled thistime

1298-1308A .D . . I mmediate lyaf terhisaccessiontothethrone

nthreatenedtheverye istenceoftheempire.TheMamluks

ousreverseswhichled totheMongoloccupationofAleppo

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tans

lltheSy rianterritory . F ina lly how ever theEgyptiansnotonly

ries butin13o3completelydestroyedtheI lkhanidarmy.After

a n s s u cc e ss o r U l a i tu r e ve r se d h is f a th e r s p o li c y an d t h er e af t er

tertainedfriendlyrelationswiththeMamlukcourt.

edthefollowingperiodtothe restorationofinternalorderin

ametime tothe increaseof the irpersona lw ea lth. They turnedthe

nuefromthevariousformsof ta ationandthecustomsduties

chandisetotheirownadvantage buttothedetrimentof the

vingofthe rulingclassesbecamefabulouslylu urious and

ontheirpersonalcomfortandpleasures.H owever theyalsospent

tifulmos ues publicbathsandfountains schoolsandhospita ls

amplerevenues.

vednothingofthebountyappropriatedbyhisamirs.H is

enedcircumstances sothathelackedeventhe barenecessities

ina lly w henhecouldnomorebeartheconductofhisamirs a l-

arak andannouncedhisabdication(13o9 .

arsI I , lastedonlyoneyear andtheresulto fhisincompetencew as

ntoftheaffairs ofstate.Al-NasirMuhammadwasbackagainas

. Thistime hew asfullymatureandreso lvedtore ignasanab-

edid andnowknewhowtoimposehis willontheMamluknobles

cthis personandobeyhisorders.

operationswereconductedwithsuccessagainstArmenian

gnw as onthew hole oneofpeacefulprosperity andhisre lations

astaswellas oftheW estweremostlyfriendly.Sogreatwas

hisdeath overaperiodof forty -oneyears hissonsandthe irde-

thethroneas atributetohis person.Thoughnoneofthemhad

oseof al-Nasir theirclaimwasneverchallengedbythe amirs

faithfulservantsofhishouse.

theC ircassianMamluk sor" B ur is ( f romtheC itade lorbur

e located gottheupperhandandseta l-Z ahirB ar u , anener-

thethrone. Thereaf ter forthefollow ing135years E gyptw as

mluk sw ho unliketheB ahris w erenotTurk s butmostlyC ircassians.

asnotanabso lutemonarch butonlyachie fMamluk e lectedbyhis

tothe iropinionandadv iceand moreoftenthannot hadapre-

plinedfellowamirs.Nohereditarysuccessionwasestablished as

seofQala iin. Sometimes thesultan ssonsucceededafterhis

omuchinrecognit ionofahereditaryprinciple butratherasabuf fer

alfactions.Aftera fewmonths time whenoneortheother of

ow erto imposehimself the" w armingpan w asdiscardedand

ndedthethrone.Atthis time astrongespritdecorps developed

chsultan afterwhosedeathhisMamluksformedadistinct new

powerthenewsultandependedonhis abilitytowinoverthe

tionsbybriberyandlargess ortoe plo itthe irj ea lousiesand

eclanagainstthe other.

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ry

tansw hosatonthethroneduringthene t135years there igns

andonlynineyearsare leftfortheremainingfourteenrulers.

eatstatesmen theothersmerelyfilleda vacuum.Thenineable

lsohadtostrugglecontinuouslywiththeunrulysoldierywhosedivers

tbetweenthemselvesforpowerandwealth robbingandtorment-

gyptwholivedinconstantterror fortheirlives propertyand

tC ircassiansultan( 1387-1389and1390-1399A . D. , w asfullyoccupied

oneagainsttherebelliousamirs.H esucceededinq uellingseveral

m hisarmywas how ever routedby therebelsheadedby thetw o

u losta llpresenceofmind w asdeposedw ithoutresistanceand

arak. TherebelamirsrestoredH a j i the lastB ahrik ing on

dto q uarreloverthespoils.Thedisagreementbecamesoviolent

o inthemeantimehadac uireda largebodyofsupporters ra iseda

rushedhisopponents.H isne ttwoyearsonthe thronewere

bythefinalsuppressionofthe rebellioninSyria.I nthemeantime

atenedB ar u ' sdominionsinthe invasionofT lmur. H astily

hisarmiesagainstthemuchdreadedfoeandj o inedtheprincesofA sia

se.Tohisgreatrelief theinvasionofSyriadidnot takeplace

sfully engagedinacampaignagainstTuktamishoftheGolden

u o v er s i t y y ea r s of a g e d i ed i n 1 39 9 a ft e r a lo n g an d o n t he

evolentrule .

a ( 1399-1405and1405-1412A . D. , succeededhimattheageof

yearhehadto leadanarmyagainstanewinvasionof Tlmur.The

andhastywithdrawaltoCairo andSyriafellpreyto theMon-

ydevastatedthecountryandransackedandburned thecities.

lydiminished morebecauseofthedisastrousconditionsof peace

helostwar andtherulingamirsnot onlytreatedhimwith

himinopenbattle . F ara f led leav ingthethronetoayounger

htbacktopoweragain afteracoupleofmonthsby theamirY ash-

lastyearsofF ara ' srulew erespentincontinuouscampaigningin

afewmilitarysuccesses thegovernmentsteadilylostcontrolof

asingpoweroftheamirsShaykhal-MahmudiandNawru beganto

osit ion. Hew asf ina llydeposedby the ' A bbasidca liphofC a iroand

omaneconomicpo into fv iew F ara ' ssultanatew asacontinuous

nstthegrowingimpoverishmentofE gypt.H emadeseveral

ountry sf inances buta llf ailedmiserably .

h theC alipha l-Musta inf i l ledthevacancy forafew months until

n w iththetit lea l-Mu ayyad( 1412-1421A .D . . Thoughhere igned

nductedseveralsuccessful campaignsagainsttherebellious

Minorwhoseterritoriesborderedthe Syrianmarshes E gypt

byhissuccesses. NotunlikeF ara a l-Mu ayyadShaykha lso

mtheco llapseofEgypt sf inancia lposit ion j ustasF ara , hew asunable

scurrency.Thevacillationsofhis monetarypolicyarereflected

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tans

uencesofthegoldissues andbytheintroductionofhis widely

emw hichwasindeedofe ce llentq ua lity butthebulk ofw hichw as

w edby twore ignsofnoconse uencewhatsoever w henal-A shraf

f irm ly inhand( 1422-1438A . D. . H eusedthesultanateto increase

on oppressiveta ationandvarioustrademonopolies andk ept

uthewasstrongenoughto restrainhisMamluksfromrebellion

inionsthroughthecon uestofCyprus.Atthis time pirates

sesmadetheshoresofSyria andE gyptinsecure.Takingtheir

B arsbay inasinglecampaign—w hichw as how ever precededby

ushedtheresistanceof thenavyandarmyof theKingofC yprus.

argeportionofthe population buthealsocapturedmanyknights

whowereparadedingreattriumph inCairo.Thereafter Cyprus

vassalofE gyptuntiltheend oftheMamlukempirein1517.

tractthegreatestpossibleprof itsf romtheI ndiantradew hich

ew as how ever obligedtore lin uishmuchofhisheavycustoms

sitorygoods whenforeigntraders—especiallytheV enetians

Aragonese— threatenedtowithdrawtheiractivitiesfrom

itionsrenderedthetransitroutethroughE gyptunprofitable.

policydidnotmeetwith moresuccessthanhismeddlingwith the

sors heendeavouredto introducecurrency reforms buthedid

rybullionto makehisreformssuccessful.

tyyearssevendif ferentsultanssatonthethroneofE gypt but

eonthecountry shistory . Thene truler a l-A shrafQa itbay

how ever he ldthepow erfora lmost29years. Hew asstrongofcharacter

uousgeneral alsointelligentinhis j udgmentandenergeticin

ortedhugesumsforhisw archestf romJew s C hrist iansandMoslems

redthehighestrankingofficialsuntil theysurrenderedtheir

ntfortunesonpublicbuildingsinE gyptandSy ria andmanye -

madrasas publicfountainsandbridgesstil ltestif y tohisgenerosityand

eldofarchitecture .

ignw asnotconfinedto interna la ffa irsandarchitecture . Hisvarious

Minorshowedsignsof insubordinationoreventriedtobreak

tesovereignty thesituationwasevenmorecomplicatedby

omtheO ttomansultanswhosegrowingpowerbeganseriously

mpire.Q a itbaysucceededinmaintainingamoreor lessfavour-

entheO ttomansandhimself buthew asunabletoslow down

trimentofthe lesserTurkishprincipalities.

cumbedoneaftertheotherto thewellorgani edarmiesofthe

dI I , andthusthefinalclash withtheMamlukforcescamesteadily

governmentmarkedthereignof thefollowingfour insignificant

ionofa l-AshrafQansuha l-Ghuri(15o1-1516A . D. . I nspiteofhis

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ry

vedhimselfanenergeticandcapableprince restoredorderinthe

easurestoreplenishthe treasury.D uringthefirsthalf ofhis

alonly withminordisturbancesfromhisMamluksandsome

diantransittrade w hichforcenturiesprovedsoprofitabletoE gypt

uctionbytheP ortuguesewhoatthattimediscoveredthetrade

heCapeofGoodH ope. Withinashortt ime theentirecommerce

way f romal-GhuribyA lbu uer ue sf leet.

ever whichendedwiththecollapseofthe Mamlukempireand

t t om a n Tu r ks s t ar t ed w h en a f te r B a y a l d s d e at h h i s so n S e li m I ,

Se limw asdeterminedtocon uerthew holeMiddleE ast and

swhomhedefeatedatChaldiranin1514.H ethenoccupiedthe

drandD iyarB ak r andcameinclosecontactw ithSy ria. H ew aited

toopenhostilitieswith theMamluks marchedintoSyriaandmet

Dabi , a litt leNorthofA leppo. On the14thofA ugust1516 the

estroyed al-Ghuriwaskilledduringthebattle andtheroadto

e Mamlukselectedanewsultan al-AshrafTumanbay and

of resistance. Theywere how ever nomatchforSe lim ssuperior

o f J anuary1517 C a irosurrenderedtotheTurk s. Egyptlostits

eaprovinceoftheO ttomanempire.

L I O G R A H Y O N TH E H I STO R Y O F T H E MAM U K S

A HistoryofEgyptintheMiddleA ges. London 19o1.

keorslavedynastyofE gypt. London 1896.

E g y pt e p a r di v er s h is t or i en s e t ar c he o lo g ue s I I p a rt 2 b y G . W i et . C ai r o 1 9 32 .

s t o ir e d e la N a ti o n E g y pt i en n e I V , ( l E g y pt e A ra b e , b y G .W i e t . P a r i s 1 9 37 .

o iredesSultansMamelouksde l E gypteparMa ri i. P aris 1837-1845.

de l E g y pt e d e Ma r i i . P a r i s 1 9 o8 .

x t r ai t d e l h i st o ir e d e l E g y pt e p a r Ah m ed i b n I y a s . B u l le t in d e l I n s ti t ut

gi e O r i e nt a le X X V , 1 9 25 .

s H i s t o ir e d es M a ml o uk s Ci r ca s si e ns I I , " i n T e t e s et t r ad u ct i on s d a u te u rs

rancaisd A rcheo logieO rienta le . C airo 1945.

ourgeo isduC aire . Paris 1955.

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TH E C O I N S

lukrulersweresimilartothoseof thelastAyyubids sothat

Ayyubidissues.Thelegendsonthe dinarpresenttheprotocol

h a a r a l- D u r r a l -A s hr a f Mu s a A y ba k a l -M a ns u r ' A l i a n d Q u t u ) ,

engravingis similartoal-SalihAyyub sgoldcoins.Aybakwent

SalihAyyub sprotocolonthedinar andinscribedonlyhis

underneath asifhestil lwerehislongdeceasedmaster slieu-

rvilelyimitatedfromtheAyyubidoriginals.Sha aral-D urr s

obulardirhemsdonot differindesign styleandgeneralappearance

hAyyubat theCairomint.Thes uare-in-the-circletype

edfromtheAyyubiddirhemsof D amascus thelikeofwhich

y thesameruler.Suchs uare-in-the-circletypedirhemshave

a l-Mansur' A liandbyQutu .

onlyasingle fa lshasbeensofaridentified intheco llections

oQ utu anditsdesignresemblesthesilverco insofa l-A fda l' A li

Sa li h Ay yu b ( B a lo g B I E X X X I V , p p. 2 4- 25 F i g s .9 -1 2 .

ginstheMamluk co inageinitsproperform. I tsmostconspicuous

atthebeginningpresentingo ld silverandcoppera lik e( B aybarsI ) ,

rakaQ an andlateronthecopperonly w ithoneortw oe ceptions.

endshavedisappearedandbeenreplacedbycircular inscriptions

fielditself.Tothis typebelongsilvercoinsstartingwith B ay-

a inandB aybarsI I . U ndera l-NasirMuhammadthesesmaller

pearandthe writingisnowarrangedinseveralhori ontallines

d onthego ldasw ellasonthesilver.

rdinaryround-flandirhems so-calledcutdirhemsalsocircu-

m inventedby theF atim idsandadoptedby theA yyubids have

e Mamluks.But whereastheAyyubidcutdirhemwasa servile

black dirhemofbasemeta l theMamluk smadethe irsa litt le

betteralloy. Thedieswithwhichtheywerestruck werethoseofthe

sothatonlyasmall portionofthecoinlegends wasimpressed

dsof thesecut( s uare-f lan dirhemshavebeenfound mostof them

ndal-NasirMuhammad butthoseofB arakaQ an a l-NasirHasan

evenofa l-Sa lihHa j ihavea lsobeenobserved.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



greatnumbersandina broadspectrumofdifferentvarieties.

nearlyalwayspurelyepigraphical atfirststruckon asmallflan

butlaterona wideflanwithelaborateinscriptions.I nSyriathe

i e thef ie ldornamentedandcontainsvery fre uently some

aldiccoinscontributegreatlyto theknowledgeoftheMamluk

gyptianemissionsonlyoneseries belongingtoal-NasirMuhammad

a pk in b u j a h .

sueswhichdo notdifferfromtheaccustomedB ahritypes

new silverandcoppertypes someofwhichw ererecordedbycontem-

itia tiveofacomplete lynew co inage how ever isduetoF ara .

nomiccrisis heintroducedamonetaryreformbasedonthe

andissuedco insofanentirelynew design. A sthecrisiscontinued

ecessaryandin 810H .these uin-typegoldwasintroduced

ighedonly3. 40grm. andw asdestinedtocompetew iththeV enetian

nagewasmaintainedatthislevelfora certaintime butlater

bay itw asagainmoderate ly reduced. I tw asB arsbayw hocreated

nds arrangedinseveralhori ontallinesandseparatedfromeach

A sane ception K hush adamandQ ansuha l-Ghiiri issuedafew

ds.

ck inSy riaaswellasinE gypt w asa lsoreducedinw eightand

arrangedinvariouspatterns. A nyw ay itbecamesoscarcethatatcertain

on-e istent.

ocopperw asscarceduringagreatparto f theB ur iperiod. The

f lan isveryvariedindesign ornamentedorhera ldic. 1Only

hecopperbecomealitt lemoreabundant struck ona largerand

hortlybeforetheco llapseof theMamluk empire theonlybron e

nsuhal-Ghuri.

rtantpartofthe legendistheroyalprotocol.The attributionof

thereforethesideonw hichitappears istheobverse . Co insof

A shrafMusa A ybak andal-Mansur' A li asw ellasthoseofB aybarsI ,

n sprotoco l a lsothecaliph sname. Hereaga in thesidew hich

me istheobverseandtheca liphismentionedonthereverse .

eptiona lly long orthef laniso f insuf ficientsi e itcontinuesonthe

etheobverse isw herethe legendstarts. O ngo ldandsilverthepro-

r s wi t h a bl a o n ( f e s s e b e lo n g to F a r a , a l -M u st a i n b i l l ah a n d al - Mu a y -

ar e h er a ld i c di r he m s of a l -M u st a i n b i l l ah [ b u j a h B a r s b ay ( c h al i ce a n d

a ha nd c ha li ce .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

tans

ssibleonsuchasmallsurface oncopper how ever it iso f tenvery

d dateformulaisplacedeitherin themarginalorcircular

orinthef ie ldonthe laterones. Sometimes ontheearlyco ins

ntionedatthetopof thef ie ld. On somecoinsaga in themintis

a lihI sma il andmanycopperco insareundated orevenwithout

sonlyon oneside theotherisornamentedorhas abla on

ardlessofwhetherthelegendcontainstheruler snameorsimply

sideisthe obverse.Andshouldthecoinbear themintononeside

thenthemintindicatesthe obverse.

uringtheentireB ahriperiodandpartof theB ur irule.I t

mera lsonA ynal sissues andaf terw ardsona llthesubse uent

- , issubstitutedby" period or" epoch onthedinarsof B ars-

msofK hush adamandQ ai tbay . Duringthe lastperiodthe

w ithout< ~ or^ lc.

g sfulltitle is:al-sultdnal-malik( < lWl oU a J l .B aybars

s assumedthetit lea l-malik ( dil l onlyatthetimeofhisinvestiture

n659H. hegaveasy lumtothe ' A bbasidprinceA bu l-Qasim

mcaliphwiththetitlea l-Mustansir ine changeforw hichhe

anateby thenewlycreated" princeof thebelievers w iththe

dil lo lWUl . Thistit lew asthenusedbya llhissuccessors. Onhis

su e s a l -G h ur i s o n ly t i tl e i s al - su l td n ( o l W L - l .

hriandB ur ia lik e theprotoco lisabrev iatedinthee treme. Not

beenomitted eventheruler snameproperiso f tenmissing. The

ltdnal-malikal-AshrafNdsiral-dunydwaH -dinSha bdnb.

irMuhammadb. Q ala un. OnhisSy rianfulusthe legendissimply

smawlanda l-sultdna l-malik ( dli l lo lU - lWy : e . g. the

AshrafKha li l( L . 796 B a log J ungf le isch : anundatedTripo lif a ls

aD amascusfa lsofa l- amilSha ban a lateB ur idinarw iththe

probablybetweenKhush adamandQ a itbay.

l-sultdnK hush adamabuH -Nasral-malik a l-Z ahir( o lV » l. . . l

n t wo d i na r s of t h is r u le r ( B M C 6 73 a n d AN S .

ndswithanhonoraryepithet:Ndsiral-millat al-muhammadiya

bslyah( v . U li u ll i i l le . g. a l-A shrafKha li l

i t b u gh a ( W i e n 6 33 2 L . 8 3 6 B M C 4 97 e t c. ; a l - N as i r Mu h am ma d

c. ; L a i n( L . 853 8 55 , e tc .

et i s : Q a s im a mi r a l- m u m i nl n ( u ^ ^ l l p - ) w h ic h a pp e ar s

s I , B a r a k a Q a n S a la m is h Q a l a u n o n s om e o f al - As h ra f K h a l il

dv . 15 o 9 , K i t bu g ha ( L . 8 3 5 S i o uf f i p. 1 8 L . 8 3 7- 8 52 B a l o g a n d B a y b a rs

etedwiththe sultan sgenealogy asalreadymentioned:

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

fNdsiral-dunydw al-dinSha banb.( lasanb.al-malikal-Sasir

n ( o X c / .+ J . _ r- U l t il l ll a < J . d ti A ol W U l .

s whoobtainedthethronebytheirown skillorruthlessnessand

disda inedanygenealogica lformula asfore ample Qutu .

ry includedthe irformermaster snameintheirow nprotoco l:

Qa la una l-SalihiandLa ina l-Salihiw ereMumluk sof theA yyubid

aybarsI I a l-MansuriwasQ ala un smamluk .

t it leonal-Mu ayyadShaykh sA le andriago ldandona

af farA hmad: sultdna l- islamw a lmuslimin. -O y l-A lJ f^L . Mlo lkU .

avourof theSultan

, j c = m a yh i s vi c to r y be g l or i ou s .

fre uentinvocationonMamlukcoinsandoccursfrom al-

edowntoQ ansuha l-Ghuri undertheB ahrisonthecopperand

undertheB ur isongo ld silverandcopper.

a f c ^ l j e = gl o ry t o o ur l o rd ( t h e su l ta n .

a ban struck atTripo li in776H . A shmolcanMus.

d ra h u * u = m ay G o d gl o ri f y hi s v ic t or i es .

, D a m a sc u s 78 5 H . ( B M C 6 2 1 a nd 6 2 7 B a l o g .

ahu 4C u<ulj di= mayGodperpetuatehiskingdom.

ep p o go l d F a r a ' s C a ir o a nd A l ep p o go l d an d A le p po s i lv er a l -M u ay y ad

li h M uh a mm a d s s i l v er B a r s b ay s A l ep p o si l ve r a nd J a m a ' 8

h u wa n a sr a hu • } < & . * u j L = m ay G o d pe r pe t ua t e hi s

Mu af farA hmad.

nahu 4 lla l-< a l2i-= mayGodperpetuatehissultanate .

n d si l ve r a nd B a r u ' s C a ir o A l e a n dr i a an d D a m a sc u s go l d.

u Al l ah < u l o . _, ^ L i » = Q a i t ba y G o d s m e rc y u po n h im .

eB ur ia l-NasirMuhammad sonofQa itbay asane pression

n themarginalandcircularlegendis oftenprecededby

hemargina llegendsometimesstartsw ithbi smillaha l- rahmdnaUrahlm

tiononB aybars undatedha lf-dirhemsconsists

* J \ | < ■ r -.

llor onlyinpart occupiesthereverseofthegold andsilver

f thefa ls.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

tans

dil l— thesovere igntybe longstoGodonaC airodinarofK hush-

nd1o74 . Thisformula iso ftenobservedonthesilverco insof theSel uk s

ptiona lontheMamluk co inage.

H n d a l l ah < u l ^ ^ J l U = f o r vi c to r y co m es b u t fr o m Go d

1 22 . O n c oi ns of :

a iroandD amascusgo ld overstruck A rmeniantrams C a iro

C a irogold.

ogold.

a iroandD amascusgo ld.

C a irogoldandsilver.

C a ir o a nd D a m a s cu s g ol d D a m a s cu s s il v er .

andDamascusgo ld.

dandsilver.

C a iro A le andriaandDamascusgo ld.

a iro A le andria D amascusandA leppogo ld.

oandD amascusgo ld.

C a ir o a nd D a m a s cu s g ol d .

nd A l ep p o go l d l e ad - co i ns .

e a n dr i a A l ep p o an d T ri p ol i g ol d .

C a iroandA le andriago ld.

C a irogold.

l a hi < t i l j u > / L = n o r co me s m y gr a ce t h ro u gh a n yo n e bu t

9 o .

amascussilver.

s cu s go ld .

z z d n U i c O j l l J u = D e a th s h ou l d be s u ff i ci e nt a d mo n it i on . O n

fulusofB ar u . Sa idtohavebeenutteredinconnectionw ithHariin

a r le B a r m a k.

denomination

eaturesof earlyI slamiccoinageisthepresenceof theindication

teformula.Thegoldcoins alwaysindicatethattheyrepresent

esthedirhem andevensomeof thecoppercoinshavethew ordfa ls

. , > , ' .

iththiscustomand continuedtowritethevalueon thegold

otanymorestrict lyw eighingonemith a l thego ldwasstil lca lled

en onthesilverandcopper.

mplycontinuedtheAyyubidpractice: fromSha aral-D urr

thegoldpresentstheworddinar inthemintanddate formula.

no indicationofvalue.

tanceofgoldcurrencywas madeevenmoreconspicuousbythe

-A shrafKha li l K itbughaandal-NasirMuhammad w hoalltermed

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



esseddinar , t j l i l j L ull. Nevertheless a lreadyduringthethird

ad anew typeofgo ld struck onaw idef lan appeared. Thence-

ueappearsonthe B ahrigoldissues.Noris thereanyonthe

lyonee ception. Thise ceptionisthereformissueofa l-Mu ayyad

. , o f thew eightofonemith a landha lf-m ith a l. Thecoinsof this

o n e mi t h a l J l i i- a n d on e -h a lf m i th a l i m , e n gr a ve d i n th e

hediv. 1560andB alogforthemith a landL . 1142fortheha lf -

ues soalsothoseofsilver arewithoutindicationofdenomination.

o f thego ldtherearee ceptionsinthesilver. A ha lf -dirhemofMu ay -

nthe centeroftheobverseanda seriesofD amascuscoins

a lso inthecentero f theobverse the indicationofdif ferent

/ 4+ 1/ 8dirhem= 3/ 8dirhem

1U dirhem= 8/ 4dirhem.

weighsbetween1grm.and1.06 grm. the% + x /4dirhembetween

Twospecimensofthisdenominationweighonly1.0grm.and

maybelongtothef irstcategory . Sim ilarlymanyUmayyad ' A bbasid

nsdisplaydinaras theirvalue althoughtherecanbenodoubt

uarter- third-orha lf -dinaronly .

a llthesepiecescorrespondq uitew ellw iththeweightof thecanonic

90grm. .

do-AyyubidMamlukcoinsarewelle ecuted inhandsome

heorigina lA yyubidepigraphyofa l- amilMuhammad sora l-Salih

obulardirhemsofSha ara l-Durranda l-A shrafMiisaandthe

sofA ybak a l-Mansur' A liandQutu , area ll inscribedw iththe

tionedcharactersoftheAyyubidprototypes.O nlyAybak s

ed archaisticKuf iconhisdirhems.

ahri-typecoinage startingwithB aybarsI , isstillthe same

oughthe letterssoonbecometa llerandthe irtops atf irstf la t are

uspidf romQala unonw ards.

ttersgrow taller untilduringa l-NasirHasan sandespecia lly

nthemonumentalstyleof writingisfullydeveloped.Adifferencein

yrianandE gyptiancoin-engravingsisclearlydiscernible.

ersofCairoandAle andriawerebutsimpleartisans theSyrian

withtheirskillfullye ecutedlegendsaharmoniouseffect.The

craggly spideryw riting thoseofD amascushavethef ie lduniform-

danddistributed inscriptionsandontheAleppodinars the

rnaterythmicallywithsmoothhori ontalbands.

bruptchangeintothestyleand arrangementoftheircoin-legends.

eof thef lan thew rit inga lso issmaller a tthesametime how -

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

tans

ninthee ecutionof theca ll igraphy . Theestheticef fect especia lly

s neverthe less q uitepleasing.

ery f re uentlyontheMamluk co ins butw ithoutanyapparent

ct sonumerous thattheirrecordingw ouldmak ethecomposit ion

e ande pensive . A sthediacritica lsignsaremostlyclearin

houghtsufficienttorefer thereadertothephotographs.

es ues scrollsandfloweretsappearprofuselyscatteredamong

thecoins.I twouldbeimpossibletorecord theminspecialnotes

thebulkofthis work.Theyhavebeen therefore asfaithfully

bedintheA rabicco inlegends. Theyareeasily recogni edinthe il lus-

raphicornamentsarenotto beconfusedwiththedecorative

intendedasaconstructivedesign.

nts theshadda( < o iso f tenusedornamenta lly inthere ligious

oughout.I tsmostfre uentapplicationisover45l.

ucedanewfeatureonthe coinage:theyengravedtheircoats

mostlyonthecopperfulus butsometimesalsoonthegoldand

ofanimals plantsorinanimateob ectsa lreadyoccuronmany

ayyadca liphs these latterare how ever pure lyornamenta land

e s pe c ia l ly i n t he J a i r ah b e tw e en ' I r a a n d As i a Mi n or t h er e

psofhumanbeings horsemen animals etc. onTurk omanandeven

resentationstooarenothera ldic butw ere inspiredbyB y antine

wereprobablyintendedtofacilitatecommercialtransactions

st.

u a 6

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einterpretedasheraldiccharges appeartohavebeenadopted

gtheCrusadesbyAyyubidprinces andprobablyevenalittle

nicHera ldry p. 22 reportsastheo ldestbla onw hichhascome

e- liso fMahmudb. Z engiinhismadrasa inDamascus andthef leur-

columnsofthemimbarinthe mainmos ueatH ims.Mayeralso

rrenceofthefleur-de-lison acoppercoinof theAyyubidal-

-DinGha ib. a l-Malik a l-NasirYusuf andonadirhemofa l-

inabu-B ak rb. A yy iib.

ecopperco inofal-Z ahirmentionedbyMayer( B MC I V ,

ibutedit w ithouttheslightestdoubt to thef irstB ur isultan a l-

e " f l e ur - de - li s o n a l- A d il S a yf a l -D i n s s i lv e r di r he m s ( L . 5 9 0 an d

d364 , ontheotherhand arenothingbuttiny f low eretsofornamental

aldicmeaningwhatsoever.

ethatthefirsttime heraldicdevicesonI slamiccoinsofSyria

Mamlukemissions.2

wmediaevalauthorsleftnotesonI slamicherald1y agreat

ellas architecturalandepigraphicalmonumentswithbla ons

yerin hisgreatworkmadegooduse ofthisheraldicmaterial

nof thegenera lproblemsasw ellasthoseof theco lors charges

etc. compiledanimpressiveandabundantlydocumentedarmorial

mportanceofnumismaticevidencefortheknowledgeofsultans

usedthemnotinf re uently forcomparativepurposes. Theresult ing

ersis how ever notquitesatisfactory. I ncludedinthegreat

ngingtotheMamluknobility Mayeronlyliststhearmsof thirteen

moref romob ectsandarchitecturalmonuments.

ow ever thatinthe largeseriesofco insw hichw ehavee amined

representedby the irbla on. A tf irst one isinclinedtobelieve

lways onlysimplechargeswererepresentedonthecoins:fleur-de-

n etc. genera llyoccupy ingtheentire f ie ld oracentralportionespecia l-

on.Thiscouldeithermeanthat theMamluksultanschoseone

ofarms orthatthesmall spaceavailableonthecoinscom-

one i.e. thechargewhichtheyconsideredthemostrepresenta-

nthecoins.

ftheY emenshouldnotbeforgottenhere.Contemporarywiththe

startedtodisplaycerta infeaturesonthe irco ins w hichinsomecasesare

ative( sitt ingprince peacock huntingbirdofprey ; there is how ever

ldicdevicesdoalsooccur ontheircoins.Tobe convinceditsufficesto

s o f H . N i it e l s " M i in e n d er R a s u l id e n ( Z / N 1 8 9 2 . F o r e a mp l e

ntquitesim ilartothato fB aybarsI no . 38hasthreesw ordsinthe

cent no . 40and45 asi -petaledrosetteandf ina llyno. 52acha lice inthe

nt.All thesedevicesoccuroncoins struckbetween770and803H .

nMamlukheraldrywasat itsheight.TheR asulidsevidentlyimitated

mlukheraldictradition.

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tans

withthehera ldiccoin-series how ever leadsustoconcludethat

buta lsosultansof tenhadacompositebla on. I tbecomesev ident

harges truecompositebla onsoccuronthefulus: thecupand

ar ii ; thethree- f ie ldedshie ldcum" po lo -stick s andcrescent

ndF ara ; theeaglewithcrescent the lionwiththerisingsun the

etc.

aternumberofco insshow onlyonecharge it isa lsotruethat

samecoinpresenttwodifferentbla ons.F urthermorewesoon

ssionsofthesamesultan bearamoreorless greatvarietyof

otsupposethat theMamluksultanschangedtheirbla onsat

ablethat theengraverandthemintmasterdaredtoput any

e onthedifferentemissions.Thisleadsus tobelievethatall

nthediverse emissionsofoneandthesamesultan arepartsof

tmaybeusefultoe aminethistentativehypothesismoreclose ly .

mluksultansareknownonlyfrom coinsthereisunfortunately

mparison. When e itheronamonumentorasmallob ect or as

namanuscript a bla onhasbeenpreserved w ef indthatinsome

s evidence whileinotherstheycontradictit. I nsuchcases

should w ebelieve preva il.

o inagehasj usta few charges. O nehasthe impressionthatthis

ro fco inspreserved fore ample theco insofa l-Sa lihI sma il

a l-NasirHasan a llthreesonsofa l-NasirMuhammad. Thesameapplies

ultans w hosecopperco insareoftenscarceandlittlek nown.

G S

w ork there isagraphiclisto f thesimplechargesw hichhehad

ons thislist included47dif ferenthera ldicdev ices. We have

ebla onsobservedbyusontheco ins o f the47charges only

sisa veryrestrictednumber.Moreover nocolorsarerepresented

tsohappensthatthesamebla onappearsonco insstruck bysultans

e. g. thef leur-de-lisorthesi -petaledrosette indiscrim inate ly

f a mi l y as w e ll a s b y B a r i i ) .

sarew elldraw nandarecharacterist ic. Thereare how ever o f ten

nthedetails orevendev iationsf romtheorigina lcharge w hich

peanheraldryastheywouldmeanadifferentbla on.Theoriental

havethesamescruples.Thelionpassantof B aybarsisknown

helef t. Onthesilverco inL. 743 it isturnedtotheright. Thebar

sfulus( B MC 528. k 528. 1andB alog isindiscrim inate lybendy

-de-lisofal-NasirMuhammad sfulusinthe B alogcollection

dorona punctuatedshield.Therosetteofthesamesultan is

tontheD amascusemissionw here it isf ive-petaled. A gain onsome

seitherturnedtothe le f tortotheright orisevendouble-headed.

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



f leur-de- lisisf lankedby tw oannuletsontheHamahissue buthas

coins.Therearemanymoree amples.

hecoins arethefollowing:

barsI co ins itappearsona llco inse ceptthepseudo-A yyubid

r.Thereisno doubtthattheanimalrepresentedisa malelion

servedspecimensthemaneis q uiteclearlydiscernible.Thisis

a whothoughtthatthischargerepresenteda leopard.

thebla onofhisfatheranduseditonhisco inage butontheDa-

asmalltrianglew ithloopedanglesinf ronto f the lion shead. I t

stribaltamgha.

nontheH amahcoinsofal-MansurMuhammadislistedunder

thene tsultanwhodisplayedthe lionpassantonhisH amahand

a ban.H islion however differentfromthatofB aybars hasa

a il. A l-A shrafSha ban sson a l-Mansur' A li displayedthesame

shera ldiccharges.

thefirstB ur isovereign showthepowerfulfigureofalion witha

nthemiddle and onotherco ins a lioninthecentra lf ie ldof

esameemblemsoccurontheco insofhissonF ara . A l-Mu af far

p r ob a bl y Q a i t ba y a s we l l as a l -Z a h i r Q a n s uh a l l us e d th e l io n a s

ubbah ( Mayer2

rareH amahcoinsofa l-MansurMuhammad. Contrary toMayer s

thatthehorse isasimportantaparto f thechargeasthepa lan uin

beeasily recogni able ifdraw nalone. Wedonotagreew ithMayer

supporteroftheparade-saddle.

ntheraldiccharge generallyrepresentedintheclassicalrigid

inavertica ll ine w ingsinverted clawse tendedtow ardsthe

raspingthem. H eadturnedrightorle f t double-headed( Staatl.

nchen . Thiseagle istobefoundonco insofbotha l-NasirMuhammadand

parto fcompositebla ons isobservedonco insofa l-Mansur

thew ingsareadherenttothebody oratleastnotyetopen. A

sticattitude isdisplayedonsomeofQa itbay sco ins.

if y appearsontheA leppocopperco insofa l-Sa lihSa lih. It

ometimesbeenthoughttorepresentaduck butinouropinionmay

C r e a



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tans

soneofthe fre uentemblemsofQ ala un sH ouse.I toccurs

ellet inanundecoratedfieldorsurroundedby garlandsor

am. I t isusedbyotherrulersnotre latedtoQala un slineageand

. Thef ive-peta ledrosette lesspopular a lsooccursonsomeco ins. The

theB ur iF ara havedistinct decorativerosettes w hileonthe

a itbay o fhissona l-NasirMuhammadandofa l-Z ahirQansuh the

sortof si -spokedwheel.

r 5

anyvarieties especia llyontheco insofQala un sdescendants.

andhissonF ara , it isdiscardedby theirsuccessors.

positebla onsonpage30of Mayershowsthatoneofthe

sthecup( cha lice . Thisishardly inaccordancew iththeevidence

risultans only theco insofKitboghadisplay thecha licew hich

uronthoseofQala un sdescendants. I t isa litt lemorepopular

r u a n d F a r a s h ow i t i n co m po s it e b la o n s a n d a sp e ci a l va r ie t y t h e

eur-de-lis-cha lice appearsontheirD amascusissues. B arsbay

someDamascusdirhemsandsohadJ a ma , w hoa lso issued

w idef la tcupischaracteristico fTemirbogha sco ins andso is

Ghuri.

artsofthiscryptic emblemappear aretwocoppercoins

t h e ot h er t o F a r a . O n b o t h s id e s of a c u p t h er e a re t wo o b e c ts

endsofMayer semblemNo. 8. Wehavenoe planationtooffer.

( M a ye r 9

andD amascusfulusofal-NasirMuhammad( B alogand

n s of J a m a ( B e i r u t an d B a l o g , a n d al s o on t h e sm a ll s i lv e r di r -

l lahandShayk h.

oomuchlibertyin consideringasafessethedivision ofthe

nesintothreee ua lsegments. B utonecannothe lpf indinga

einscribedshie ldshow nbyMayer( pp. 34-40andP latesX X I V . 2

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



X I X . 2 a n d L X X . . W e i d e nt i fy t h e th r ee - se g me n te d c oi n w it h t he

sconsistsofhori ontallinesandthefield issurroundedbya

w henevertherew asno intentiontorepresentafesse thethree

dots cablesoranyotherdecorativeseparation.I nmostcases

utsometimes especia llyonsomeB ur ifulus dif ferentchargesare

coins ofal-MansurMuhammad togetherwithaneagle

fSha banandal-Mansur' A li sco insshow asmallcrescentinthecenter

6

sfromauni uecoinofal-MansurMuhammad( B alog

neagle.I tsmeaningisnotclear: ^

ononQ a itbay sCairofalsin theANSistentativelyidentified

oinsofal-NasirMuhammad al-MansurMuhammadandal-

yof12 or13pieces. Otherw ise only twounidentif iedB ahrifulus

ayer34

w n asmallfa lso fa l-NasirH asan( B a log , inscribed.

5

B a h r i ( P A M .

sw hirl ingrosette ( Mayer44

asabla on. We how ever fee lthatitshouldbeconsideredas

f il lsa llre uirements: it iswelldef ined displayedataprominent

andit isthemostconspicuousfeatureontheco in. I t isusedby four

a l-A shrafSha banandtheB ur isB ar u , a l-NasirMuhammadand

cursonaH amahfalsofal-AshrafSha ban isinMayer s

charge(pp. 1oand26 , butanornamentonly . I t is how ever

C r e a



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tans

sameprominentplace asfore amplethe lion andw eseeno

legatedtoasecondaryrole.Atleast provisionally weshould

on.

L A Z ONS

nysultansused atthesametime dif ferentsimplechargeson

piniontheyall togetherrepresenttheentirecompositebla onof

positebla onsinthetruesensearesometimesobservedonMamluk

mad forinstance hasthreedif ferentcompositebla onson

theeagleandcrescent theeagleandMayer semblemNo. 26and

erisingsun. B ar u asw ellasF ara havea lionpassantinthe

- f ieldedshie ld orthecupand" po lostick s andthecrescentin

hree- f ieldedshie ld. Or aga in B ar u displaysa lionpassant

ma ' sf tdushasthenapkinw itharosette a l-Ghuri sco inspresent

tralsegmentofa three-fieldedshieldand finally ananonymous

o. 6 o f M ay e r s P I . X X .

F TH E B L A Z O N

atementsofearlierauthors Mayer( pp. 4o-41 emphasi edthe

whetherMamlukbla onswerehereditaryornot andthematerial

cienttoform adefiniteopinion.H eadds however:" Never-

tosubmitthehypothesisthatthebla onw ashereditary inthecaseof

notonlybecauseof the identityof thebla onina ll instancesinw hich

herandsonsarek now n( B aybarsandB arak aQan K itbughaand

a , S ha b an a nd H a j i S ha b an a nd ' A li , b ut a ls o

hthebla onof thesononly isk now n itshowstheveryemblem

eshie ldofhisfather.

ayerthattheMamlukbla onwashereditary.W earehere

chcandef inite lybeattributed theow nershipof thebla onsthey

uestionable .

coinsbelongingto severalgenerationsofthesamefamilyare

.Thestrikingregularitywithwhichthesamechargesrepeatedly

cessivedescendents clearlyshowsthattheemblemsareregarded

arehereditary. Wehavefore ample agoodseriesofhera ldiccoins

andhisson totheHouseofQ ala unandevenbetter oneof

F a ra .

tableofhereditaryemblems:

C r e a



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L L 1

K S

. o n h is d i rh e ms .

copper.

senamesarenot listed therearenoarmorialinsigniaknown.The

handmarginare referencestothecatalogue.

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tans

resentonall coinsinour27-30

pieces(L . 743andA NS no

edtotheright andMayer

Ayyubidtypedirhems

la on sometimesa lsotamgha.

be lievesthattheduck encounter-

unisonlyornamenta land

ptonowno heraldiccoinsof

entif ied.

. O n h i s C a ir o a nd D a m a s cu s f ul u s. 2 4 3 2 4 4

ascus A leppoandTripo li.

egment( bar bendywithe levenpieces. 245 251

mintorH amah. B MC 528f . hasthe

deandthebar bendy onthe

vded smoothshie ld.

w ithcentra lpelle t.

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ntra lannulet. 256

sconcave. Damascus. 261

64

cus. 265

r S H , p . 14 4 P I . X X ,

otesf romal-Dhahabi a l-

a l - s l am V I I , m a nu s cr i pt i n

iP asha C a iro : " . . . he

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tans

ebetweenthe" cupon

edU shapedshie ld o fa l-

theundividedroundshield

ecopper coins.Asimilar

rentlydiv idedshie ld isrepre-

silver- inlaid attheWal-

more. Theowneris" K it-

tpossibleto identify thisperson

f igure . Hisbla on:

ascuscopperco ins. Mayer SH ,

-93

i. 297

ayer SH, mentionsthefleur-314

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y .

n bothsides.

hebirdonthereversewalking338

backtowardsa smallorna-

smallswan ? ) . We presume

sentsan eagle.

sette? ) / eaglew alking crescent. 395 a

tMayer semblemNo. 26395 b

w i th p a la n u i n ( q i i bb a . 3 9 3

X X , N o. 3.

ssew ithcentra lbarbendy . 394

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tans

. 454-56

entra lbarbendyw ith13pieces. 462

othsides. 467

0

et. 476

t ur e . 4 7 9 B M

nnulets.466

pk escounter-clockw ise four475

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



4 480

63

dby4pellets. 501-02

4

5

by4pellets. 524

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

efieldof dividedshield.525

ette . 258 527

9 5 6 0 5 6 1 5 6 4

dby fourpelle ts. 593

0-91

onundiv idedfie ld. 602

.

entralsegmentoffesse.

behindthe lion. 597b

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sh .

h .

ndpo lostick s(? ) andcrescent598

a ilcurledback cha liceabove595

withwaterwheel eagleand

o n ot h a ve B a r u ' s n a me

h i r . T h er e i s h o we v er n o t

utionis correct.

kescurvedclockwise.

628 671.

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tans

nundividedf ield.

ncentra lsegmentof fesse. 656

tck s ? ) andcrescent incentra l659

onpassantto le f t inundiv ided664

i llah

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



d e sc r ib e s a bl a o n f r om t h e ea s t

mainmos ue now destroyed:

sse inthecentra lsegmentchal-

cesw ithinit andanother

nt.

cek: Z . O rient. Miin k unde 699

SH, p. 52. Thisistheonly

tem. Damascus silverco ins. 721-25

o le f t longtailcurledback . 731

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

3

u j ah. 751

4~ 76

7

ebla on SH, pp. 87-88

, cha liceandf leur-de- lis in

ee-fieldedshield fromthe

ilayamos ueatGha a.

esse w efoundnothinglik e iton

am

97 800

correctly statesthaton784and786

heris thereoneon789

are purelyornamental.

leur-de-liseverwas

o n.

entof 806 Ashmol.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



si -petaledrosette.

nnotdecide whetheritisa 834

edecorativepattern.

mentionsthefleur-de- lis butw e

fC a itbaywiththisbla on.

ockwise.860

scounter-clockwise.Cairo.859

8-89 caU sthisemblema" w hirling

lievethatit hasaheraldic

ow ever thatitmaybeacharge

e ly asahera ldicemblem.

C r e a



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tans

passantto le f t.

g i ve s h is b l a o n f ro m a c op p er

unter-clockwise.

eld inscribed.

endy ( to le f t w ith15pieces/

tcontainsMayer semblemNo.

thasadevicewhich wearenot

llustration andthe low er

ametohelpwith the

thegeneralappearanceof

dbarbendy thisco inmay

H ouseofal-NasirMu-

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O L O G

coinageiscomplicated ithasbeenthoughtto beconfused

sofarastoquestionitsverye istence. I tdoes how ever e ist.

rstanditisnecessarytor etracebrieflythedevelopmentofI slamic

mitsbeginninguptothat comple andartificialsysteminto

medbythe Mamluks.

ologywasbasedonagold-silverbimetallicsystem.After' Abd

ationshipwasfi edastenweightunits ofsilvertosevenweight

oreticalweightof4.25grams forthedinarand2.97 gramsforthe

ofG. C . Miles( " B y antineMilia resionandA rabDirhem "

p. 214 basedona largenumberofU mayyadand' A bbasiddinars the

dcoin was4.251grams.Asforthe dirhem.D r.Miles( op.cit.

asiso f researchonama orsca le foundthattheaveragew eightof the

ound2. 924grams andthatof the ' A bbasiddirhem betweenal-

132to251H. , f rom2.881to2. 970grams theaverageofw hich

forlossofweight wearriveattheintendedweightof 2.97grams

eoreticalweightforthe classicaldirhem.

okencurrencyonlyandhad purelylocalvalueandcirculation.

asvery lim itedandservede clusive ly theneedsofda ily lif e . It

thorit ies w ithorw ithoutthegovernor sname andsometimes

tdinarsbegintoappearunderthe ' A bbasidsa l-Mu tadirbi l lah

duringthe I k hshldidrule mostdinarsw ereunderw eight o f tenlessthan

especiallywellknown asin1954a hoardofprobably3000gold

eUpper- gyptiantow nofA ssiut morethantw othousandcoins

yus astheypassedthroughtheC airogoldba aaroveraperiodof

eemtoindicatethatduringthe earlystagesofI slamiccoinage the

re importantforthedeterminationastowhethertheywereof fullvalue

f theira lloy. E hrenkreut , insevera lart iclesofe ce llentq ua lity po ints

cesofa few percentinf inenessbetw eenvariousemissions( J A OS 1954

stheimportanceofthese differences.Wedo notbelievethattheMoslem

wereabletocontrolwhethertheir dinarscontained98 96oreven

usthatthef ineness( andco lor o f theco insdependedonthesourcef rom

k now forinstance thattheearly ' A bbasiddinarsofE gyptcamef rom

eco-R omangold-treasuresdugupsystematicallybyorderofthe authori-

MA 1 8 95 a n d 19 0 0 a n d M F A O 1 9 06 p . 2 14 . C as e s in w hi c h es p ec i al l y lo w

asinthedinarsofa l-R adibi l lah aree ceptiona l. E hrenkreut be lieves

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tans

theF atim idC aliphate thew eightof thedinarw asmainta ined

rdstheend however weoccasionallymeetslightlyunderweight

hodo yinplaceof thevanishedF atimidCaliphateandissued

ofturningbacktothe traditionaldinar hestruckgoldwhichshowed

nthantheF atimiddinar.Notonlywerethereunderweightcoins

e weightofthecoinsbecameindividualand variedbetweenthe

houtanyapparentorder.These coinscannolongerbe con-

csenseof thew ord butonly ingots( intheshapeofco ins w hich

ycount buthadtobeweighed.

ve go ldhadlostitsplaceasastandardofco inageandbecamea

otedthatthisinnovationw asduetotheA yyubids andthatthe

thenewsystem.Theplaceofgold hadbeentakenoverbysilver

ndardofcoinage andtheproductionofthe silverdirhemcame

ceofthe ruler.

rigina lw ide- f landirhemremainedincirculation thecontro lw as

nthecontrary w hereSa ladinandhisimmediatesuccessorsw ereobliged

emissionof " black dirhems amonetary reformhadsoontobe

eformof622H. recordedbyMa ri iw as inrea lity onlya

m-typewasinvented butthecoinageremainedessentiallyun-

ems issuedduringthatperiod havebeenanaly edbyusin

entof puresilver.1Theresultsareas follows:

hems:between27and 3o% silver

mascuslargef lan( before622H) : betw een87and89%

efore622H) : betw een28and3o%

eddirhems(af ter622H) : betw een23and3o%

uslargeflan:between76and87%

cus( af ter648H ) : betw een72and8o%

ducedbySaladin throughhisnewcoppercoinage which

ofsupportv is-a -visthesilver j ustassilverusedtosupportgold

m.

thatinformertimescopperwas onlyalocalcurrencywithout

yyubidscopperis promotedtothestatusofstate-currencyforthe

disoneofgreateconomicstabil ity w ethink ontheotherhand thatit

fa tion. C f . A . S. Ehrenk reut in J E SHO 1959 pp. 152-4 B a login

f silver( o . 5gr. w ascutf romtheco inandaccurate lyweighed then

ad inaporousterracotta container.Thecontainerabsorbsthelead

on-preciouselementsfromthemoltendropofmetaland thepuresilver

encalculatedfromthe differenceofweightbetweentheoriginalalloy

er.

C r e a



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gn snameisplacedonthecoinsand sometimes eventhatof the

designedandneatlystruck andweighbetweentwoandseven

old-silverbimetallicsystemyieldeditsplace toanewersystem

estandardco inageandw as initsturn supportedbycopper. B ut

ilverandcopperwasdifficultto maintainatafi edrate.Silver

ofF atimidrule hadbeencontinuouslydebasedanddrastically

tevenso itw asnoteasy toobtaininsuf f icientquantit ies. O ntheother

mmonandcheapmeta l f loodedthemark etandsoonbecamebeyond

monetarysystemworkedwellenoughunderthefirmrule

ghitcarrieditsown inbornweakness.Arbitrarymeasuresofthe

inspiredbypoliticaleventsandeconomicemergencies soonledto

whichq uicklyreachedahithertounprecedentedpeak.Nowonder

ces severalprominentmodernauthorswentsofarasto denythat

istedatallunder theMamluks

hecausesof thedeclineofMamluk economy itmaybeuseful

actors: , i >

dis filledwithcontinuousinternecinestruggle oftendegenerat-

t byMamluk againstMamluk forpersonalpow er andbetw een

.Atthe frontiers therewasperpetualwarfare sometimesat

nthe country seconomybecameunbearable.

ar foreigneconomiccompetitiontookanevenheaviertoll.

s thentheV enetians ontheonehand andlaterthePortugueseonthe

Mamluk empireand inthe longrun cutito f f f romtheinternationa l

ssingthroughE gypt assureditsprosperityduringmanycenturies.

mentoftheoldgold-silverbimetallicsystemby thenewsilver-

ilto haveadisastrouseffect.Gresham slaw accordingto

sgiveswaytobad istrueforthat periodalso.

riperiod go ldw astradedbyw eightintheformofstampedco in-

ddifferent irregularw eights andhadnoconnectiontoanyknow n

rminedbythat ofsilver—a currencywhichdaybydaylost

ow er therefore therateofe changeofgo ldrosehighereveryday.

etw ometa lshadaf i edva lue. I nfact thesilverdirhemw hich

netarystandard sotosay thebasiso f thew holesystem w as

weightoftheMamlukdirhem inspiteofthe vastnumberof

anonlybeappro imatelyestablished.Notcountingtheglobular

urrandA l-AshrafMusa theMamluk dirhemfromA ybak until

daround2.80to2.90grams.F romal-NasirMuhammad sthird

ctuationisgreater: 2.50to3. 0gramsormore(3. 50 even4.0 .

oinswithweightsranging irregularlybetweentheq uarter-

hem.

asinglybeingfelt astimepassedandseveralcontemporary

C r e a



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tans

the e istingeconomicuneasiness.We haveacuriousbitof

cevidencethatsuchdifficultye istedandthatanyemergency

ease evenmomentarily theacutepressure weretakenwithout

a la unledsevera lm ilitarye peditionsintoC il icianA rmenia .

D . , h e s uc c ee d ed i n c ap t ur i ng t h e ca p it a l S i s t o s ec u re p e ac e L e o n I V ,

greedtopayanannualtributeof1 2oo oootrams. Parto f thesilver

ntoissueMamlukdirhems.Asthis however wasalengthy

hortenthetimeneededforrestriking thema orityof theA rmenian

ckwithal-NasirMuhammad sdies.Themarketseemsto have

rency thateventhise traordinaryprocedurewasnotdeemed

inderoftheArmeniantrams werethereforedumpedintocirculation

oardsofthisperiodcontain Mamlukdirhemsofal-NasirMu-

rmeniantramsandoriginalArmeniancoinswithoutoverstriking

ichprovesthatallthree typesofcoinscirculatedsimultaneously.

heB ahriperiod copperco insremainedsim ilartotheA yy iibid

ngispleasantandthe strikingwelle ecuted.Afteracertain

ua litydeteriorated especia lly tow ardstheendof theB ahridynasty .

uckhastilyandinenormousq uantities wereverypoorlyandcare-

rweightbecamecompletelyerratic.. {

nsremainedwithinnormallimitsuntil al-NasirMuhammad s

he issueoffuliisbeganto takeconsiderableproportions.Then

l area linfla tionsetin increasinginimportanceasa l-NasirHasan

dal-AshrafSha bansucceededtothethrone.

mentputmoreandmorecopperinto analreadysaturated

silverwasrapidlydisappearing.Thisprocedurecontinueduntil

period practica lly theonlye istingcurrencyw asthecopperfa ls.

yandsilverbecamee tremelyscarce.Thisstateofuttereco-

oneofthe causesofthecollapseof theB ahridynastyandthe

tans.Nobodycouldtellhow goodorbadthecirculating silverpieces

erandeconomicdistressnumismaticmetrologydidnotactually

concealedbythe artificiale perimentsofanenforcedabusive

roofthatduringthewholeMamlukperiodthe metrological

dunalterede istsinthefacto fF ara ' sco inreformsandthatof

creaseunderB ar u andbecameintolerableonF ara ' saccession

porarysourcesgivepoignantdescriptionsofthesufferingsendured

cionw asinev itableandcamein8o4H. w henF ara f irstattempt-

reform.

eturnto thetraditionalbimetallicsystembasedonthe

andsilver.Theweightofthe dinarwasfi edat4.25grams that

htsurvivingspecimensofthisemissionconfirmthat theweight

sstillthe sameasatthetime ofitsadoptionmorethanseven

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nthesameway B arsbay ssilverdemonstratesthatthedirhem

of2.90 grm.throughthecenturies.2Atthesame timecopper

bythereformto thesecondaryroleoftokencurrency.

m w hichseemedsosimple intheory turnedouttobedisastrousw hen

ge-scalesalvagingoperationcouldmeetwithsuccess onlyif

sofworthlesscirculatingmoneycouldbeabsorbedandreplaced

ew healthycurrency.Aheavytask difficulttocarryout.

ydidnotpossessthenecessary fundstomeetthee pensesof thisventure

dwithintwoyears.

reasingeconomicpressure F ara , in810H. introducedasecond

wasbasedonthe gold-silversystem however notonthedinar

enetianz ecchino.Thenewgoldcoinhad anaverageweightof

htly lessthanthew eightof these uin( 3. 50-3. 55grm. . Thisw as

M a r i i S u lu k P a r is M s . 17 2 8 f o l. 7 1 V ° ) . C on t ra r y to M a r i i s

in-weightgoldcoinwasintroducedonlyin 811 wepossessmany

0H. I t isnotentire lye cludedthatthesmalldif ferenceofw eight

newMamlukcoin tocompetewithitsformidableprototype the

nse uin.

hto f thecoinw asreducedbyafew centigrams andeventhe

mperedwith itisthereforenaturalthat inthosecircumstances

sdedtheB ur igo ldco in.

asmadebyal-Mu ayyadShaykhtorescuethebadlyshaken

struckgold coinsbasedonthetraditionalmonetarymith al

din821and823H. Tw oof thesurv ivingco inspresentthedenomination

nt r e of t h e fi e ld t h e th i rd i s a h al f -m i th a l = " n i sf . N a tu r al l y t h is

w hich l ik etheearlierreforms hadnoso lidbasis disappearedw ith-

uick lyasF ara ' sf irstre form andlef tthef ie ldonceagaintothe

gypt seconomywastoogreat andadrasticreductionof the

followed.Thefirst " light-weight silverdirhemsappeared

-Musta in-bi l lah( about1. 50grams . U ndera l-Mu ayyadShaykh

pecimensofhissilverdirhems theirweighthaddroppedtoaround

e pectedly there isacerta inimprovementduringB arsbay sre ign:

avierandreachanaverageof2grams. UnderJ a ma how ever

to1.50gramsatwhichweightit remainedforalongtime.

Ghuri sdirhems underthepressureof the laststruggleagainstthe

drastica lly reducedtoamere1gram.

p " L educatV enit ienenEgypte " p. 11( fullre ference infootnote-

coinsw iththefo llowingdenominations: * / 2+ 1 t= 3/ idirhem of

75grm. and1 t+ 1 a= 8/ 8dirhem of0. 725+ 0. 312grm. = 1 370grm.

dnarrowlytothatofthe U mayyaddirhemof2.90or2.88grm.

talogue pp.387-393.

C r e a



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tans

h themintingofcopperw asdiscontinued. Theearlierfulusw hich

edtocirculatein enormousq uantities weremorethansufficient

crumblingeconomy. A ndasif thingsw erenotbadenough during

mluk era Q a itbai a l-NasirMuhammadandQ ansuhal-Ghuri

rintocirculationfor thefewremainingyearsoftheMamluk

D abi , foughtandlostonthe 25thofR a ab922H . putan

andto itsincrediblyvariedcoinage.

fusingmonetaryhistory wemustreturntothe problemofthe

changeratebetweenthedirhemandthe dinar fromthebegin-

tyuptotheendof theB ur is. f thasbeendescribedbychroniclers

ers andstudiedbymodernnumismatistsandstudentsofecono-

ra.1Neither thechroniclersnorthemodernauthorshave

factorye planationofthechaoticsituation.

sagreethattherateof e changebetweentheMamlukdinar

inningoftheB ahrierawas1 to20.Towardstheendof thatrule

ntorise andsoonreachedhighproportions.Atthe beginningof

thedirhemlostmoreof itsva lueatanacceleratedpaceand a f ter

orm thesituationgotcomplete lyoutofhand. Duringthefollowing

arw ase changedinq uick successionattherateof60 120 240and

ureswiththe dataofthepreservedsilverdirhemsin ourcollections

artling contradiction.TheearlyB ahridirhem weighingabout

are changerateof1to20. Thew eightof thesmallB ur idirhems

ally to1gram.Thereforeonewoulde pectthattherate of

ceed1to40or1to60. I nstead thehighestrecordede changerate

arado ica l if onedoesnotassumeane tremedebasementof the

rdertoe lucidatetheq uestionw ehadaseriesofB ahriandB ur i

pella tionw ithlead( seeabove p. 40 toascerta inthef inenessof

ltsweresurprising:

K S :

7 3 7 7 % s i lv e r co n te n t.

l ac k : 4 6 4 9 .5 6 5 6 6 7 3 %

6 8 6 9 7 0%

%

' E g y pt e c om t em p or a in e X X X e a n n e e N o . 18 5 M a i 19 3 9 p p . 42 7 -4 5 9

" L e d u ca t v en i ti e n en E g y pt e " R N 1 8 9 7 p p . 37 3 -3 8 1 4 9 4- 5 08 ( = p p .

A . S. E hrenkreut , B SOA S1953 pp. 502-514and1954 pp. 423-447

6 2 -1 6 6 an d 1 95 6 p p . 17 8 -1 8 4 D . A y a l on J E S H O I , p p . 37 f t. a n d 25 7 ft .

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K S :

9 0 9 0 9 1 .5 9 2 .5 9 4 .5 %

9 5 9 5 .5 9 6 %

9 2. 5 9 5%

wthatthedirhem throughouttheB ahriperiod remained

muchfluctuationthefinenesswas between65and77% .Afew

hemsw ereane ception. C ontrary toa lle pectations theB ur i

a lloy thanitsB ahripredecessor. Neverlessthan90% , ito f ten

andremainedatthesameleve ltotheveryend. I nsteadofbe ing

igher standardthantheB ahrisilver-coin.

drawnfromtheaforesaidisthatthe realsilverdirhem

e changeraterecordedbythehistorians.

rhem w enatura lly think ofasilverco in. B utithasa lready

acommoditynotindigenoustoEgypt hadtobe importedaga inst

sevenscarcer thansilver.Theonlycurrentcoin wasthecopper

melyabundant cheapandbecomingcheaperda ily itw aspractically

e.F ormerlyarealcurrency thedirhemnowbecamemoneyof

usperdirhem. Gradua lly thee pression" dirhem- / Z s w asintro -

heonlye istingcoin thefa ls w asidentif iedw iththemoneyofaccount.

etheword" dirhem insteadofbyits specificmeaningintothe

theproblemisso lved andthefantastice changerateautomatic-

khad beeninthehandsof theeditorforsometimewhen

gyptandSy riaundertheC ircassionSultans SystematicNotesto I bn

esofE gypt ( U niversityofCaliforniaP ublicationsinSemitic

B e r k e le y a nd L o s A ng e le s 1 9 57 c a me t o m ya t te n ti o n. P o p p e r s

omanyimportantnotesoncurrencyreferredto inthechronicles

nedby theauthor thatit isimperativeto includeafew remark s

-73 :

T r ai t e de s f am i ne s ( t r an s l. G . W i e t L e i de n 1 9 62 p . 6 8 s a y s : on e d ir h em

us.I fwetranslatethisinto theoriginalvalueofthe silverdirhem

ulus andonemith a lgo ld= 20dirhems= 480fulus( dirhem- / a/ s .

I ta lianso ldo onceaco inofspecif icva lue todayonlymeans" money "

gypt the" dirhem issometimesemployedtosignify " smallchange.

stimethatcopperco insw erecalleddirhems thecopper" dirhems o f

Turcomandynastiesstruck duringthe12thand13ihcenturiesin' I ra i

wn. C f . J . K arabacek " UbermuhammedanischeV icaria tsmiin enund

I - X I I I J a hr hu nd er ts " N Z I , 1 86 9 p p. 2 65 -3 00 a ls o Ma r i i : Nu u d

28 p p . 15 i 1 .2 i ff . K h i t a f I I , 3 9 6 1 . 6 ( b i o gr a ph y o f Ma h mf l d , 3 9 7 1 . 4.

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tans

thirdparagraph thego lddinarof4.25gramsisdescribedasthe

hichservedtoreck ontheva lueof thesubsidiaryco inage i. e . si lver

onehastoremember how ever thatatthattime go ldw asissued

dingotsofirregularweightandthestandardgold dinarwasonly

evenborrowforit thetermwhichP oppersoappropriately

ccount and j ustashedesignatedthe latteras" trade-dirhem "

tiousunito fgo lda" trade-dinar.

ntionedbythehistoriansanddiscussed inthefirstthree para-

per sNotes isnow quitew ellk nown e ightspecimensbeingincluded

vea lthatQal ashandi sdescriptionisthecorrectone andF ara ' s

nacircleontheobverse. Ma ri i sandQal ashandi sreference

icco inage istrue asthereverse asonmostI slamicco ins bearsthe

hesamepagementionsthe denominationsofthisissue ac-

I , 4 4 1. 3 . O u r s e r ie s c on t ai n s sp e ci m en s o f y2 1 2 a n d 3 mi t h a l s b u t

a l. TheSalim idinarw astheresulto fagenuinereform asit

th a l o ra f ractionormultiplesofamith a l andw asnotaco in

rrency standard.Thereformbrokedownonthesimplefact that

onto satisfytheneedsofcirculation.

hthediscussionof thesecondreformintroducedbyF ara i. e .

dinar itshouldbementionedthatanotherattempttorestore

cointoa positionofmonetarystandardwasmadebyal-Mu ayyad

isissue I havefoundnorecordinthechronicles andinthenumis-

o insNo. 1142ofLavo i andNo. 156o inL ane- oo le s

ialL ibrary.Althoughtheweightofthislatter specimenisnot

f theformerco inandofanotherisk now n. One inmyco llection is

L . 1142— w eighs2. o6. A ccordingly the latterco inisinscribedw ith

hetwolargeronesw ithmith a l. Needlesstosay a l-Mu ayyadShaykh s

uick lyasthato fF ara andforthesamereason.

asiridinar " orse uin- type issue commentedonbyP opper

ordingto Q al ashandithiscoinhadalreadybeen issuedin

w sof twospecimensof theyear81oH. only . Tothese w emaynow

hesameyear thereareothersof la terdate butnoneearlier. U ntil

ovided therefore w ea lsobe lievethatthese uin- typego ld

.onwards.

e uinsissaidby Q al ashanditohavebeenaroundthatof

oinsmentionedbyP opperarenearthatfigure.The othercoins

ver areslightlyless.Theweightof theothertenspecimensknown

3.5oto 3.32grams.O nthewhole theNasiriislighter than

changeratea little lessfavourablethanthatof theducat( orse uin

uestionra isedinthe lasttwo linesonthesamepage48 namely

ithea lloyalsow asadulterated hasyettobe investigated.

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these uinissuesofa l-Musta inbi l lahandal-Mu ayyadShaykh

co insofourcata logue e ceptthatonespecimenofa l-Musta in

andanother3.48 a lltheco insofa l-Mu ayyadarearound3. 40

50grams.

pperonthew eightof theA shraf idinaro fB arsbay thatthee tant

serecordedby I bnTaghriB irdi. I nourseries thee tremeweights

thoughthe bulk—15specimens— weighbetween3.40and3.41

tuethatthego ldof the laterB ur isultansremainedunder3. 43grams.

0grams accordingtothecoins wasmaintaineduntilQ a itbay

a lldecrease isnoticed: min. 3.33 ma . 3. 44 thebulk (38co insout

etween3.37and3.41.

madb. Qa itbay thedecrease inweightcontinues o f14co ins

3. 42 , e ightweighbetw een3.35and3.38grams. Subse uently a

israre lyatta ined andatthe laststages( a l-Ghurianda l-A shraf

was3.20 alsooccur.

ag r ap h P o p pe r r ec o rd s f ro m ' A l i P a s h a a n d Ma r i i - Sa c y t h at

eintroductionofH amawidirhemscauseddisadvantagetothepublic.

singthattheymighthavebeendefective butthedefectcould

clippingor lossofweightbywear becauseinarecentstudy we

snoadulterationinthea lloyatthisperiod w hich inE gyptas

nedtwo-thirdsoffinesilver againstone-thirdofcopper.

ntoconfirmPopper sreferencesof thechroniclers( lastparagraph

phonp. 57 ontheMu ayyadidirhem. He saysthat according

ncontained2.6gramsof " goodsilver. A lo to f153Mu ayyadisilver

nta ins23dirhems 121halvesand9q uarters. I f thisproportion

numbersofthe differentdenominationswhichcirculatedatthe

enitmustbe acceptedthatnotonlyweretherehalf dirhemsas

butthattheyw erethema ority. I shouldevensay thatthehalf

testpartof theemission.Thepublicprobablysawlittleelse in

ut nearlypuresilverhalf-dirhemandpromptlyaccepteditas

ysthat" Many probablya largeproportion o fha lfMu ayyadis

statesthat" inla teryearsva lueswereof tenq uotedby theha lf

wasnotspecified.

onoftheweightofthe Mu ayyadidirhem theaverageinour

ms theha lfdirhem1.30gramandtheq uarter0. 64. I nourassay -

tentvariedbetween90 and94.5%, whichhastobedeductedfrom

silverandcopper.Thustherecords leftbythechroniclersare pleas-

alnumismaticmethods.

s saysPopperof theA shraf idirhem( ofB arsbay onpage58

odsilver w ithaw eightof2. 478gramsca lculatedonatheoretica l

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tans

ever thatthee tantco insw eighlessthanthisf igure( around

at theunitofthe Ashrafisilverweighedonly2.o8gramson

angiveane planationforthiscuriousmonetaryva lue. Many though

rsbayhavethedenominationinscribedonthem: q uarter q uarter

dha lfandq uarter. Thecorrespondingweightsare moreorlessac-

1.62and2.o8grams.Thereisnotoneentiredirhem inthecatalogue.

thf pcreasingpriceofsilverw hichcausedthe introductionofa lighter

whenP opperspeaks onp.5o ofthenew Z ahiridirhem

n 8 43 H . w h ic h w as t o p as s b y ta l e at 2 4 d ir h em s ( o f a cc o un t o n ly

nt.Thee istingfortyspecimensareallhalf-dirhemsandthere

tthisstage theunitwasevidentlythehalf-dirhem.

P opperdescribesthe I na lidirhemashavingbeenissuedintwo

st struck inA leppoandD amascus should accordingto I bn

wsilvercontent.Thesecond issuedinthesameyear 861andearly

issa idtoconta in96% silver. A rew erightinsupposingthatthe

ocomefrom theCairomint

complete lyatvariancew ithI bnTaghriB irdi. Wehaveanaly ed

nalandfound thatallspecimens struckinCairoas wellasin

eryhighf inesilvercontent: 95. 5to97.2% ; nodif ferencew asfound

amascuscoins.

hatthenewdirhemweighed2.975grams theonlye isting

now sareha lfdirhems. I ndeed notoneof the76co insk now nby

hem onthecontrary 75areha lvesandonlyoneisaq uarter. O f

nthecata logue and29morehavebeenac uiredsincethecompletion

rhemcontinuedtofunctionastheunito f thesilvercoinageuntilthe

der Q ansuhal-Ghurithereisa final importantreductioninthe

reasanaverageof1.5o-1.42gramswasmaintaineduntilal-Nasir

duceditto1.19 gram.Thisisanotherdetailwhichc onfirms

h i s p. 6 o 4 t h pa r ag r ap h .

-73 isdevotedbyPoppertothecopperco inage. Ofspecia l

efollowingreferences:

f ed s w ei g he d o ne d i rh e m ( ' A l i P a s h a X X . 5 o . p . 6 7 2 n d pa r ag r ap h

r co i ns w e re s t ru c k e a ch c o in w ei g hi n g on e mi t h a l ( S u b h I I I ,

d pa r ag r ap h .

ences thoughofgreatimportancetothecontinuouslyfluctuat-

arenotofdirect issueontheproblemsof metrology.Theyrefer

hange.

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orkwascompleted only478Mamlukcoppercoinswith

w n. H ow ever sincethisbook wenttotheprinters avery

shasbeen discovered.230specimensweretooworntobe

a ining581co insbe longedtoQaitbay tohissona l-Nasir

suhal-Ghuri. Wee aminedthese581co insaswellasthe

andB ur icoppersofourcatalogueandarrivedatconclusions

theNCof1963.Theresults ofourstudies whichroughly

irdi saccount areasfo llow s:

percoinagesince thebeginningoftheB ahriruleuntil

condre ignofa l-NasirH asan w asthedirhem. A tthist imethe

ocla imedastheunito fweight. Whereasbefore759H. the

eventhoughformodesttransactionsonly afterthattimeit

businessdea l. WhereastheB ur ifa lscontinuedtoweigh

animportantchangetook placeunderQaitbay a f terthattimeall

htof thecoppercoinage.

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morethansi mintstoissuecoins twoinE gypt( Cairoand

inSy ria ( D amascus A leppo HamahandTripoli . Thetw otables

thissectiongivea graphicpictureoftherelativeimportanceof

wellasofthemetalsemployed.

i r ah ( j y t W l , o r C ai r o th e we l l- g ua r de d ( i - j > A i _ ^ U l a s i t wa s

themostimportantmintofthe realm.F romtheverybeginning

ithoutinterruptionupto theendoftheB ur idynasty.As

videdgoldthroughoutthewholeperiod aswellassilver.The

ownbeforeal-NasirMuhammad( possiblyafewfulusofB aybarsI

themintnamecamef romtheC airomint la tertheycropupf rom

nsurMuhammad anavalancheofcoppercoinagebegins which

ar u ' sf irstre ign. L ateron fulusseemtohavebeenstruck in

atleastveryfewofthem havecomedowntous.Towardstheend

tbay a l-NasirMuhammadb. Qa itbayandQ ansuhal-Ghuriareonce

erncollectionsbya fairnumberoffulus.

s ka nd ar iy ah ( i a L . M l I s ka nd ar iy ah ( i x O ) o r e c ep ti on -

x C . O nthreegoldco ins how ever themint-nameispreceded

uedinarofal-A shrafK ha li landtw ogo ldcoinsofa l-NasirF ara ) :

.uCj s .I nmodernarabicj tmeansaport orthemouthof

A r ab i sc h es W o r t er b uc h L e i p i g 1 9 54 I , p . 9 1 . I n c l as s ic a l Ar a bi c

gap breach f rontier-wayofaccesstoacountry parto facountry

an enemyisfeared frontierofahostilecountry aplacethat

ecountriesof theMuslimsandtheunbelievers ( E . W. L ane

c on L o n do n 1 8 63 B o o k I , P a r t 1 p . 3 3 8 l a s t p ar a gr a ph a n d p. 3 3 9

so D o y : S up . pl . I , p . 1 59 " P l a ce f r on t ie r e " " P l a ce v i ll e d e gu e rr e

rusC anard H isto irede laDynastiedesHamdanidesdeJ a iraetde

, p. 243: " L esplacesf rontieresmusulmanessontappeleesthughur

uches c est-a -direendro itse posesau atta uesdel ennemi du

eddinarsaretheonlycoinsspecifyingAle andriaasafrontier-

ura lj y is , how ever hasbeenobservedoncopperco insissued

2H. byGeorgeC. Milesin" I slamicC o insf romtheTarsusEx cav -

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inTheA egeanandtheNearE ast: StudiespresentedtoH ettyGoldman

. p . 3 o5 n o . 24 . O n t h e se f u li i s t h e mi n t is : < A i i =

rches. ThetwoTarsusfuliisarefour hundredyearsearlierthan

heoccurrenceof thaghr y s oritsplura lthughiir j 3X , havebeen

inderWelinin" C ommentationesdenummisSaeculorumlX -X I

K ungl. V itterhetsH istoriochA ntikv itetsA k ademienHandlingar A ntik-

d1961 : C o inno. 29isaH amdaniddirhemstruck ina l- thughiir

andno. 31 a lsoaHamdaniddirhemstruck inthaghra l-Shdmiyah

5o H .

andriastartedonlyunderAybak B aybarsissuedbothdinars

tthemintdidnotprosperandafter aboutthreedecades under

bandonedaltogether. A boutsi tyyearslatertheemissionofgo ldwas

alihSalih.Thestrikingof copperfuliiswasbegununderal-

teduntilF ara ' sre ign aperiodw hichcorrespondsw iththee -

bycopper. A f tera l-Mu ayyadShaykh theA le andriamint

ndimportantmintforthe emissionofgold silverandcopper.

sunderB aybarsI andw asstil lf unctioningatthetimeof the

tsactiv ity duringthe laterB ur iperiod how ever w assomewhat

amascusisw rittene itherDimish orDamascusthe

a l -m a hr u sa - ^ J l J i . o .

a l-NasirMuhammadonlysporadica llyactive A lepposteadily

romal-Sa lihI sma il sre ignonwards. It reacheditspeak under

, w hosego ldemissionsareamongthehandsomestof thek ind. Under

ysmalldirhemswerestruck whichcansafelybeattributedto Aleppo

entioned.Thestereotypedreligiouslegendofthereverseis

chaicMongolorI lkhanidK uficcharacteristicofthatcity.

o in s a s H a l ab ( ^ U . , Ma d in a t H a l ab ( _ » - < j j ^ > ) or H a l ab a l -

w - U ) .

ce itissuedsilverand coppercoins sometimeswithlonginter-

oftheMamlukregime.Goldwasissuedonlyonce underal-

am e i s wr i tt e n :1 a . o n a f al s o f F a r a : i - j * l J l a . H a m ah t h e

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tans

tswasTarablusJ » ) , sometimescalledTarablusal-

l ^ L l I t f u nc t io n ed s p or a di c al l y s t ri k in g g ol d o nl y u nd e r F a r a .

mmari etheactivityof theE gyptianandSyrianmints

ur isultans.

NTACT V I T

K S

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K S

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N Q U E

dgeoftheminting proceduresemployedbytheMoslemsis

hichhavesurvivedand onmodernanalysesofthee isting

thmediaevalte tsandmodernresearchstudiesare scanty.

treatiseshavebeenpublishedonminting inMoslemcountries.

shtabik af tdawdbitddra l- sik kaofH usa inMunis byA bii l-Hasan

m i n R i v i st a d el I n s ti t ut e d e E s t ud i os I s l am i co s e n Ma d ri d V I ( 1 9 58 ,

oinformationconcerningthemintingtechni ueitself.

posedbyaretiredofficialofthe AyyubidmintofCairo hasbeen

ublishedbyA . S. E hrenkreut : E x tractsf romthetechnicalmanual

iro w rittenbyMansurb. B a raa l-Dhababial- amili inB SO A S

se tensivedescriptionof themethodsusedinthepreparationandref ining

ngofcoinsis supplementedbyimportantparagraphsonthe

ri i sw ork onMoslemcoinageisnotconcernedw ithproblems

aw rotehismanualduringthe lastperiodof theA yyubiddynasty

tthetechni ueemployedundertheMamluksdidnotdiffer

tt leearlier therefore thistreatise iso fgreatimportancetous.

esonmintingarek nowntome. StanleyLane- oo lepublished

meta l diesinF astiA rabici(p. 45of theof fprintw hichconta insall

Mayerdescribeddies onehalfo fw hichbelongedtoa l- A i , theotherto

l ( 1 9 31 p . 3 4. F i n al l y G . Ma r ca i s pu b li s he d a p ai r o f pe g ge d i ro n d ie s

n na i es d e l I n s t. d E t u de s O r i e nt a ie s A l ge r I I ( 1 9 36 , p p . 18 o -1 8 8.

contributedthe descriptionofcoindies allearlierthan

p. 195-2o2 , anddiversobservationsonaspectsof thetechni ueof

X I , 1 94 9 p p .9 5- 1o 5 X X X I I I , 1 95 1 p p .1 -4 2 a nd X X X V , 1 95 2

pp. 195-2o2 .

ptionofthe mintingprocedurewhichinouropinionwas in

uringtheperiodwith whichweareconcerned:

dcoinswasmanufacturedbycasting.A fewpaper-thindinars

u andF ara w erestruck ona laminatedf lan butthesearee -

ofthe B ahrirulethediameterdid notincreasemuchbeyond

I tsoonbecamelarger how ever f romal-NasirMuhammad s

ntireB ahridynasty andevenunderthefirstB ur isultans only

ted. F ara introducedanew smallerandlighterdinar. This

ethestandardcoin butla ter a f terB arsbay sre ign itshrank to

w hichweca llthe" pseudo-Ayyubid period theglobularf lan

em.Actuallyoneof thebestandclearestdescriptionsin I bn

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heparagraphontheproductionof thenu rahf lansforthedirhem:

redover awoodenconewhichiscoveredwith alayerofcharcoal

t intodropletsofdif ferentsi es s uirtsoverthisconica lsurfaceand

sinof coldwater whereitcongealsintoseparate amorphous

assesarethenheatedandstruckin thedies " withoutprevious

ent w hiche pla insthe irregularity inthew eightandsi eof these

normal-widthdirhemflanwhichsurvivedtheB ahrirule

a r i i a n d F a r a . T h en s u dd e nl y i t w as r e du c ed i n s i e a n d

Contemporarilywiththenormalflan dirhems anothertypeof

theB ahriMamluksfromthetimeofNasir Muhammad theso

w hichwereaspecia lityof theC airomintf romtheday theyw ere

atimids.Theseblackdirhemshadroughly( andirregularly

e latterw erecutf romalongandnarrow ribbonofsilverandthenstruck

og . B utw hereastheF atim idandA yyubidblack dirhemconsisted

-a lloy (25-3o% silvercontent itsMamluk counterpartw asmore

ssastheordinary round- f lanco ins(65-75% ) ( B a log .

emshadaf lancutf romacasttongueofsilver thethin round

vebeenstruck onroundspunchedoutfroma laminatedsheet

eastvaluableofallthreecoin metals itsmanufacturemust

pensiveandtheq uickest.Thereforemuchlesscarewasdevotedto

han forsilverorgold.The earlyfuluswerestruckonlaminated

butla termoreorlessaccurate lymeasuredpieceswerecutw ith

acopperplate andstruck w ithout orw ithinsuf f icient heating.

hricopperco ins theborderactually showstracesofhurriedcutting.

nsstruckin massproductionareneitheruniforminsi eor

struck.

theB ur ifulusshow similarcharacterist ics untilQa itbay s

falswasintroduced.Struckona thickflanwhichwasalsolarger

gends thenewfalsbecametheforerunnerof thethickO smanli

kfulus.Chemical( nitricacid testshavebeenmadeona large

riandB ur ifulus. TheresultsleavenodoubtthatmostB ahriand

ofpurecopper andonlyasmallnumberofQansi ha l-Ghiiri sco ins

thasbeenpointedoutinourarticlesintheB ulletinde l I nstitut

mismaticC hroniclethatthedieengrav ingcouldnothavebeene e-

dsurfaceof thedie itself thete to f the legendw asincisedinto

eof leadpla ues o fw hichacastw astakeninclay . Thiscast

hortclaypipe w asthenbak edand w henready f i l ledw ithmolten

theclaymouldw asbrok enaw ayandthebron ediew asready for

die accountsforthefre uentimperfectionsandblurswhich

.

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tans

ssel( upperhalf andthepile( lowerhalf .B otharecylindrical

etrusselis eithershort incaseswhereit hadtobeheldi nplace

onger w henheldbyhand. Thepile islonger thebottomtapering

pa iro f tooth-shapedpoints obv iouslymadetobedrivenintoa

ogenuinemediaevalMoslempegged-dies.Thiscorrespondswith

ediaevalMoslemcoinonwhichregularorientationof thea es

be detected.

lwaysdonebyhand theverynumeroustracesofdouble

pressionoftheengravingarea convincingargument.Generally

notonlytoreceivetheengravingsofthe diedeeplyenough but

reandobtainanevenlyround shape.I nmanycasestheheating

nt becauseonetofourpointedpro ectionsontheborderreveal

e originallys uareflanweresituatedbeforestriking( silver

ed themorepronouncedweretheangular spire-likeprotrusions.

ruckwithoutanyheatingatall onflanssimplycutfrom thicksilver

avereta inedthe irorigina ls uareform.

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R G AN Z A T O N O F T H E C A TA O G U E

d bytheconventionalsignsA andM.

gnatedC u andthoseofbron eJ E .

r snameappearsisconsideredthe obverse.Whenthe pro-

herside orthesultan snameisabsent thesidewiththebeginning

edtheobverse. I f only themintanddateappear themintison

deisanepigraphic theinscribedsideisthe obverse.

s tobeunderstoodasseenby thereader.F orinstance " lion

lionw alkingtowardsthereader sle f t inconventiona lhera ldic

contrary. A lso w henaco inisdiv idedby linesorsegments le f t

r sle f tandright.

omleftB ottomright

erallegendseparatedfrom thefieldbyasimple ordouble

edline.U suallyitrunscounter-clockwise.

hasbeenusedinf ronto f thecataloguenumbertomark unpublishedcoins.

mallerthanthe centralinscriptionandisnot separatedfrom

druns eitherclockwiseorcounter-clockwise.

rrowedf romclassica lnumismatics isaspacebelow the legendin

nt nameisnotmentioned.O therwise:mintmissing.

oned.O therwise:datemissing.Thediameter( inmilli-

t( ingrams arerecordedw heneverpossible . Unfortunate ly both

ble evenoncoinsin myowncollection.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

T O NO F AR AB I CL E TT R S

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



A H Y

cedingthetitleisthe serialnumberofL .A.Mayer sB iblio-

matics 2ndedition 1954.

eofcoinsinthecollection oftheGovernmentCentralMuseum

pp. 20-25.

epertoriumz urMun k undedesMittela ltersundderneuerenZ eit.

1 82 8.

: Numismataq uaedamcu uscun ueformaeetmeta ll imuse i

t i. Tarv isii 1741-59.

Catalogode codicimanoscrittiorienlalidelleB ibliothecaNaniana

il lustra ionedellemonetecuf ichedelMuseoNaniano.. . P a-

eminario 1787.

TheSystemofPaymentinMamluk MilitarySociety. J ournal

c ia l H i s t or y o f th e O r i e nt V o l . I , P t . 1 ( A u g . 1 95 7 , p p .

t . 3 ( O c t . 19 58 , p p. 2 57 -2 96 .

D e u d i na r s in d i ts d u d er n ie r r oi A y ou b it e d E g y pt e A l M al e k al

Mo us sa . B I E X X X I , 1 94 9 p p. 1 87 -1 90 .

he d i es o f A l Mo z E i z e d di n A yb e k f i rs t M am l uk k i ng o f E g y p t.

rcular D ecember1949 co ls. 610f .

es d in ar s du d b ut d e l è r e ma me lo uk b ah ri te . B I E X X X I I , 1 95 0

d é p o u e : di n ar f o ur r d e B a r s ba y s u lt a n ma m el o uk d E g y p t e.

, 1 95 0 p .2 53.

rt d e d in a r du s u lt a n N s e r M o ha me d b en Q a l a o un . B I E X X X I I ,

is ma ti u es d e l E g yp te m us ul ma ne I I . B I E X X X I V , 1 95 2

is ma ti u es d e l E g yp te m us ul ma ne I I I . B I E X X X V , 1 95 3

: C oi n s fr o m J e r a s h 1Q 2 8 - 3 4. N e wY o r k 1 9 38 ( N N M- 8 1 .

C ata loguedesmonnaiesetm daillesducabinetnumismati uedel uni-

Ca s an . K a a n 1 8 55 .

v .: " Z u r m u h am m ed a ni s ch e n Mu n k u nd e . N Z , B d . V I I I , 1 8 7 6

" M m o ir e s ur l e s mo n no i es d E g y pt e . D e s c r i pt i on d e l E g y pt e

p p . 2 67 - 50 6 P a r is 1 8 25 .

ebe antd orsarra inaspendantlesCro isades. Marse illes 1880.

eorienta lischenMiln enderKa iserlichenH istorisch-Archaeo logischen

sa. O dessa 1876.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Sultans

Stick e l J . G. : " Z urmuhammedanischenNumismatik und

G X I , 1 8 5 7 p p . 4 43 ~ 4 7 4.

nventa iredutresordeI ' igliseprimatia ledeSens. Sens 1877

. : C ata logueofcornsintheC olombomuseum. Pt. I , H ertford 1914.

dcurrency. ( Memoirso f theC olombomuseum C o lombo 1924.

e r: " O n a h o a r d of c o in s f ou n d at B r o a c h. J B B R A S X V ,

pp. 339-37 .

ca b in e t of c o in s o f th e B o m b ay b r an c h R . A . S . J B B R A S

0- 94 p ub l. 1 89 4 p p. 3 0- 38 .

a lm a n nu m is m at i cs . L o n d on 1 9 04 . ( R A S m on o gr a ph s V o l . V I I ) .

R . : " L aco llectionDecourdemanche. R N1934 4-ese ie

da:CatalogueoftheCoins intheNumismaticCabinetbelongingto

a r ts I - V , B o m b ay 1 8 88 - 89 .

Notadelascuatrocientocuatromonedas ad uiridasenJ erusalen

ano lI , 1851.

y A . L o p e ) i b i d . I V , 1 8 52 .

de l a s di e y s e is m o ne d as . .. i b id . I V 1 8 52 .

d: " C oupd oeilsurlesmonnaiesmusulmanes. J A X X , 5-eserie

dGama of f : Monnaiesdediff irentesdynastiesmusulmanes. St. P eters-

ionsscientif i uesde l lnstitutde languesorienta les I V ) .

. S. : " K ashfa l-asrara l- i lm iyabidara l-darba l-Misriya o fMansur

- a m il i . B S O A S X V ( 1 9 53 , p p . 42 3 -4 4 7.

ittela lterlicheundneuereMiin en. K ata logderB iblio thek der

s ch e n Ge s el l sc h af t I I , L e i p i g 1 8 81 p p . 57 - 77 .

asmuhammedanischeMiin k abinetdesA siatischenMuseumsder

derWissenschaf tenz uSt. P etersburg. V orlauf igerB ericht.

orummuhammedanorumAcademiaeI mp.Scienti.P etropolitanae...

enanumorumintabb. I l le tI V de lineatorum.. . M imoiresde

ssciencesdeSt. Petersbourg 1834.

r i ch t ig u ng e n z u H n . L e l e we l s N u mi s ma t i u e d u Mo y en A g e. B u l l .

1 8 37 c o ls . 1 77 - 19 2 .

ndenverschiedenenorientalischenMun sammlungenderK .

ci e nt i fi u e I V , 1 8 38 c o ls . 3 05 - 31 8 .

re ine derA k ademieausA gyptenz ugekommeneB ere icherungder

ungihresA siatischenMuseums. B ull. Scientifi ueV I I ,

hnisderz w eiten demorienta lischenMiin k abinetderA k ademieaus

ndung. B ull. Scientif i ueV I I , 1840 co l. 336.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



in igef iirdasMiin k abinetdesA siatischenMuseumserw orbene

nt i fi u e I X , 1 8 41 c o ls . 2 89 - 29 4 .

postumorum.. . NovaSupplementa( editedbyB . D orn I , P etropo li

entaadNovaSupplementa p. 282.

. : " D i e E r w e r bu n ge n d es K . M t in k a bi n et s i m J a h r e 1 88 1 . Z f N

gevan: " L educatvenit ienenE gypte. . . R N1897 pp. 373-381

er: " Somearabco insf romOphelandSiloam. Q uarterly state-

x plorationF und1925 pp. 183-189.

. : " E x cavationsaga insttheNorthWallo f J erusalem 1937-38.

p p . 1- 54 .

re iunedierteSilbersti ick edesC halif enundSultansA bul- adl

edundeinigeMamluk enDinare . Z / iV I X , 1882 pp. 85-89.

erteSilbermun endesMamelukensultansSalamisch. Z fNX V I I I ,

s l am i sc h e Ma s se u n d Ge wi c ht e . L e i d en 1 9 55 p . 3 .

: R apportprdlim inairesurlapremierecampagnedefouil lesdeHama.

. C. : " M o h am me d an c o in s . N C X I X , 1 8 99 3 r d se r . p p . 26 5 -2 6 8.

ce l: " L ' apparit ionde la formule* j * iy> surlesmonnaiesmusul-

, 1 92 7 p p. 5 1- 55 .

identif ie rlespetitsbron esf rappesparlesdeu Muayyad. B I E

p p . 45 -4 8.

poids ou" monnaies-po ids dusultanmamelouk Haggy I I .

1 94 9 p p .3 9- 47 .

s ep h v .: " Z u r o r i en t al i sc h en M i in k u nd e . W N M h I I I , 1 8 67

enMiin endesSteiermark isch-StandischenJ oanneumsinGra .

p p . 12 - 82 .

Miin enderMameluk ensultanevonA egyptenimK . K . Mtin -

d er L i t er a tu r B d . 8 9 N o . L X X X I X , 1 8 40 p p . 1- 3 0.

numismuhammedanisinnumophy lacioregioDresdnensiasservatis

1856.

. M. : C ata logodellemonetearabeesistentinellaB iblio tecacomunalc

o V i r i 1 89 2.

anley : C ata logueoforienta lco insintheB rit ishMuseum. L ondon

d I X .

i ci . M r. J o h ns t on s c a bi n et . N C X I I , 3 r d se r . 1 8 92 p p . 16 0 -1 7 3.

collectionof Arabiccoinspreservedinthe K hedivialL ibraryat

.

enri: Cata loguedesmonnaiesmusulmanesdelaB iblio thd ueNationa le.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



kSultans

NoticeofaMamluk C oin struck bycommandof theSultanMelik

n B i b r s B o n d ok d ar i . " N C X I X , 1 8 56 - 57 p p . 71 - 84 .

p ti o n to p og r ap h i u e e t hi s to r i u e d e l Ê g y pt e t r ad u it e e n fr a n a i s po u r

B o u r ia nt . P t . I ( 1 89 5 , P t . I I ( 1 90 0 , M M A , v ol . X V I I .

phi ueethistori uedel Ê gypte traduiteenf ran a ispar

O ( 1 90 6 , v ol .I l l a nd M F A O ( 1 9 20 , v ol .I V .

Ob odnomzageriy sk omdirgemiyemameluk skavosultanaB ibersa

logii istorii f asc. 4 1885 pp. 53-62.

m: Numismataorienta lia illustrata . L ondon 1823-25.

aracenicHera ldry. O x ford 1933. (C onta insacompletebibliography

dliteratureonMamlukheraldry .

ns of B a r i i . Q D A I I I , 1 93 3 p p. 20 -2 3.

Ma ml u k co i ns . Q D A I I I , 1 9 3 3 p p . 1 6 7- 1 71 .

emsofMamlukcoinage. Transactionsoftheinternationalnumis-

London 1938.

" I s l am i c co i ns i n A nt i oc h -o n -t h e- O r o n te s I V , P t . 1 P r i nc e to n

948 pp. 109-124.

D enumisorientalibusinnumophy lacioGothano asservatiscommen-

iaeetGothae 1831.

A d di t io n s à l a c ol l ec t io n n um i sm at i u e d e la B i b l i ot h q u e K h d i vi a le .

r ie 1 90 3 p p. 1 99 -2 04 .

M us e um M n t er i an u m p a r s I I I . H a u n i ae 1 8 39 ( S a le s c at a lo g ue .

aoguedesmonnaiesarabesettur uesduC abinetR oya ldesM dailles

openhague. C openhagen 1938.

V er e ichnisderausF le ischer sNachlassderDeutschenMorgen-

i ib e rk o mm e ne n M n e n . Z D M G X L V 1 8 91 p p . 29 2 -2 9 4.

I . v . : Numimohammedani. B ero lini 1843.

. : C atalogueof theco insof the I ndianMuseum. . . P t. I V . C a lcutta

vestrede: (Translatedby , " Tra it desMonnoiesMusulmanes

Ma k ri i . M a ga s in E n c yc l op d i u e V I ( 1 7 96 .

d e s Mo n no i es M u su l ma n es . M a ga s in E n c yc l op d i u e ( 1 7 97 .

Mat riau pourserv irà l histoirede lanumismati ueetde la

s traduitsourecue il lisetmisenordre . J A 1879 7es r.

33 1 88 0 t . X V , p p. 2 28 -2 77 4 21 -4 78 1 88 1 t . X V I I I ,

t . X I X , p p . 23 - 77 9 7 -l 6 3. 2 8 1- 3 27 .

L . L . : L e g n i e de l O r i e n t c o mm e nt p a r se s m on u me n ts m o n t a i r es . ..

G. : Descri ionedia lcunemoneteenfichedelmuseodiStefanodeMainono.

cata logues:

a t e

- i n g I I I , 2 6 . 6. 1 9 05 .

ry i g o .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Salescata logues: C ollectionv . Karabacek. November 1907.

a faB ey rambey. May 1909.

eSa e-C oburg-Gotha. May 1928.

r i m a r u i s . M ar c h 1 9 29 .

manNourybey . May 1929.

ataloguedesmonnaiesarabesdesacollection.Mossoul 1879-80.

nnaiesmusulmanes. Mossoul 1880.

1aucataloguedes monnaiesarabespubliSeni8yg.Mossoul 1891.

L e t tr e a M . Sa we l ie f .. . S ec o nd e L e t t r e " R N B 1 8 54 P P . 2 7 3-

deDorn. Tro isiemelettresurlesmedaillesorienta lesin6ditesde

ret. R NB 1856 pp. 1-41 129-177.

. : C ata loguevandeMuntver ameling. A msterdam 1897.

U b e r e i ni g e mu h am m ed a ni s ch e M ii n e n . Z D M G I X , 1 8 55 p p .

a lischeMiin sammlungdesO brist- ieutenantvonGemmingin

I I , 1 8 5 8 p p . 3 24 - 33 0 .

p: " C o inageofmuhammedanQueens. Seaby sC o inandMedal

547-549.

. d e : " M o ne t i S. I . C h ak h ot i na . Z V O I , 1 8 86 p p . 31 1 -3 1 5 I I ,

. : ModernC opperC o insof theMuhammadanStates. London 1911.

n he i m L . : V e r e i ch n is d e r Mi i n - u n d Me d ai l le n sa m ml u ng . I I P t . 2

51-564. 573-599.

er e ichnisvonMiin enundDenk miin en. .. verschiedenermoham-

derfulesF onrobert schenSammlung. B erlin 1878.

ammlungF urstGagarine . V erk aufskata log.

v .: K o l l e kt i on E r n st P r i n z u W i n d is c h- G ra e t . V I I . I T e il : O r i e nt a -

n 1 9 06 .

mad: Meskuk atiislamiyeh. Constantinople 1328H.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



O NS

maticSociety New York .

arch1935 theA NSac uired f romanunrecordedA ntiochsource

Thoughnothingisknownof theprovenanceofthislot

hinashortperiod presentaremarkablyuniformappearance

patinaand showtracesofthesamesandysoil. I tisnot

forethattheywerefoundtogether.F orreasonsofcon-

erredtoasthe" A ntiochhoard.

Museum O x ford.

n i v er s it y B e i r u t.

a o c ch i c ol l ec t io n C a ir o .

aulB a log unpublishedco ins.

Museum B ern.

a l B e irut.

m unpublishedco ins.

ationa lSy rien Damascus.

heF lage lla tion J erusalem.

. H o r ov i t c o ll e ct i on .

ungfle ischcollection C a iro. Now dispersed.

Min sammlung Miinchen.

il les P aris. Unpublishedco ins.

cheo logica lMuseum J erusalem.

burncollection Cranleigh Surrey E ngland.

chesMuseum V ienna.

guesandspecialarticles:

mismaticSocietyMuseumNotes.

faB ey rambey May1909( J . SchulmanSalesC ata logue .

e l l n st i tu t d E g y pt e C a i r o.

ieO rientalischenMiin enderK. Historisch-A rchaeo logischenGese llschaf t

1 8 76 .

e- oo le: C ata logueofOrienta lCo insintheB rit ishMuseum. V o lI V ,

undertheF dtimeeK haleefehs theAyyoobeesandtheMemlook

79 V o l . I X A d di t io n s to t h e O r i en t al C o ll e ct i on 1 8 76 - 18 8 8. P t . I ,

, L o n do n 1 8 89 .

ton: " O nahoardofcoinsfoundatB roach. J ournalo f theB ombay

X V , p p . 3 3 9- 3 70 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



of theSchoo lo fOrienta landA fricanStudies.

Cunha:CatalogueoftheCoins inthenumismaticcabinetbelonging

t s . I - V B o m b a y1 8 88 - 89 .

Monnaiesdediff irentesdynastiesmusulmanes. St. P etersbourg 1881

uesdel lnstitutde languesorienta les I V ) .

terlicheundneuereMun en. K ata logderB iblio thek derD eutschen

c ha f t I I , L e i p i g 1 8 81 .

: V er e ichnisderMun enundDenk miin en. .. verschiedenermo-

stienderJ ulesF onrobert schenSammlung. B erlin 1878.

ammedanischeMun k abinetdesA siatischenMuseumsderKa iserlichen

haf tenz uSt. P etersburg. V orlauf igerB ericht St. Petersburg 1821.

umpostumorum. .. NovaSupplementa( editedbyB . D orn I , P etro -

numorummuhammedanorumAcademiaeI mp.Scienti.P etropolitanae...

l V er e ichnisderre ichha lt igenSammlungorienta lischerMun en

n A pr. 1885. [ Sa lescata logue .

Sa e-C oburg-Gotha May 1928( J . SchulmanSalescata logue .

c a va t io n s ag a in s t th e N or t h W a ll o f J e r us a le m. 1 9 37 - 38 Q D A X , 1 9 4o .

t u e P a r i s.

f theA mericanOrienta lSociety .

rnalo f theE conomicandSocia lHistoryof theOrient.

m me d an c o in s . N C X I X , 3 r d se r ie s 1 8 99 .

f theR oya lA siaticSociety.

arabacek Nov . 19o7( J . SchulmanSalescata logue .

yL ane- oo le : Cata logueof theco llectionofA rabicco inspreservedinthe

a iro. L ondon 1897.

. L agumina: C ata logodellemonetearaeesistentine llaB iblio tecacomunale

1892.

ata loguedesMonnaiesMusulmanesdelaB iblio tht ueNationa le. P aris

orientaliaillustrata.L ondon 1823-25.

A h o ar d o f Ma m lu k c oi n s. Q D A I I I , 1 9 33 p p . 16 7 -1 7 1.

. Mayer: SaracenicHera ldry. O x ford 1933.

y Noticesurlaco ll. dem daillesetmonnaiesmusulmanesrecue il l ies

e il le 1855.

espubliesparlesMembresdel lnstitutF ran a isd A rcheo logieO rien-

i ns i n A nt i oc h -o n -t h e- O r o n te s I V , P t . 1 P r i n c e to n U n i v er s it y P r e s s

ubliesparlesMembresdelaMissionA rcheo logi ueF rancaiseau

te r ia n um p a rs I I I . H a u n i ae 1 8 39 ( S a le s c at a lo g ue .

cle.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

s& Monographs.

Nourybey May1929( J . SchulmanSalescata logue .

e itschrif t .

smonnaiesarabesettur uesduC abinetR oya ldesM&daillesduMusle

Copenhagen 1938.

e ichnisderausF le ischer sNachlassderDeutschenMorgenlandischen

e n Mi i n e n . Z D M G X L V , 1 8 91 .

erlyo f theDepartmentofA nti uit iesof theGovernmentofP a lestine .

Society L ondon.

m a ti u e P a r is .

la N u mi s ma t i u e B e 1 g e ( n o w : R B N — R e v u e B e 1 g e de N u mi s ma t i u e .

No . 1 9 ( d a t e ) .

Sa leofF ebruary 1907.

C ata logueau pri mar eus March 1929.

monnaiesarabesdesacollection.Mossoul 1879-80.

m V e r e i ch n is d e rM i in - u n d Me d ai l le n sa m ml u ng . I I , P t . 2 W i e n 1 8 45 .

h i t e- i n g I I I , 2 6 . 6. 1 9 05 ( J . S c hu l ma n S al e s ca t al o gu e .

. v . Z a m ba u r K o l le k ti o n E r n st P r i n W i n d is c h- G ra e t . V I I B a n d e .

e M i in e n . W i en 1 9 06 .

mismatischeMonatshefte.

f tderD eutschenMorgenlandischenGese llschaf t B erlin.

Numismatik .

ostochnavoO tde leniyaR ussk avo I mp. A rcheo l. Obshchestva .

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tans

52 n o. 1 ( 1 4 1 8 3 .7 3 P l at eI , a n o. 2 ( 1 3 1 9 2 .9 7 P l at eI , b n o. 3 ( 1 3

1 2 o . 72 P l at e I , c . B a lo g ( 1 2 1 4 3 . o4 . A NS . B M .

thisco intoSha ara l-Durrdoesnotseemtobecorrect.

ownto haveusedherpropernameonany officialdocument

ns. H erco in-protoco lonthedinaris" a l-Musta sim iyah

Muslim in Walidata l-Malik a l-Mansiir andonthedirhem

ik a l-Mansiir. B esides theC alipha l-Nasirdiedin622H.

queen sre ignw asa l-Musta sim. Thisco inshouldrather

bida l- A dilI . Theobverseprobably reads:

. 78 describesacopperco inasfollow s: .

C r e a



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A F A R A -D l NA B U ' L - A TH M U SA I I

52A . D.

sareasrareasSha ara l-Durr s. The irsty leandtheroya l

Thisis notastonishing ashewasthe sonofthelast

men. H isco inageis how ever rightly incorporatedintothe

sehewasappointedasaco-regentbyAybak asamerepuppet

Mamlukpoliticalpropaganda.

lthreeofhisco insbearhisnamealone w ithoutmentionof

dictsMa ri iw hostatedthatafterthenominationof the

ethrone co inswere issuedinthetw oregents j o intnames.

ounter-clockwiseonallcoins.

ircular line.

t i .l O WJ i_L L » j cna l L »

ublecircularline.

0 Mt y O il

l j " l * u l

4 9 p p . 18 7- 19 0 ( 2 1 4 .9 9 . P l a te I .

dendswith:

sa I I ( r a th e r th a n " M u s a I " f o ll o ws Z a m b a ur s M a nu e l de

dconfusionwiththe threeotherAyyubidprincesofthe samename.

C r e a



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tans

p p. 1 87 -1 90 ( 2 2 4 .2 6 . P l a te I .

M S S N G

ular line.

rcle .

9 2 p .4 26 ( 1 1 1 7 2 .3 0 . P l a te I .

C r e a



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I Z Z A -D I N A B A

57A . D.

only

veryscarce only sevendinarsarek now n. Hisdirhems

butsincetheF ayyumhoardwasdiscovered manyothers

s andothersources.Althoughdefactoin powerfrom

ohavestruck dirhemsinhisnameforthefirstt imein652H .

deachyearafterwards.Theonlyrecordeddate occurring

theintroduction Aybakwantedtomaintainasem-

coinage byinscribingal-SalihAyyub sprotocol towhich

name.This wastomakebelievethathestill functioned

ubidking nowdeadforseveralyears.

ecoins ofal-SalihAyyubthat untilrecentlyscholarswere

olddies oftheAyyubidkinghad beenrecutforthenew

pointedout how ever( Num. Circular Spink 1949 p. 610 ,

utadie andreplacepartsofthe inscriptionsandthat

eshadtobe cutforthepurpose.Sincethe publicationof

. F riedlander( Z fN1883 p. 6 hascometomyattention.

uck inC a iro 653H. thisauthorhada lready recogni edthat

beencutespeciallyfor Aybak.

er-clockwise.

ircular line.

ublecircularline.

470a( 20 4.21 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

P l a te I .

A 654 H .

a llegendends:

0 3 .8 2 . B M C TV , 4 70 ( 2 3 4 .6 7 d at e mi ss -

50 p . 23 3.

M S S N G

D amascus- typedirhemof theA yyubids w ithdouble

einscribedindouble dottedandlinearcircle.Themarginal

wiseinthesegments.Allthe legendsareinNaskhie cept

enine longatedneo- uf ic. A ybak s" tamgha separateshis

col:

rom theCairomint.W hereastheobverseisthesame

allegendofthereverseis arrangeddifferentlyforthevarious

p p. 4 3- 44 ( t wo s pe ci me ns P l a t eI , 8 . B M CI X , 4 70 m ( 2 0 2 .7 8 .

.9 1 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



52 p p . 43 - 44 ( t e n sp e ci m en s c f . P l a te I . K h e d i v. 1 4 65 .

52 p p . 43 - 44 ( t w o sp e ci m en s P l a te I . K h e d i v. 1 4 66 .

5 2 p p . 4 3 -4 4 ( t w o sp e ci m en s . A N S t h r ee s p ec i me n s: ( 1 9 2 . 8 o ; ( 2 1

8 .

2 p p. 4 3- 44 . P l at e I .

ar:

d ( B I E 1 9 52 p p . 43 - 44 t h e av e ra g e di a me t er s a re 1 9 t o 22

6.

e ist struck withthedirhem-die butonasmall irregularf lan

thesegmentsarealwaysoffflan.

e ns c f . P l a t e I ( 1 5 1 . 4 2 .

T H M NT AN D /O R D A T M S S N G

tredM. Saw elie f f 1854 p. 56 No. 7o . Haro ldGliddenco ll.

cimens .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

A - D l N< A I

59A . D.

inageisdesignedinthetradit iona lA yyubidstyle buttheby

overlordis notmentionedanymore.Thereverseonthe

nsstil lpresentstheprotocolo f the last' A bbasidC a liph a l-

the latterhadbeenmurderedbyHulagu a f terhisv ictoryover

aghdad early in656H . The657H. issuehas forthef irst

egendin thecenterofthereverse.

bothsidesacircular line marginallegendscounter-

omthecenterbyadouble circularline.

* 4 1l Ml Mi - CC.1 j L J l l U pO . \ < l l

U r f.l * 4

. l * u l

2 1 3 .1 7 . B a l og B I E 1 95 0 p .2 37 n o. 1 ( 2 1 7 .1 0 . P l a te I .

endends:

^ . 3 O j _ > j c * L i j x 5 l .. ..

. C entra llegendasabove but:

lets: • •

9 0 p .2 37 n o. 2 ( 2 2 6 .3 6 . P l at eI .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

rguetw opelle ts: • • Margina llegendends:

s.

5o p p. 2 37 -8 n o. 4 ( 2 2 6 .3 6 P l at e I ; n o. 5 ( 2 2 6 .3 3 .

ergueA sabove but< ulattheendof thirdline .

s.

9 o p . 23 8 n o. 6 ( 2 2 6 .9 4 P l at eI I ; n o. 7 ( 2 2 5 .7 5 ; n o. 8 ( 2 3 6 .2 5 ;

ou f fi p . 1 8. A N S ( 2 4 5 . o7 .

.havebeenpreserved.

endends:

s. i z - > O s - - 3 • —

elletfollowingthe

o p . 23 7 n o. 3 ( 2 2 5 .8 o P l a t eI I . G ot ha n o. 1 o4 6 ( 4 . 58 .

ewide-flanD amascus-typeAyyubidsilver:linearcircle

chlinears uare ins uareofdots. OnlyC a iro issuesarepre-

w iththeCaliph sprotoco l andof657H . w ithre ligiouslegendon

656 H .haveyetbeenfound.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

. 0 s tr u p no . 1 99 7 . B a l og f i ve s p ec i me n s: ( 2 0 2 . 92 P l a te I I , 1 9 a

2 2 2 . 85 ; ( 1 6 1 . 31 h al f- di rh em P l a t eI I , 1 9 b ( 1 0 1 .1 4 h a lf -d ir he m.

r. l

s: ( 2 1 2 .9 4 ; ( 1 9 2 .8 2 ; ( 1 6 1 .3 0 h al f- di rh em ( 1 0 16 1 .0 6 h al f-

. 60 h a lf - di r he m .A N S ( 1 3 1 . 32 h a lf - di r he m .

e.

s: ( 1 9 2 . 7 3 P l at e I I , 2 0 ( 2 0 1 .9 4 ; ( 1 6 1 .4 8 h al f- di rh em ( 1 4 0 .7 0

3 0 . 82 q u a rt e r- d ir h em . A NS ( 2 0 2 . 51 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



e.

.1 4 h al f- di rh em P l a t eI I . A NS ( 1 9 2 .9 2 .

ficientdescription

.Ashmol.Alargehoardin theMuseumofI slamicArt

unstudied.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



SA F A -D l NQ U T U Z

0A .D .

arce onlytwohadbeenpublishedprevioustothe group

scribedin1950.Sincethen anothersmallhoard probably

w asac uiredbyaC airodealer. Dirhemsw erecomplete ly

nno. 472of theB MC attributedtoQutu , be longstoa l-

ventoday lessthanascoreofdirhemshavecometo light.

utu ' sco inagestil lremainssimilartotheA yy iibid

echange.No morereferenceismadetothel ateAyyubid

ur' A li sco ins theprotoco lisa lreadypure lyMamluk. The

ecomestocky heavierandlessartistic.

erestruckona widerflan theCairogoldisthick andhas

erearewidediscrepanciesintheindividualweights.

othsides aborderconsistingofacircularline thena

allegendwhichisseparatedbyadoublecircular line

A 658 H .

ssionoffaithMarginallegend:

4f j J l , U , , . „ . . „ „ .

V

50 p p. 2 39 -2 49 n o. 1 ( 2 3 5 .8 0 P l at e I I ; n o . 2 ( 2 3 5 .4 3 ; n o . 3 ( 2 1 .5 5 .1 1 ;

n o. 5 ( 2 1 4 .6 3 ; n o. 6 ( 2 3 5 7 .1 4 ; n o. 7 ( 2 3 4 .7 1 ; n o. 8 ( 2 3. 5 7 .0 9 .

C 47 1 ( 2 3 6 .6 7 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



:

5 0 p p . 23 9- 24 9 n o . 9 ( 2 1 .5 6 .0 ; n o. 1 0 ( 2 1 .5 5 .2 5 ; n o. 1 1 ( 2 1 7 .1 4 ;

n o. 1 3( 2 0. 5 5 .4 9 ; n o. 1 4( 2 0 7 .4 9 ; n o. 1 5 ( 2 1 .5 5 .4 9 ; n o. 1 6 ( 2 2 7 .4 6 ;

n o. 1 8 ( 2 1 5 .8 5 ; n o. 1 9( 2 0 9 . 3 8 ; n o. 2 0( 2 0 5 . 3 4 ; n o. 2 1( 1 9. 5 5 .2 4

( 2 2 .5 5 . 2 4 ; n o. 2 3 ( 2 2 5 . 30 . A NS ( 2 2 .

andhave beenmentionedintheliteratureonlyby

Mamluk coins ) andbySchulman( B ey ram , butnodescription

circular lineincircle ofdots.Counter-clockwisemarginal

.

uare ins uareofdots.

s: m intanddatemissing onespecimen: mintmissing ( 65 7H .

n in e sp ec im en s: ( 1 9 2 .6 1 P l a t e I I , 2 4a ( 2 0 2 .1 0 P l a t eI I , 2 4b

8 1. 82 ; ( 12 1 7 0 .9 2 P l at eI I , 2 4c ( 1 0 1 5 1 .50 ; ( 1 4 1 .4 8 ; ( 1 5 1 .9 1 ;

I , 2 4d . As hm ol .

lef tandbottom

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

tans

esofarbeen observed.F ortunatelythelegends only

chof thetw oco ins completeeachothertoagreate tent.

sides: circularline .

nallegend:

M l < l l Mo lc ~ < - 5 ^ ?

alobe.

a t eI I , 2 6 . Mi in ch en ( 1 9 3 . 12 P l a t eX L I , 2 6 a .

servedontheMiinchenspecimen precededby* -...

dngof theepithet< - j A ? ( a l-mahrusah = theguarded

of theC airomint. Thee istingthree lettersare how ever

erJ aecke lo f theMunichStateC o llectionsuggeststhew ord

tk now how ever o fanyC airo issuew iththename

ndthisw ouldthereforebe if true itsf irstoccurrence. The

withMadtnahisMadinatH alab.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

tans

v

v:

. A NS ( 2 3 7 .2 4 . B a l og ( 2 3 7 .4 5 P l at e I I .

ssionoffaithMarginallegend:

.

U l 1 O A s - > J +

l

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ssionoffaith

. L 7 o 4( 8 .2 o .

oit

C ey lonC oinsandC urrency p. 159 nos. 4 5 6and7.

E T O R M SS N G

7 . 46 . L 7 o 5 ( 5 . 1 8 . M e ry - To c ch i .

NG A E X A ND R I A O N TO P O F R E V . C N T R W I T H O U T y »

4 ; 4 77 ( 2 3 4 .4 5 . A sh mo l.

ofessionoffaith

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

-

P l a te I I , 3 4.

3 5 . 28 .

:

:

lo g( 2 5 4 .4 5 P l a te I I .

N G

S ( 2 4 5 . 33 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



heCaliphal-Mustansir

6 59 H .

ssionoffaithMarginallegendendswith:

mallCenter:

M S S N G

endendswith:

te I I . AN S( 2 3 5 .7 0 .

L E ( NO N-H E R A D I C

dicissueofB aybarsI , probablyhisfirstdirhememission

ly tw oco inshavebeenpublishedbyL. A . Mayerandathird

A shmoleanMuseum O x ford. U nfortunate lyMayer s

dhedoesnot mentionthedate theAshmoleanMuseum

eofpreservation andthedatemissing.Thereforepartof

structeduntil abetterpreservedspecimenisavailable.

moleanthe lastlineof theobversecenterisobliterated sothat

sstatementthatthereis alegendandnotthe lionpassant.

onof theAshmoleanMuseumdirhem:

s: circularline incircleofdots inthisisinscribeda linears uare

terated.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

shmol. ( 2o 2. 8o .

E ( H E R A D I C

N D AT D

sides: circularlinew ithincircleofdots.

unter-clock wise

u t th e m in t ( o n

a te I I .

nallegend:

* ' J y i

hlionpassantto

R N O M NT , 6 58 H .

sides: circularline incircleofdots.

rlegend:

a te I I .

nallegend:

hlionpassant

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( H E R A D I C

Mustansir

A T D

dies

circular lineincircle ofdots.Thereisno marginallegend

rcularinscriptionwhichis partofthecentralfield.

2. L a g um i na 9 3 n o . 1 ( 2 4 2 . 8o . B a l o g t h re e s pe c im en s :

3 2 .7 6 P l a te I I I ; ( 1 5 1 .4 o H a lf -d ir he m. AN S( 2 3 2 .7 4 .

hemdies

circular lineincircle ofdots.

rlegend

ingonlef t

rlegendstarting

7 P l a t eI I I , 4 3a . AN S ( 1 8 1 .3 8 . L 7 43 ( 1 4 1 .2 o l io n pa ss an t to r ig ht .

. R e v. c ir cu la r le ge nd : ^ \ ^ \ V

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

A T D


ns :( 2 2 2 .9 8 P l a te I I I ; ( 2 2 2 .9 0 ; ( 2 3 2 .9 1 ; ( 2 3 3 .3 7 . A NS t en

4 ; ( 2 3 3 .0 1 ; ( 2 2 2 .1 1 ; ( 2 2 2 .9 7 ; ( 2 2 2 .7 8 ; ( 2 2 2 .8 0 ; ( 2 4 2 .7 1 ;

4 2 .8 6 ; ( 2 5 2. 43 .

specialdies


s : ( 1 4 1 .2 5 ; ( 1 5 1 .2 2 .

D A T

N D AT P R E S R V E D : 6 60 H .


r-clockwisecircularlegendstarting

. L 7 2 4 ( 2 . 96 ; 7 2 5 ( 2 . 55 ; 7 4 2 ( 1 . 38 H a l f - di r he m . AN S f i v e s pe c i-

( 2 0 2 . 90 ; ( 2 2 2 . 65 ; ( 2 1 2 . 58 ; ( 2 2 2 . 50 . B a l og t hr ee s pe ci me ns :

2 0 2 .3 7 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 7 H a l f- di rh em .

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

T M S S N G

butcircularlegendstartson

butnocircularlegend.Mint and

23 3. 21 .

Al-H akim

A T D

sides: l inearoctolobe inocto lobeofdots. I ncentero fobverse small

themidsto f thew rit ing.

l at eI I I .

ck w ithspecia ldies


rlegend:Counter-clockwisecircularlegend:

oJ y o < ul o 4 nV o

6 ( 0 . 9 0 7 3 7 ( 1 . 4 8 i n t he f o ur c o rn e rs o f t he c i rc u la r l eg e nd o n t he r e v. : /

1 . 1 9 ; 7 3 9 ( 0 . 9 9 . M a ye r n o. 1 3 . B a l og n i ne s p ec i me n s: ( 1 3 0 . 90

( 1 4 1 .4 0 ; ( 1 5 1. 82 P l at eI I I , 5 0b ( 1 4 1 .6 7 ; ( 1 4 1. 52 ; ( 1 4 1 .6 9 ;

1 1 .4 4 ; ( 1 0 1. 45 . ANS ( 1 4 1 .3 3 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

U T W I T H O U T MO N TH

ue fewcoinshavethecompletedate whichisalways

O ntw oco insthedecadeismissing( 6 6 , andw ethink it

nbothsides: circularline incircleofdots.

nter-clockwisecircularlegend start-

^ lW lf L \

— » i _t m v* ^

7 1. 07 H a lf -dirhem. Noteornamentontopofa l- A bbasonrev .

o a ll c o in s o f th i s is s ue . P l a t e I I I .

e butdate:

e butdate.

l at eI I I .

R uk n w rittenthus: A sabove butdate

ary:

l at eI I I .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



O R M S S N GD A T S

. B M C 4 8 4 ( 2 4 2 . 78 d a te : 6 . .6 H . m ay b e 6 76 H . b e c a us e 6 66 H .

mission 485( 23 2. 76 datemissing. L 714( 3. 10 datemissing

sng. Laguminap. 94 no . 2( 21 2. 78 datemissing. A shmol. threespe-

NS s i s p ec i me n s: ( 2 2 3 . 01 6 . . 4 H . ( 2 2 2 . 97 6 . . 6 H . ( 2 3

3 2 . 61 d a te m i ss i ng ( 2 2 2 . 77 d a te m i ss i ng ( 2 2 2 . 84 d a te m i ss i ng .

usf ractionsof thisissue struck onsmalls uaref lansgenera lly

esesmallcoinsretainthe fourspike-likeprotrusionsre-

drepresentall thetransitionsbetweenthes uareandthe

rtionof thedie-inscriptionsisonthe flan.Althoughthe

theattributiontoD amascusisassuredbythestyle of

ughthetiny ornamentontopoftheletter sinofthe

verse:

en s: ( 1 2 1 .4 1 P l a te I I I , 5 5a ( 1 4 1 .6 2 P l a te I I I , 5 5b ( 1 5 1 7. 5 ;

2 1 .4 8 ; ( 1 1 0 . 69 P l a te I I I , 5 5c ( 1 1 0 . 74 . AN S( 1 3 1 .0 3 t h e ob v. of th is

withthe ordinarydirhemdie thereversewithaspecialhalf-

ND M O N TH

R I T T N : D A MA SC U S TH E G U A R D E D = \ - j > X \ J i .O

ah

rlegendstart-

l at eI I I .

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tans

A - A H I R

l at eI I I .

eightnotgiven

- AW W A

eightnotgiven.

R A MA D A N

f irst lettero f the

e R a a b o r R a m a-

sible.

ist.O nthefirst themintanddateformulais inthe

second it isontopandbottom a lw aysonthereverse .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

giouslegend

A T D

counter-clockwise:Circularlegend counter-clockwise:

y \ a l

circularlegend:Counter-clockwisecircularlegend:

e butdate:

P l a te I I I , 7 0a .

SAM I S SU E

6 5. . H . M a ye r n o . 8. A N S t h r e e sp e ci m en s : ( 1 9 2 . 19 ; ( 2 0 2 . 78

og ( 1 4 1 .5 3 H a l f- di rh em . P l at e I I I , 7 0b .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



T M S S N G

clockwisecircularlegend:

i * y >

elongto theCairomint.Threeslightvarietiescan be

intanddateformulastartsonthe le f tsideof thereverse inthe

rlegend.

hemintanddateformulastartsontherightsideof thereverse .

emintanddateformulastartsontopof thereverse .

obverse.

ular lineincircle ofdots.

O R M U L A ST AR T SO N L E F T S D E

* " ' . • ^

^ l il Cen ter :

v

( 2 1 2 .7 2 ; ( 2 1 2 .8 3 ; ( 2 1 2 . 7 8 .

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tans

2 1 2 . 20 ; ( 2 2 2 . 2 5 h o le d .

e butdate:

O R M U L A ST AR T S O N R I G H T S D E

^ -

2 0 2 .7 9 ; ( 2 1 2 .2 2 .

legendontop:

legendontop:

ns : ( 2 2 3 .0 9 ; ( 2 2 2 .7 0 ; ( 2 0 3 .0 4 . A NS t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 2 0 1 .9 8 ;

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



s ( 2 0 2 .7 9 ; ( 2 0 3 .0 9 ; ( 2 0 2 . 48 ; ( 2 0 1 .9 8 ; ( 2 1 2 . 62 ; ( 2 1 2 . 81 ;

g ( 1 6 1 .8 1 .

O R M U L A ST AR T S AT TO P

( 2 2 2 . 66 . A N S t h r e e sp e ci m en s : 1. ( 2 1 2 . 87 ; 2 . ( 2 2 2 . 65 ;

l og t wo s pe ci me ns : 21 2 .8 6 P l at e I I I ; ( 2 0 2 . 65 .

e r no . 9 . AN S ( 2 2 2 . 37 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

S z i .

butdate:

s : ( 2 o 2 . 95 P l a te I I I ; ( 2 o 2 . 8 8 . M a y e r no . 9. J u n gf l ei s ch ( 2 o

butdate:

2 . 61 . B a l o g ( 2 o 2 . 71 .

P l a te I V .

r o be r t no . 6 55 4 . AN S ( 2 1 2 . 74 . B a l o g t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 2 1 2 . 77 ;

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



butdate:

w o s pe c im e ns : ( 2 0 2 . 7 6 ; ( 2 0 .

e butdate:

s : ( 2 2 2 .8 3 P l a t eI V ; ( 2 0 2 .8 8 .

E N D I N GW I T H : i

e butonrightsidethedateends

edthatall dirhemswithareligiouslegendon thereverse

mint theonlye ceptionisasingleco in( A NS w iththe

mDamascus.

eree istmany fractionsof thisdirhem struck onnarrow

ating onwhichthewholeperipheralportionof thelegends

ly ona lltheseco insthemintasw ellasthedate isa lwaysof f

yareeasytoidentifywiththeCairoemission becauseofthe

Malik andespeciallyfromthesmallscroll-likeornament

onthereverse . Of thenumerousspecimensw ehaveseen

32 ( 0 . 90 ; 7 33 ( 1 .1 6 . A NS s i s pe ci me ns :( 1 3 0 .7 4 ; ( 1 3 0 .9 6 ; ( 1 4 1 . 03 ;

1 6 1 . 60 ; ( 1 3 1 . 58 . B a lo g s i s pe ci me ns :( 1 2 0 . 65 ; ( 1 5 0 . 88 P l a te I V ,

( 1 3 1 . 21 P l a te I V , 9 3 b ( 1 1 1 . 68 ; ( 1 4 1 .7 0 . B M s i s p ec im en s.

sarescarceenough usuallymuchworn the legendsareoften

nimitatetheAyyiibid-stylearrangementofthelegends

ahe agon. I ngeneralthefuli isbe longtofourgroups.

aybars coato farms the lionpassantto le f t.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



kSultans

nsir

M S S N G

s: circularline inw hichlinears uare . In theresult ingsegments

d.

l og ( 1 8 .

A T D

sides: circleofdots inw hichcircularline .

l l

nthes uare continuesinthesegments thecomplete

^ h U . a l y U i l l d i l l

a te I V .

m

SS NG O R N O TM NT O N D

nbothsides. L inears uare inw hich:

I V .

.


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rlegend start-

T M S S N G

circle ofdotsinwhich circularline:

o fdots be ing

he agram.

i

fgi9

t h e e t e rn a l an g le s

date.I ncenter:

M S ir R . B u r n 1 94 9 8 -3 -4 31 n o nu mb er ( 1 6 . A sh mo l. ( 1 9 P l a t eI V .

( 2 1 2 .1 1 ; ( 1 8 3 . 1 7 . B a lo g t hr ee s pe ci me ns : ( 1 7 ; ( 1 6 b a d ly w or n

T M S S N G

u n gf l ei s ch ( 1 2 2 . 73 . J u n gf l ei s ch r e ad t h e mi n t: D a m a s cu s .

H .

e inw hich

uare:

nw hichlinear

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tans

P l a t eI V . J u ng fl ei sc h ( 1 9 2 .4 1 .

mentontheright andw ithitthedecade ismissing.

A T D

es: circleofdots inw hichlinearcircle .

a te I V , 1 0 1 a . L 74 6 ( 2 . 8 8 . K h e di v . 14 9 2 1 4 93 . D o r n e t Ga ma o f f

52. Miles " A ntioch no . 168. Wienno. 688. A NS four

3 ; ( 2 2 2 .6 9 ; ( 2 1 2 .9 0 ; ( 2 0 2 .5 5 . B a l og ( 2 0 2 .4 5 P l a te I V , 1 01 b.

u ng fl ei sc h ( 1 8 , 2 . 82 . B a l og ( 1 8 1 . 84 .

s:circular lineincircle ofdots.

9 36 5 - 19 ( 1 3 P l a te I V . S o re t 3 -e l e tt r e ( a D o r n , n o . 16 0 . So r et

butitbe longshere.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



R A -D l NB A R A A Q AN

9A .D .

sonheinheritedfromhis father thelionpassanttoleft

representedbytwo dinarsonly buthissilveris alittle

hnotf re uent.

A 676 H .

s:circular line thencounter-clockwisemarginallegend sepa-

doublecircularline.

Marginallegend:

* * .

P l a t eI V , 1 04 a. A NS ( 2 1 4 .2 6 . B a l og ( 1 9 3 .2 3 c li pp ed . P l at e I V ,

eronbothsides circularline incircleofdots. Nocircular

nter-clockwisecircularlegend containingthemintanddate

amentontop ofCircularlegend:

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Sultans

4 . B a l og ( 2 1 .

ve butdate:

butdate:

pe ci me ns : ( 2 0 2 .7 9 P l a t eI V , 1 07 a ( 2 1 2 .8 2 P l a t e I V , 1 07 b

N G

2 1 2 . 89 . B a l og ( 2 0 2 . 78 .

a l og n in es pe ci me ns :( 9 1 .6 5 ; ( 9 1 .4 3 ; ( 1 0 1 .8 3 ; ( 9 1 .6 9 ; ( 1 0 1 .4 7 ;

5 1 .6 4 P l at eI V , 1 08 a ( 1 5 1 . 45 P l a te I V , 1 0 8b ( 1 5 1 .8 5 P l at eV , 1 08 c.

ocharacteristicswhichenableus toidentifythemeven

: Ontheobverse there isnoornamentinf ronto f the lion s

aprettyscroll-likefloralornamentis engravedontopofthe

llseethattheDamascusdirhemshavedif ferentcharacterist ic

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n.Accordingtothe heating( noneatall insufficientor

theresult ingcoinremaineds uare orhasbeenpartiallyor

king.

ight.Thediameterisfrom 11to15mm. theweightfrom

yhaveone thingincommon:onlyacentral portionofthe

mintanddateare almostwithoute ceptionmissing.

22 ( 2 .2 5 ; 8 23 ( 3 . 2 2 ; 8 24 ( 2 .o 9 . B a l og t hr ee s pe ci me ns : ( 9 o .5 1 P l a t e

( 1 o o .5 5 ; ( 1 2 1. o4 P l at eV I I I , 2 12b .

MS O V E R S TR U C B Y A - Ni S R M U H A M MA D

nineteenthCentury numismatistsnoticedthee istence

overstruck withanA rabiclegend. L . L . Saw as k iewic

e n t 1 8 46 w a s th e f ir s t au t ho r t o me n ti o n th e m h e d id n o t h o w-

properplacein thehistoryofMamlukcoinage.Nearlyfiftyyears

shedseveralspecimensinhisvery importantarticleonthe

micdinarsanddirhems( 1883 . I nhisManualo fMusalman

theywerealreadycorrectlyattributedtoal-NasirMuhammad

ultsof hismilitaryoperationsinCilicia.

14-15A . D. a l-NasirMuhammadattackedandinvadedC ilicia

din716H. ( 1316A . D. . Ne tyearthecampaignw asre-

ssfully fortheMamluks. I n721H. ( 1321A .D . A rmenia

nfromAsiaMinor whichincidentallywasalso

ammad.TheworstfortheArmenianswasto comein

A . D. w hentheMamluk sultanaga ininvadedC ilicia la id

ritoryandfinallyevencapturedSis thecapital.Notonly

ryofL eonI V , butanannualtributeof1 2oo oootrams

ome.

eadycashwhich continuedtocomeinregularlyfor

ccourthe chronicallydeficientMamluksilvercurrency.

robablymelteddowntostrikeMamlukdirhems partagain

culation withoutanyalterationwhatsoever.Massesof

reoverstruck w itha l-NasirMuhammad sdies. A llthreek indsof

etherinhoards fromthisperiod whichisanindication

withoutdiscrimination.

ebeene ecutedwithinsufficientheatingofthetrams

nianlegendsareoftenwell enoughpreservedandthe

strikingnot alwaysdistinct.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

ign

teismissingon allspecimens.Thecoin-type withthis

ides occursonlyonveryearlydinars( 711and713H .

beenfoundon afewdirhemswhichprobablybelongto

hchthemint-nameisa lsomissing. A sforthedate theco ins

lyoverstruckaslongasthetribute continuedtoflowin.

king reconstructedfromseveralcoins readas

) V l U ,

M

l < ii J j -U .#

ofNew Y ork k indly informedmethatinhiscorpusofA rmenian

withArabicoverstrikingarelisted.O fthese 13belongto

. a n d 45 t o L e v o n I V ( 1 3 20 - 13 4 2 A. D . ; o n t he r e ma i ni n g

llegible .

ablethatthecoinsw hichw ereparto f the lootand toa

madeuptheyearly tribute be longtothecontemporary ruler

essor.

okindenoughtoconfirmthe identificationofseveralof

ollows:

O N O S H I N ( 1 3 08 -1 32 0A .D .

en s: ( 2 1 2 .3 8 ; ( 2 1 2 .2 9 P l a te V I I I , 2 13 a ( 2 3 2 .2 5 P l a te V I I I ,

O N L E V O N I V ( 1 32 0- 13 42 A. D .

en s: ( 2 2 1 .9 5 P l a te V I I I , 2 13 c ( 2 0 2 .2 0 ; ( 1 8 1 . 90 P l a te V I I I ,

NK I NG SNAM I L L E G B L E

ns :( 2 5 2 . 25 ; ( 2 2 2 .3 2 P l at eV I I I , 2 13 c ( 2 1 1 . 89 P l a te V I I I ,

a n d se v er a l ot h er s p ec i me n s no t c on t ro l le d . AN S ( 2 0 2 . 23 ; ( 2 2 2 . 05 .

ral-Nasir Muhammadcopperwasissuedinmuchgreater

isfulusarepreservednotonly inlargenumbers buta lso

pes.H iscoppershavebeenfoundin hoards whichsome-

sover500specimens l ik efore amplethe1959hoardw hich

C r e a



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tans

red andw hichw aschief ly composedofC a iroandD amascus

uldbe listedinchrono logicalorder. A s how ever many

hammadareundated itwasthoughtthatanarrange-

eswas morepractical.Thetypesareas follows:

amentedf ie ld.

r ge s .

stcometheco insw ithoutmintanddate thenthosew ith

f ina lly co insw ithmintanddate .

d

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otsincircularline . B order: circularline inw hichs uareof

onbothsides.


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tallegend.

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ets.legend:professionoffaithformula.

C i rc u la r l in e . Ce n te r :

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p. 9 4 f o ur s p ec i me n s. B a l o g t w os p ec i me n s: ( 1 8 P l a te I X ; ( 2 1 ;

omthe1959hoard. J ungfle isch(22 3. 25 . A NS( 23 3. 05 .

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s:circular line.

j u < ulV l< ) lV

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9 ( 3 . 11 ; 8 3 0 ( 3 . 06 ; 8 3 1 ( 2 . 75 . F r a eh n A d d i ti o ns t o N ov a Su p pl . p . 28 2

94no. 3. Siouff ip. 18. B / 35/ 2( 20 . B M521-A-11-737( 19 .

s . Mi i nc h en . B a l o g t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 2 0 ; ( 2 1 2 . 44 ; e i gh t m or e

oard.

ve butdate:

mthe1959hoard.

ve butdate:

e1959hoard.

butdate:

80. Z ambaurreadthedateas709H. itmustbe: 739H . A shmol.

en s: ( 2 0 P l a te I X ; ( 2 0 ; ( 2 0 . A NS ( 1 7 3 .1 1 ; ( 1 7 3 .3 2 .

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nonumber. B a log numerousspecimensf romthe1959hoard.

ed

j t

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nallegend:Counter-clockwisemarginallegend:

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ci me ns :( 1 5 1 .4 8 ; ( 1 7 2 .8 4 ; ( 1 8 2 .3 7 ; ( 2 0 2 .7 8 ; ( 2 1 2 .6 0 .

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r n a me n ts

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orderof linearcircle inw hichlinearhe agram.

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otreadthew holedateandcouldnotdecidew hethertoattributethis

dora l-NasirHasan. A NS tw ospecimens: (18 2. 77 ; ( 16

B a lo g e ig ht s pe ci me ns : ( 1 6 ; ( 1 7 ; ( 1 7 ; ( 1 8 P l a t eI X , 2 42 a

2 42 b R e v. c ir cu la r st ar ts a tt op l ef t si de ( 1 9 ; ( 2 0 P l a t eI X , 2 42 c ( 1 5

s.

eversecircularstartsattop rightside e ceptonB alog( 18 , w here

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egend startingat

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ns :( 1 4 P l a te X ; ( 1 4 ; ( 1 5 ; ( 1 5 .

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ign

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s:dottedcircle betweentwolinearcircles.

hori ontalbandinto

ments( fesse . The

evenpieces

r. b. toright. Upper

tainsafloralara-

5 28 1 ( 1 7 . AN S f ou rs pe ci me ns :( 2 o 2 .5 2 ; ( 1 9 2 .5 2 ; ( 2 o 3 .8 2 ;

/ s. B a l o g t h r e e sp e ci m en s : ( 2 o V a r . a P l a te X , 2 4 5a ( 1 7 V a r . b

1 8V a r .b .

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es: circularline . F ie ldonbothsidesdiv idedby tw ohori onta l

fesse . I ntheupperandlow ersegment: undulatedcable

egment:

t w o s pe c im e ns : ( 1 9 P l a te X ; ( 1 9 . A N S ( 1 7 2 . 78 .

.


y tw ohori onta ll inesinto

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.6 2 . B a l og t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 1 9 P l a t eX ; ( 1 9 .

segment:

19 ( 1 8 ; 5 20 ( 2 0 . L 8 2 5( 2 .9 8 ; 8 26 ( 2 . 41 ; 8 27 ( 2 . 44 .

T D

s:linearcircle incircleof dots.

dedby tw ohori ontall inesintothreesegments( fesse .

+

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nt:ornament

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orderonbothsides: s uareofdotsinlinears uare . In it circularline .

ornament.

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ri onta ll inesinto

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monds inw hichB order: circularline . I nit l inear

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rline

onta lf le ed

leur-de-lisonpi ue

s : ( 1 4 P l a t eX ; ( 1 3 .

nein circleof

leur-de-lisonpla in

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ots inw hichdouble

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tte.

l a t eX , 2 56 a. F l a ge l. ( 1 5 P l a t eX , 2 56 b. P . A .M .

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ign

rline .

n i t l i ne a r he a -

erwoventri-

ternalangles.

ttewithcentral

ns :( 1 4 P l a te X , 2 57 a ( 1 4 P l a te X , 2 57 b ( 1 5 ; ( 1 3 .

3 ; ( 1 4 2 .o 8 .

rl ine incircleofdots.

ri onta ll ines

sse .

dli l i

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a l og ( 1 6 P l at e X .

.

drosette inlinear

e a lobeandmargina l

mewasdifficultto identifyonthiscoinand hasbeenerroneously

mad. I tbe longs correctly toa l-SdlihHa j i. C f . 527

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onta ll ineof

ontallines.

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nw hichlinearhe a-

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s:Circleof smalldiamondsbetweentwocircularlines.

nallegend:

ttewithcentral

obe.

B M J . H a r ri so n- B a ll 1 93 8 5- 13 -2 9 ( 2 1 P l a t eX , 2 60 a S ir R . B u r ns

lateX , 260b. L 1145L avo i didnotattributetheco intoNasir

he invocation•_r _ j c. Miles A ntioch171 173. A NS tw ospeci-

( 2 2 2 . 39 .

estoccurrenceof« j * .. onaMamlukcoin.Marcel

atadinarofa l-Mansur' A laa l-DI n' A li struck inC a iro in

M a ml u k co i n to p r es e nt t h is i n vo c at i on ( B I E I X , 1 9 27 p p .

n theformula ' a z anasruhuw asinusef rom717H. thusafull

ansur' A li sdinarw asissued. I ncidenta lly co insw iththis

san sanda l-A shrafSha ban snamealsoarek nown.

.

w eentw o

naments

.

rcleofdots.

d:

whichconcave

te- ing2331. Miinchen( 18 threespecimens. J ungfle isch(20

61 a. B a l og t wo c oi ns : ( 1 8 P l a t eX , 2 61 b ( 1 8 . A NS s i s pe ci me ns :

0 2 .0 5 ; ( 2 0 2. 83 ; ( 18 3 .2 9 ; ( 1 8 2 .9 3 ; ( 1 7 3 .7 0 .

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ign163

lvonWellenheim.

N D AT D


s t ipsdownw ard

tchedtowardthewing-tips.

e , 2 63 .

ND AT D

sides: l inearcircle incircleofdots.

headturnedtoright.

edbypelletinf rontandthree

derneath abranchwith

e , 2 64 a. A NS ( 1 8 2 .1 0 P l a t eX I , 2 64 b.

A T D


eagle w ingsspread t ips

clawsspreadtograspthe

tailelaborately

eX I .

uliisdonotcarry al-NasirMuhammad sfullname there

bution.Al-NasirH asan scopperissuesalreadyhavea

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A -D l NA B U B A R

. .

o f thissultan nodirhems andquiteanumberofcopper

s:circular line.

l . I , n o . 5 ( 2 7 7 . 39 F i g . Co d ri n gt o n.

ul J ^ .

.

es: thick circularline. I nit l inearhe agram pe lle tinthee -

nter:

A NS f ou rs pe ci me ns :( 1 9 2 .8 8 ; ( 2 o 3 .2 1 ; ( 1 9 2 .7 1 ; ( 1 7 2 .6 9 .

g t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 1 9 3 . 34 P l a te X ; ( 1 9 3 . 22 .

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te :

A p pe l T a f e l I I n o . 10 . A sh m ol . A NS ( 1 8 3 . 1 2 . B a l o g t w o s p ec i -

l at eX I ; ( 1 9 3 . 27 .

nd 742H .issueshavebeenputbeforethe obverseonthe

dertoavo idconfusion thesameorderhasbeenobservedin

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A A -D I N K U J U K

A .D .

myMuhammadof theMuseumof I slamicA rtinC a irohas

ntionthattwodirhemsof thisrulere istinthe col-

othercoins areknown.

C r e a



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A B A - D lN AH M AD

. .

beenpublishedby Codringtonandanotherspecimenhasbeen

MunichState CoinCollection.

ublelinear dodekalobe.

nds.

6 . 96 F i g . C o dr i ng t on . M ii n ch e n ( 2 6 6 . 39 P l a te X L I .

M S S N G

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45A D .

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chisa litt le lessscarce seems onthecontrary tohavebeen

dfulusinCairoas wellasinseveralSyrianmints.

s:doublecircular line.

* A t

l -5 ^ 1 ^ l ^

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te : A sabove.

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h 33 / 1 ( 2 3 2 . 85 . A N S ( 2 0 1 . 61 . J u n gf l ei s ch ( 2 1 2 . 50 . B a l o g

2 .4 4 P l a t eX I , 2 77 a ( 2 1 2 .5 8 P l a t eX I , 2 77 b ( 2 1 2 .4 8. A NS

3 . 00 y e ar m i ss i ng b u t th e t yp e i s of t h is y e ar o n ly .

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8 58 ( 2 .5 0 ; L 8 59 ( 2 .0 4 ; L a vo i r ea d at t he t op o ft he o bv er se :

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o * > j u at < ul Ml 4 l V

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1 8 .

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a lthoughmintmissing there isnodoubtabouttheattributiontoHamah.

- lonthe obverseischaracteristicforH amahinthisseries.P late

d B / 3 11 1 0 ( b o th 1 5 . B M 1 9 4 9 /6 7 1 n o n u mb e r ( 2 3 2 . 27 . A s hm ol .

2 . 87 . J u n gf l ei s ch t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 1 9 1 . 52 ; ( 2 0 2 . 85 .

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0 2 .8 1 .

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A T I NCO M L E T

rlegend:

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l

. A N S t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 2 0 2 . 99 ; ( 2 0 2 . 8 1 . J u n gf l ei s ch t w o sp e ci -

( 2 0 3 . 09 . B a l og t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 2 0 2 .5 0 P l at e X I I ; ( 2 1 .

rhem-fractionsonunheated( orinsufficientlyheated irregularflan

sma ilasbefore . Seethesectiononmintingtechni ue.

ew legendsthatitis mostlyimpossibletoestablishthe

re o fcourse a lw aysmissing.

. B a l og t hr ee s pe ci me ns : ( 1 1 1 .7 0 ; ( 1 0 13 1 .0 2 P l a t eX I I , 2 84 a

l at eX I I , 2 84 b.


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mthe1959hoard.D iameterfrom18to23 weight2.50to3.40

l a t eX I , 2 85 a n o. 5 ( 2 3 2 .9 5 ; P l a t eX I , 2 85 b. A NS t wo s pe ci -

( 2 2 2 . 88 .

C r e a



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ve butdate:

e ns : ( 2 0 ; ( 2 0 ; ( 2 1 , t h es e t hr e e sp e ci m en s c om e f ro m t he 1 9 59 h o ar d .

.

s:circle oflargedots.

dedby tw ohori ontalrow sofdots.

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h e di v . 15 2 4 1 5 2 5 1 5 26 . S io u ff i p . 18 . J u n gf l ei s ch ( 2 2 3 . 31 ; ( 2 1

s pe ci me ns : ( 2 2 3 .4 7 ; ( 2 2 .

butdate:

pp. 173-4no5. D asMuhammedanischeMun k abinettd. A siat. Mus. 1821.

gGemmingnos. 46 49. B MC 540( 22 . K hediv. 1527. L. 863.

k DieK uf ischenMiin endes. . . oanneumsinGra no23. Win-

9 . M i in c he n . B a l og t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 2 0 3 . 61 P l a te X I ; ( 2 1 3 . 6 7 .

utdate:

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tans

sides: circleofdots.

ght.

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46A . D.

sco ins especia lly thecopper area llscarce.

s:circular line.

l

lV

s. B roachp. 343no. 9/ 2 no . 11/3. C unha1476. White- ing

u rg es s 86 -4 -7 -6 ( 2 6 6 .6 6 P l a t eX I I . T ho rb ur n ( 4 . 83 . B r o ac h

oa l-AshrafSha ban thedate isclearly768H .

.

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tans

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og ( 1 7 H a l f- di rh em . P l at e X I I , 3 00 b .

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e I I .

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s:circle oflargedots.F ieldonbothsides dividedbytwohori-

l at eX I I .

butdate:

missing. Windisch-Graet 184 datemissing( 15 .

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a te :

I E T

2 1 2 .5 9 ; ( 2 1 2 .1 3 .

A MA SC U S

ve.

. B a l og ( 1 9 2 . 72 .

becauseof thereverse legend w hichissim ilartotheD amascus

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

I L A MA H


P l a te X I I .

A E P P O . ( F L O W E R E T I N C N T R O F obv.

M

* .

l( S ^ y ^ j I

; 5 5 o ( 2 o 2 . 47 d a te m i ss i ng . B a l o g ( 1 5 H a l f - di r he m d a te m i ss i ng

I I .

N D AT D

s:circular lineincircle oflargedots.

ri onta ll inesStyli edf leur-de-lisf lank edby four

ntand pellets.

s se .

i l

P l a te X I I ; 8 7 1 ( 2 . 5 o s a m e b u t on b o th s i de s c ab l e- b or d er .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



othsides.

ri onta ll inesI nvertedlinearendeka lobe w ithsmall

erandlow ersegment f leur-de- lisoneachpo int

gment:

■

P l a t eX I I . B M C 55 0c ( 2 0 . T ho rb ur n. L 8 73 8 74 8 75 b el on g to

7 47 H .

nallegend:

ter:

H

l at eX I I .

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

A - D lN H A SA N

5 2 H . = 1 3 47 - 13 5 1 A. D .

-7 6 2 H . = 1 3 54 - 13 6 1 A. D .

sgo ldco insarenotf re uent w ehaveagoodrepresen-

bothre igns. D uringthef irstperiod heseemstohaveissued

amascus fromthesecondreignweknowgold from

nonefromA leppo Tripolio rH amah. C o inswithy inthe

the firstperiod goldaswellassilver.

sarepoorlypreservedandthe date asarule ismissing.

wnfromthe firstreign whereasanewtypeofepigraphic

fromtheCairomint issuedduringthesecondperiod.

inedatCairobyal-NasirH asan ssuccessorsnearlyto

anate.

75 2 = H . 1 3 4 7 -1 3 51 A . D .

s:doublelinear dodekalobe.

l

j i j u < ui * i M

i .m lj ^ -

C 5 5 o f ( 2 3 7 . 71 R e v . P r o f e ss i on o f f ai t h fo r mu l a en d s: j i . l. B M 1 9 o 3

S .- 4 .

ttwo lines:

U l

4 .

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



n

ttwo lines: A sabove.

8 .8 1 . B r o ac h 14 /2 4 a nd 6 .J u ng fl ei sc h ( 2 5 1 1. 9 . B a lo g ( 2 7 6 .8 1

ttwo lines: A sabove.

dill

6 .3 5 . Cu nh a 14 82 . B r oa ch 1 4/ 6 8 . B a lo g ( 2 8 6 .5 9 P l a t eX I I I .

inarsofthefirst reignthenameofal-NasirMuhammad

er isprecededby thetit leL My t maw lana " ourlord.

J ) -

0 . 3 0 .

teattheendofA sabove

05 P l at e X I I I . L 8 77 ( 6 .4 1

lars.

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



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7 canbeascribedtothef irstre ignthroughthew ordMy inthepro-

mpletedateis known:

lH \ 4 l M

il a 3

.

M S S N G

u * n l Sr i4 l M

shouldbe longtothef irstre ign becauseof thetitlek V ^ . intheprotoco l.

AT M SS NG

Ml 4l H

. 20 notethetit le intheprotoco l.

y theundatedfuliisofTripoli havealsobeenlistedunder

perco insof thisperiodhavethefesse a l-NasirHasan s

erse .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



A H A -D lN SA I H

- 3 54 A .D .

regna lyearf romtheC airomint butonlyoneco in date

s.


M

l

Y

8 P l a t eX I I I , 3 3o a. B r o ac h p. 3 46 n o. 2 o. A NS ( 2 8 6 .7 1 . B a l og

e I I I , 3 3 ob .

ereverselegendare slightlydifferentontheB Mand

ascanbenotedf romtheil lustrations.

teattheendof theA sabove.

6 . 87 . B r o a c h p. 3 4 6 no . 2 o( 2 7 7 . 19 a n d th r ee m o re s p ec i me n s me n ti o ne d .

heendof theA sabove.

6 . 2o . L 8 8 9 ( 8 . 7 4 . B r o a c h p. 3 4 6 no . 2 o t h r e e sp e ci m en s n o p ar -

hite- ing2237( 8. 5o . Thorburn( 5. 6o .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

sides: double linearhe a lobe.

l

P l a te X I I I .

earonthecoin isnotveryconspicuouson thephotograph.

T M S S N G

2 4 5 . 08 .

7 52 H .

R I A N

s:circular line.

aendsatj i. land

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v e J ^ j

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. W i en 7 96 9 ( 2 7 5 .7 5 .

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ram notbe ingdescribed maybelongtoe ithera l-Sa lih

a j i .

O B V E R S , 7 55 H .

j t < l_

l M

lU ) l * ul J _ - j * *

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5 l

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C 55 6 k ( 2 8 7 .5 2 . B r o ac h 16 /1 1 7.


6 .8 7 ; 5 56 q ( 2 6 6 .0 9 . B r o ac h 16 /1 3 1 6/ 15 1 6/ 24 1 6/ 28 .


a c h 16 / 2.

.

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gn

H. butdateattheA sabove.

r o ac h ( 1 5 /2 6 . B e y r a m2 6 4 ( 8 . 3 0 . S i ou f fi p . 1 8 ( 1 0 . 25 .


5 . 64 . B r o a c h ( n u m be r ) . C un h a 14 8 3.

k

P l a te X I V .

dateattheendof theA sabove.

ars.

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



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A 756 H .


ddateattheA sabove.

^ J »

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. 39 . B r o a c h 16 / 33 .

teattheendofA sabove.

g.

ghthedecadeismissing thetype isthato f thecoinsof thesecondre ign.


j - >

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8 ; 5 62 d ( 2 6 8 .1 0 d at e 76 - H . P . d e V o g u6 c ol l. 1 54 8 ( 2 9 d at e 75 - H .

0 . 0 .

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a l j j l

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9 .5 9 . B r o ac h 15 /1 0 1 6.

9 3 .

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6 .6 7 . B r o ac h 15 /1 ( 2 4 6 .0 2 . . ..

5 .9 6 .

5 .9 6 P l a te X I V . B r o ac h1 5/ 2 3 4 6 .B a lo g( 2 4 6 .6 5 .

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

8 P l a te X I V . A NS ( 2 4 6 .3 2 .

.4 o P l a t eX I V .

A s ab ov e.

3 . A NS ( 2 4 9 .3 9 . B a l og t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 2 4 9 .2 7 P l a t eX I V ,

O b v . fo ur th l in e: . ul c - j u - ^ U l d i ll P l a t eX I V , 3 61 b.

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



gn


L J l j ^ l

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6 .3 5 . B a l og ( 2 5 4 .6 8 P l a te X I V .

D A T M S S N G

sides: missing.

U l j i -l ^ a l l

.5 6 P l a t eX I V .

.

l l U l C ounter-clock wisecircularlegend:

i R B L T

J . i - -. j O r- ^ ( T - ^ 0 J ^ V j -

5 . A N S ( 2 2 2 .8 8

T M S S N G

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kSultans

M S S N G ( 7 6 -H .

M

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M S S N G

>

l ' t fl < ll M

L 8 8 2 ( 2 . 7 8 8 8 3 ( 3 . o 2 P r o ba b ly H a m a h. L a v oi ' s r e ad i ng :

re ct ed : ( . r . a a j . B r o ac h 35 /3 . B a lo g ( 1 6 P l a t eX I V .

A T M S S NG

.B ordermissing

P l a te X I V . R e v .t h e sm al l c ar t ou c he i n a b or d er o f d ot s w i th t h e na m e

gravedonthedie notacountermark . Theow nerof thenameisun-

hatofamint-o f f icia l( P la teX I V . ad: 368 . B roach35/ 2nocar-

S S N G N O P A R T CU L A R S

5 o9 . B e y r am 2 6 2 2 6 3 s i s p ec i me n s.

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gn

kalobeincircle

cular linesur-

s.F lowerets

circle inthe

p. 9 5 n o. 5 a E i n ig e B e r i ch t ig u ng e n p. 3 5 . B M C 56 7 ( 2 3 ; 5 6 7 a

pe ci me ns :( 2 1 ; ( 2 5 ; ( 2 5 ; ( 2 6 ; ( 2 2 ; ( 2 5 . J u n gf ie is ch f iv es pe ci me ns :

2 4 4 . 45 ; ( 2 5 4 .3 3 ( 2 5 4 . 31 ( 2 6 3 . 80 . B a lo g f ou rs pe ci me ns :( 2 1 ;

. R e v. o rn am en t:

or na me nt :

8 8 5 ( 3 . 9 6 . S i ou f fi p . 1 8. D o r n ( & G a ma o f f p . 7 4 no . 2 . J u n g -

:( 2 5 4 .2 0 ; ( 2 5 3 .8 5 ; ( 2 5 3 .7 3 ; ( 2 6 4 .2 0 ; ( 2 6 4 .3 2 . A NS ( 2 3 ;

al og fo ur sp ec imen s: ( 2 0 ; ( 2 1 ; ( 2 4 ; ( 2 5 .

- t S u ' < -

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or na me nt ( 2 5 .

c j s < -

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sidesmissing.


o a i l i> _ > J C > — J . l > - > j i t

nganinverteddrop onbothsides.

s : ( 1 7 P l a t eX I V ; ( 1 5 b ad ly wo rn .


anglewithinterwovensides intothreeperipherial

ralarea.

ckw ise: I nthesegments clockw ise:

2 .2 6 P l a te X I V . A NS t hr ee sp ec im en s: ( 1 8 2 .9 1 ; ( 1 9 2 .3 1 ; ( 1 8 2 .5 1 .

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A H A - D l N MU H A MM AD

63A .D .

l j - L .

J

9 . 33 . B r o a c h 22 / 1 ( 2 7 8 . o 4 ; 2 2 /4 . M un c he n . AN S ( 2 8 8 . 91 .


47( 7. 62 . Schulman listno . 19( 7. 62 Schulman C at. March

eeareprobablyoneandthesameco in. Wien7961(7. 4o . Munchen

3 . L 8 91 ( 7 .3 8 ; 8 92 ( 6 .1 4 . K h e di v. 1 53 3. B r o ac h 22 /6 9 1 o.

. G. B ase l L ist185 Nov / Dec. 1958no. 483.

r o a c h 22 / 2 5 7 8 .

A 762 H .

sline: A sabove.

6 .8 7 . B r o a c h 22 / 17 .

teattheendof the

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sline: A sabove.

5 8 3 . K h e di v. 1 53 4. B r o ac h 22 /1 3 1 4 1 6. W h i te - i ng 2 23 8 ( 6 . 60 .

5 6 . 87 .

.

s:circular line.

6 . 87 . B r o a c h 22 / 11 1 2 . Mu n ch e n.

v e.

70 . C u nh a i 48 6 1 4 87 .

64H. B roach22/ 18datemissing.

omedownto ussofar.

5 P l at eX I V .

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R O B A B L Y CA R O ) , 762 H .

onbothsides.

a te X I V .

rlegend:

• •

g thecoinisalmostcertainly fromCairo.Thestyle

sameasthatona l-A shrafSha ban sC airodirhems.

R O B A B L Y A E P P O ) , 763 H .

rcularlegend:

rlegendinTur-

uf ic:

M S S N G

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.

7 64 H .

umpf ragment m intobscure.

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tans

ek a lobe incircleB order: circularline . I nit e ight-po inted

eretineachsegment

star po intinginward

f ro mt he ck cl e.

r: < $ ?

7 1 w ( 2 1 . L 8 9 3( 3 75 ; 8 9 4 ( 4 . 14 . F o n ro be rt 6 56 2 ( 2 3 . A NS ( 2 0

gf le is ch ( 2 3 3 .9 9 ; ( 2 4 3 .3 3 . B a l og ( 2 1 3 .6 9 .

butdate:

hediv. 1535. Stick el C o ll. v . Gemmingno63. B ey ram267. Mery

t6563( 22 ; 65641.( 23 2.( 25 .ANS( 22 4.14 ; ( 24 3.90 .

is ch f ou r sp ec im en s: ( 2 5 4 .4 7 ; ( 2 3 3 .8 3 ; ( 2 5 4 .1 8 ; ( 2 3

s pe ci me ns :( 2 3 3 .8 1 ; ( 2 5 4 .5 0 ; ( 2 3 4 .5 2 ; ( 2 4 4 .5 6 P l a te X I V .

b u t da t e: o ^ - £ j l

L 8 9 5 ( 3 6 0 . F o n r o be r t 65 6 5 f o ur s p ec i me n s. S t ic k el C ol l . v. G e m-

chino.34.Munter304not q uiteclearwhetheralMansurMu-

a b a n. A N S f i v e s pe c im e ns : ( 2 1 4 . 22 ; ( 2 0 3 . 89 ; ( 2 5 4 . 09

3 . 9 7 . J u ng fl ei sc h t hr ee s pe ci me ns : ( 2 5 4 .2 5 ; ( 2 2 4 .1 8 ; ( 2 4 4 .7 1 . A sh -

ou r sp ec im en s: ( 2 3 3 . 68 ; ( 2 5 4 .5 0 ; ( 2 3 4 .5 2 ; ( 2 4 4 .9 6 P l at e X V .


anglewithinterwovensides intothreeperipheric

ralarea.

ckw ise: I nthesegments clockw ise:

X V .

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a t e X V . M i in c he n .

thesecond

h or b ur n . B a l og ( 1 8 2 . 28 .

A M AS CU S 7 62 H .

thesecond

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um ( 1 7 P l a te X V .

nit trianglew ith

ngles.I nthe

kwiselegend:

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d:

ne

tailcurledback.

ame-likerays

nderneath:

la teX V . Miles A ntioch180probably thistype. A NSA ntiochhoard

T. W. A rmitage19365-17-15. B a log threespecimensinpoorcon-

ompositebla onoccurringontwosides ofthesamecoin.

C r e a



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tans

s:circle ofdotsbetweentwocircularlines.

ri onta l

ments

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gfromthetop.

n o. 3 .B e i r ut ( 1 6 P l a t eX V , 3 93 a. A NS ( 1 6 . B a l og ( 1 6


f thef ield:

si -peta led

ts.

hori onta lseg-

ecentra lsegmentbendy

ef t .

.

A nt i oc h h oa r d ( 2 o P l a te X V , 3 9 4 a ( 2 o P l a te X V , 3 9 4 b t h re e

ree typesofH amahcopperissimply" al-Malikal-

henameproper. Theco insareundated the irattributiontoa l-

erefore iscon ectura l. Theycan how ever besafelyascribed

tyleandtypesoffuliis ofthoseotherB ahrisultanswhose

sq uitedifferentf romthecoppercoinsj ustdescribed.

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rline incircleof

gend:

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tte ) .

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tanding facingle f t.

vertheeagle s

V , 3 9 5 a ( 1 5 P l a te X V , 3 9 5 b on t h is s p ec i me n t h e e ag l e s b r ea s t is

centhasastem lik eachalice andresemblesdesignNo. 26 on

N S ( 1 5 2 . 9 4 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

I R A -D l NSH A B A NI I

77A D .

co inageisw ellrepresentedinmodernco llections. Wehave

nearlyeveryyearandmanycoinsof Ale andriaand

ghmuchfew erofA leppo. L essisk now nabouthissilverissues

veryvaried especiallythenumeroustypesofSyrian


gofthemint: al-Mansuriyatal-Mahrusaiscertainlyincorrectand

hrf lsa . B a log( 31 9. 5o .

teattheendof theA sabove butornaments:

hev ( B X V

l - >

t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 2 9 6 . 32 ; ( 2 8 1 o . 6 6 P l a te X V .

te : o -A sabove.

. L 9 o 2 ( n . 1 2 . B r o a c h 24 / 1 8 1 7 . Go t ha ( 7 . 8o .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

te : £ -A sabove.

te : i^ . A sabove.

6 .6 1 . H o r ov it ( 7 .0 7 . T ho rb ur n ( 7 . 26 .

teattheendof theA sabove butornamentsasonthe764H.

j

1 1. 40 . B r o ac h 24 /5 1 6 1 8 3 1. W h it e- i ng 2 23 9 ( 6 . 10 . B a l og

e V .


8 . 03 . B r o a c h 24 / 10 . C un h a 14 9 2. A N S ( 3 1 9 . 72 . J u n gf l ei s ch ( 2 9

6 .8 0 .

te : i^ . A sabove.

. 3 2 . S o re t 3 e le t tr e n o . 1 6 8 ( 1 0 . 20 .

t da t e: m \ A s a bo v e.

2 8 8 .8 0 ; 2 7 5 .1 5 .

tdate: ^ j J -A sabove butornaments:

en s: ( 2 7 8 .0 1 4 - > l * u l J ^ - ; ( 2 7 9 . 50 P l a te X V * U j l < u lJ j - y ( 2 5

j - .

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tans

e: ^ — < -

.

te :

7 .7 8 .

e : o lc < ~

1 0. 17 . B r o ac h 24 /4 ( 2 8 .

roach24/ thirty -onespecimens. Gotha1050( 5. 28 ; 1051( 8. 98 . B ey -

l ma n L i s t 1 9 n o . 41 ( 7 . 62 4 2 ( 8 . 98 p r ob a bl y i de n ti c al w i th G o th a

1203probablyidenticalwithGotha 1050 1204probablyiden-

S t w o sp e c1 m en s : ( 2 9 6 . 01 ; ( 2 7 6 . 59 .

A 765 H .

s:doublecircular line.

P l at e X V .

teatthef irst l ine :

( 2 6 6 . 22 .

teatthef irst l ine :

i en ( 8 . 50 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



.3 5 .

sline:

^ r 3

. 16 .

teatthef irst l ine : A sabove.

.9 0 .


5 .9 6 . B r o ac h 24 /6 2 6 6 7 0 7 5 7 6. B a l og ( 2 5 5 . 96 P l a t eX V .

h 24 / s i s p ec i me n s. B a l o g ( 2 5 5 . 92 .

.


P l a t eX V .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



kSultans

issing there isnodoubtthatthedatemustbe765H.

issuesthe legendstartsw ithv . . onbothsides

mulaisrelegatedtothelast lineoftheobverse.Note

styleofw ritingontheDamascusdinars ascomparedw ith

A s ab ov e.

. 2o .

teatthe lastline: A sabove.

1 o. 56 . A NS ( 2 6 9 .8 o l as t li ne :

8 .o 3 P l a t eX V I . B r o ac h 24 /5 6.


~ - u w -

8 .2 3 .


1 2. 18 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



u

8 .0 3 ; 5 76 a a( 2 6 8 .2 9 .

j

8 .5 5 ; 5 76 g g( 2 6 8 .2 9. L 9 01 ( 1 2 .3 5 .

t l ine : A sabove.

9 .2 0 P l a te X V I . B a lo g( 2 6 1 4. 79 .

o a c h 24 / n in e te e n sp e ci m en s . J u n g fl e is c h ( 2 4 7 . 13 . H o r o v it t w o

( 8 . 28 O b v . b ef o re 7 7 5 H . A N S t w o s p ec i me n s: ( 2 5 9 . 62 ; ( 2 5 1 0 .3 1

nddatemissing the legendstarts how ever onbothsidesw ith

y t h ey m us t t h er e fo r e b e lo n g to t h e 77 5 o r 77 6 H . D a m as c us i s su e s.

sides: circleofdots init l inearcircleandinthis l inearmulti lobe

e lle tsbetw eenthecircleandmulti lobe.

l d ll j .

P l a te X V I .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Sultans

teatthe lastline: A sabove.

r

P l a t eX V I ; 8 99 ( 6 .8 3 . K h e di v. 1 53 6.

lastl ine: A sabove.

X V I . H o ro vi t .

ban sfourteen-yearre ignhisdirhemsare lessthannumer-

Theyarenot evenrepresentativeofhiscoinageas

te ismissingona llhisk now nC airodirhems andonlyve1y few

mintshavecomedowntous.

a llthek now ndirhems.

ar dodekalobeinborderofpellets.

racteristic similartothatofthe Cairodinars sothat

areeasilyrecogni edasbelonginghere.Thisappliesto

dtheirf ractions.

e ns : ( 2 2 5 . 0 D o u b l e- d ir h em . P l a t e X V I , 4 2 8 a ( 2 3 5 . 0 D o u b l e-

, 2 48 b ( 2 2 3 .0 9 . A NS f ou r sp ec im en s: ( 2 2 3 .8 8 . ( 2 1 3 .0 4 ;

o u bl e- di rh em ( 1 9 1 .6 3 H a l f- di rh em .

sandf ractions

1 0 1 .9 0 ; ( 1 0 1 .8 9 ; ( 1 0 1 .9 0 ; ( 1 0 1 .5 2 . B a l og f iv e sp ec im en s:

1 6 2. 15 P l a te X V I , 4 29 a ( 1 2 1 3 2. 05 ; ( 1 31 .7 9 ; ( 9 1 51 .4 4

9b .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



nw hichlinear

circularline . I n

star w ithf low eret

circleandeight-

n .J u ng fl ei sc h ( 2 5 3 .9 7 . B a l og t hr ee s pe ci me ns : ( 2 1 ; ( 2 1 ; ( 2 2 .

i-

16 ( 4 .0 5 ; 9 17 ( 4 . 0 5 ; 9 18 ( 4 .1 0 . B M C sg i. b ( 2 6 . K h e di v. 1 53 8. F o n -

sp e ci m en s : ( 2 2 3 . 97 ; ( 2 1 3 . 95 . M u nc h en . W i e n. B a l o g

; ( 2 3 ; ( 2 1 .

3

. K h e d i v. 1 5 39 . L 9 1 9 ( 4 0 1 . W i e n . Mu n ch e n. J u n gf l ei s ch t w o

9 ; ( 2 3 3 . 8 8 . B a lo g t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 2 3 ; ( 2 2 P l a t eX V I .

f -

m12381. B M H . W. H arrison19288-8-9 8-8-10. Wien. Munchen.

s : ( 2 3 ; ( 2 1 .

ama of fp. 74no. 3. Wel lv . Wellenheim12382. F onrobert

. A NS t h re e s pe c im e ns : ( 2 1 4 . 31 ; ( 2 2 4 . 2 1 ; ( 2 3 4 . 18 . J u n g-

B a l og ( 2 3 P l at e X V I .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



Sultans

butdate: c.

1 ( 3 . 7 3 . A N S ( 2 0 4 . 09 . J u n gf l ei s ch ( 2 5 4 . 2 0 . B a l o g t w o s pe c im e ns :

e X V I .

butdate: i^ .

a l og ( 2 5 P l a te X V I .

butdate: j > j 5fc

d is c h- G ra e t 1 8 7 ( 2 4 . S c hu l ma n 1 90 7 F e b r u ar y . W i en . B a l o g

( 2 5 .

ve butdate: l_ri.

9365-4-4. G. F r. C lark 6-14-1-86.

ve butdate: i^ -

e ns : e ac h ( 2 2 P l a te X V I .

butdate: g-

ve butdate: ^ - - ck

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



butthesty leofw rit ingislessregular notsoharmonious.

X V I I .

_ j i

5 ; ( 2 2 P l a te X V I I .

X V I I .

l

X V I I .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

d a te d


div idedby tw ohori onta ll inesintoaw idercentra lsegment

erandlow er segments.

ments U ppersegment: o j +

, . A i — )

.

P l a t eX V I I ; 9 10 ( 1 7 2 .7 5 . S or et 2 6- e le tt re n o. 1 70 S or et r ea d th e

AN S ( 1 8 2 .1 2 ; ( 1 8 2 .3 3 . B a l og f iv e sp ec im en s: ( 1 6 ; ( 1 8 ;

( 1 9 .

ve butcentra l

X V I I .

butcentra l

og ( 1 9 P l a te X V I I .

0 1 ( 1 7 s e em t o b el o ng t o V a r . A . of t h e 77 1 H . i s s ue .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



s:circular line.

e-shaped

edges

lobewithflow-

tsbetweenthe

r : ^ , j +

. 161. B MC 567 a. B M L . A . L aw rence Park es-Weber11-3-1906

shmol. threespecimens. Thorburn. J ungf le isch tw ospeci-

t eX V I I , 4 5 8a ( 1 7 2. 15 . B a l og s ev en s pe ci me ns : ( 1 8 ; ( 1 8 ; ( 1 9 ;

( 2 0 ; ( 2 0 P l at eX V I I , 4 58 b. AN S t w el ve sp ec im en s: ( 1 9 2 .6 5 ; ( 1 9 2 . 46 ;

1 2 .7 1 ; ( 2 0 2 .6l ; ( 1 9 3 .78 ; ( 18 2 .3 9 ; ( 1 8 2 .38 ; ( 1 9 2 .9 6 ; ( 1 7 3 .O 1 ;

1 7. 2. 35 .

s:circular line.

u a re o f d ot s .

.

.

sides: circularline

sh mo l. ( 1 6 P l a t eX V I I . T ho rb ur n. B a l og ( 1 7 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

rderofdots. I nit

alends

perand

y .

onnectedw ith12

nalcircle 24short

dwithapellet.

ho rb ur n. B a l og t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 1 7 P l a t eX V I I ; ( 1 8 .


bes ue

em:

hori onta lseg-

mentbendywith

e V I I ; ( 1 7 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ofdots.B order:circularrigidcableto leftbe-

e . Center: tw eentwolinearcircles.

t withtail

nthemiddleof theta il.

s

ents

p. 9 6 n o. 1 1 . L 1 1 00 ( 2 . 17 . A N S f o ur s p ec i me n s: ( 2 0 2 . 37 ;

1 .9 8 ; ( 1 7 1 .1 6 . B a l og ( 1 8 P l at eX V I I .

nonthereverseto le f t.

l at e X V I I , 4 6 4 a 6 o6 f ( 1 7 . B M L . A . L a wr en ce 1 93 5 5- 1- 4 5 - 1- 5.

S ( 1 5 P l a te X V I I , 4 64 b.

s:thickcirc ularline.

nfield:shark bodybentdownwards.

.

ModernC opperC o insof theMuhammadanStates p. 186no. 2.

C b u t th e m in t i s wi t ho u t an y d ou b t H a m ah ; L * > , a n d no t B u k h ar a .

7 P l a te X V I I ; L . A . L a w r e nc e k n ot o n o bv e rs e c en t er : A NS A n ti o ch

a log( 19 .

and26 doesnotconsiderthef ishasahera ldicsign. I nthis

cupiesaprominentposit ion isw elldetachedf romthesurround-

sign. Webelieve therefore thatithasahera ldicva lue.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

s:rigid cabletoleftbetweentwocircular lines.

e-liswithwidebasis

mallrings. Topf lank edby

P l a te X V I I . A N S An t io c h ho a rd ( 1 9 1 .6 6 . W i e n . Th o rb u m. B a -


ri onta lF ie lddiv idedbyatriplehori ontall ine

rsegment: j^ j

i ldil lL ow ersegment: ^

a

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



W NCO I NS O F T H I S M NT AR E U ND A T D

chcircularline . I n

ththreespindle-

thepeta ls around

ellets. I ntheseg-

:

s inw hich

neachside

-circular

nter:

t e X V I I , 4 68 a 6 03 a ( 1 8 . D o r n- Ga ma o ff p . 76 n o. 2 .A NS f ou r

4 ; ( 1 7 1 . 70 ; ( 1 6 1 . 97 ; ( 1 5 1 . 78 . A sh mo l. P l a te X V I I , 4 6 8 b.

.

nw hichcircular

terta lobe.


p . 96 n o s. 8 a n d 9. B M C 6 0 1 a ( 1 7 . B M S i r R . B u r n 1 9 49 8 - 3- 1 1.

a l og f ou rs pe ci me ns :( 2 0 P l a te X V I I ; ( 1 7 H a lf -f al s ( 1 7 ; ( 1 7 .

s:circular line.

ri onta l

l

mallcentra l

l a te X V I I I . A N S An t io c h ho a rd t h r ee s p ec i me n s. J u n gf l ei s ch ( 1 7 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

s:circular line.

ri onta l

floweretslooking

he agramw ith

. S or et 3 -e l et tr e no . 16 9. A NS ( 1 9 1 .5 1 . A sh mo l. ( 1 9 P l a t eX V I I I .

legendincentra l

e V I I I .


low eretsinthe

dhe agram.

X V I I I .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



s:circle ofdots.

oopededges

.

hreelinearspin-

chspindleand

. l | J * , | y ^

t e X V I I I 6 02 b ( 2 0 L a ne - o ol e at tr ib ut ed b ot h co in s to A le pp o

nchen. Thorburn. B a log( 19 .

ro fdots. F ie ldL inearw heelw itheight counter-clock -

allinesintoawise curvedspokes.P elletineverysecond

twonarrowspacebetweenthespokes.

gments:

} >

n o. 4 . A NS H a l f - /a / s. W i e n . As h mo l . P l a t e X V I I I .

.B order:circularwavycabletoleft

hori ontalbetw eentw ocircularlines. I nit si -

nthetwopetaledrosettewithcentral pellet

l d i ll

a . ^ j a

05 ( 1 6 P l a t eX V I I I 4 76 b 6 o5 a ( 1 6 . B M A . N. C le me ng er 1 93 6 8- 5- 30 .

13 ( 2 . 07 . AN S( 2 0 2 .0 . B a lo g f ou rs pe ci me ns :( 1 6 ; ( 1 7 ; ( 1 8 ; ( 1 9

s o n ob v .P l a te X V I I I 4 7 6 a.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans


sidedstar.E ight-pointedstarcomposedoftwo

center interwovenfour-pointedstars.

centralpe lle t. I ncenter: ^ lJ o

enborder

s: ( 1 7 P l a te X V I I I , 4 77 a ( 1 8 P l a te X V I I I , 4 77 b.

ve butincenter: counter-clock-

dcentralpellet:

1 9 1 .6 2 ; ( 1 9 2 .8 6 .

.

ichdouble linear

de- lisw ithw ide

01 S i r R . B u r n 1 9 49 8 - 3- 4 14 ( 1 5 ; 8 - 3- 4 15 a t t op o f o bv . i _r > b u t

3 .0 4 ; ( 1 7. 2 .3 0 . A sh mo l. ( 1 7 P l a t eX V I I I . B e r n.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

A A - D lN < A I

81A . D.


l L J l X c

, 1 92 6( 2 5 7 . 90 P l a te X V I I I .

ch thisisthef irstco intoshow the invocation' a z anasruhu

w asnotac ua intedw itha l-NasirMuhammad sandal-

o fuli is( cf . above pp. 162 187 . Toourk now ledge thef irst

e isa fa lso fa l-NasirMuhammad dated717H . struck

nsurMuhammad sdinar.

L u ll ye

U * * * J

hammadandQ ala un

1 0 .8 2 . C un h a 14 9 4. B r o a c h 30 / 4 1 3 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




L .

. 5 8 P l at e X V I I I . L 9 2 3 ( 2 8 1 0. 55 . B r o ac h 30 /2 3 4 . Co dr in gt on

m us t b e co r re c te d t o 77 9 H . B a l og ( 2 7 7 . 94 .

sline: A sabove.

7 .8 4 . B a l og ( 2 6 5 .9 9 P l at eX V I I I .

sl ine : A sabove.

0 ; 6 o9 a ( 2 7 7 .6 5 . F o n ro be rt 6 56 9 ( 2 6 4 .3 0 . A NS ( 2 7 4 . 6 8 . J u ng -

l at eX V I I I ; ( 2 8 7 . 17 .

ntal. Miin k undeno. 8. Horov it ( 6. 96 dateattheendof thef irst

e cepttwoco insintheB roachhoard havesurv ived.

onlistedthemwithoutdescription.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

s:circular line.

7 . W h i t e- i ng 2 24 0 ( 8 . 90 . B r o ac h 28 /2 3 4 5 8 9 . B a lo g ( 2 4

ea d b yC o dr i ng t on 7 7 7 { ^ J i n st e ad o f ( ^ j y y g H .

8 .1 0 ; 6 o8 d ( 2 5 6 .6 7 a s di na r of 7 78 H . e c ep t th e da te . B r oa ch 2 8.


. 97 ; 6 o 8 g ( 2 5 5 . 51 . B r o ac h 29 .

msarek now n thedate isa lw aysmissingandso isthemint

a l re a dy r e co g ni e d b y L a v o i ( I I I , p . 3 84 n o . 92 4 f o ot -

p r ot o co l i s al - Ma n su r N as i r al - D i n ' A l i J o & j J \ j j i o n t he

econstructed:

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



J ^ j u #

L ane- oo ledidnotreadthemint a lthoughitcanbedeciphered.

butattop: »_

. Milesreadthetit le . .. >b j ^al w ithaquery .

7 P l a t eX I X , 4 95 a O r n am en ts o n0 6v .: _ ^ > U j ^ l l 6 12 ( 2 4 3 . 69 ;

a t eX I X , 4 95 b O r n am en ts o bv .: j j i j ^ l l r ev .: d yy L 9 24 ( 2 .3 5 .

X I X , 4 95 c.

afulusarepurelyepigraphicand similartothecopperof

ansurMuhammadandal-AshrafSha ban theSy rianfulus

copper coinsstruckatTripolido nothavethesultan s

how ever besafelyattributedtoal-Mansur' A lionsty list ic

mmad scoppercoinsare ofadifferentfabric.

asona l-NasirH asan sC airo fulus.

.8 0 . B a l og ( 2 5 P l at e X I X .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

tans

_>

ng fl ei sc h ( 2 3 4 .2 6 .

U ) L o

1 5 .

butthewritingis muchcoarserandthelineardodeka-

has becomeasimpleundulantcirclesurroundedbylarge

ated.

ns :( 2 2 P l at eX I X , 4 99 a ( 2 2 P l a te X I X , 4 99 b ( 2 4 ; ( 1 9 .

X I X .

d< - > * ll" Ale andria theguarded. This

rtain. I tw oulda lsobeunusua lforA le andria .

es: circularline init clockw isemarginallegend:

ur-de-liswith

dbytwopellets.

2.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

butmarginallegend:

1 7 3. L 9 2 7 ( 1 7 2 . 19 P l a te X I X , 5 0 2a . A NS ( 1 7 2 . 34 a n d ei g ht

A ntiochhoard. H orovit ( 16 nopelle tsonrev . P lateX I X ,

0 1 . 72 . B a l o g ( 1 6 2 . 27 .

ve butmargina llegend:

dthreemorespecimensf romtheA ntiochhoard.

S i r R . B u r n 19 4 9 C h r. B l u n t 1 94 7 . As h mo l . B o d l. 1 9 9 2 0 0 2 0 1.

6 .

sstruck inTripo lisarea llundated.

nw hichcircular

ohori onta l

»

dil l

circularline . I n

ncavesides. I nthe

eandhe agon

f leur-de-lisw ith

P l a t eX I X ; 9 31 ( 2 .4 6 ; 9 32 ( 2 .4 8 . W i nd is ch -G ra et 1 88 . ( 1 6 . J u ng -

A NS ( 1 9 2 .4 4 ; ( 1 8 1 .8 5 ; ( 1 7 1 .9 5 ; ( 1 7 2 .2 < 0. B a lo g( 1 6 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans


a il w ithk notinthe

ri onta l

l at e X I X , 5 05 a. A NS ( 1 8 2 . 35 ; ( 1 7 2 . 16 . F l a ge ll at io n ( 1 8 P l a t e

ch e n t w o sp e ci m en s . J u n g f le i sc h ( 2 2 4 . 36 .


ri onta l

l J »

w ithringletsinthe

amandcircle. I n

X I X , 5 06 a ( 1 8 2 .3 2 P l at eX I X , 5 06 b.

escent

sidesmissing.

X I X .

alobes.I nthe

letsinthef ree

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0




onta lcableto

ontallines.

L l V N

ths uarecenter.

I X , 5 o 8a . A NS A n ti o ch h o ar d t h re e s pe c im e ns P l a te X I X , 5 o 8b .

I ?

sidesmissing.

ri onta l

semblinga lotus

ockwisewhorl.

re e s pe c im en s . B a l og ( 1 8 P l a t e X X , 5 o 9a ( 1 6 P l a te X X , 5 o 9b .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



A A H A - D I N H A J I I I

8 4 H . = 1 3 81 - 13 8 2 A. D .

-7 9 2 H . = 1 3 89 - 13 9 0 A. D .

notoccupiedthethroneformorethanayear w henhewas

thef irstB ur isultan. H ew asnotreinstatedtothesultanate

w hentheMamluk noblesrebe lledaga instB ar u . H a j i s

ow ever lastany longerthanhisf irst becausetheyear792H .

a la un sH ouseandthedef initeadventofB ur irule .

ctly chrono logica lorder a l-Sa lihH a j i sco inageshouldbe

s f i rs t r ei g n t h en a g ai n b y Sa l ih H a j i s s e co n d em i ss i on s a n d

s s e co n d pe r io d .

toemphasisethatthisis aturning-pointinMamluk

j i stw ore ignsarethereforediscussedinthissection. B ar u ' s

thoseofhissecondre ignare ontheotherhand listedin

r iseries.

n a l-Sa lihHa j iassumedanew tit le namely thato fa l-

auni uedinarofC a irohe issty led: al-MansurSa laha l-Din

£ > U a nd o nt wo o th er u ni u e co in s a d in ar o fA l ep po

ms si n g a l -M a ns u r Na s ir a l -D i n H a j i a u j J *

8 4 H . = 1 3 81 - 13 8 2 A. D .

es( ona lltheC airodinars : double lineardodek alobe.

. B a l og ( 2 8 5 . 63 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



i rs tR e ign

iod il

P l a t eX X .

. ^ V l d il

og ( 2 8 1 1. 14 P l a t eX X .

ov e .

l

J l

« A

2. 81 P l a t eX X .

.

s:circular line.

m en t : J ^ -

d a te m i ss i ng b u t th i s va r ie t y. B a l o g ( 2 4 9 . 34 ; 2 5 1 0 .4 9 P l a te

7 .2 7 P l at eX X , 5 14 b.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

AT

» A s a bo ve .

U

d a te m i ss i ng b u t th i s va r ie t y. L 9 3 6 ( 7 . 9 2 L a v oi r e ad t h e da t e as 7 8 8H .

dbeimpossible . B utinrea lity thedate is. . = » j l

y scarce theyaredif f iculttoread w ithmuchof the legends

sandthemintmostlyvanished.After reconstructionofthe

possiblefromthescantymaterial thecoinsprobablybelong

ty.O nedirhempositivelyshowsthemint-nameAleppo

ofHa lab( butHamahisnote cluded ; w ebelieve there-

be longtoA leppo.

i M

A l ep p o. 6 1 8 ( 1 8 2 . 86 . B M C . H . H e e n de r 1 93 7 8 -1 8 -1 P l a te X X ,

A le pp o ( o r H a ma h ; 9 38 ( 3 . 6 9 ; 9 39 ( 3 .8 1 . B a l og ( 2 4 P l a t eX X ,

edanormalfa ls sim ilartotheC airoemissionsofal-Nasir

uhammad a l-A shrafSha banandal-Mansur' A li andanun-

n w hichcuriouslycorrespondsw iththewu lyah-w eight.

the normalfalsintypeand styleoftheengraving.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



i rs tR e ign

2 0 P l a t e X X .

21 .

struck onaw ide thick f lan. J ungf le ischdescribedtw o

iyahw eightandtheha li-w u iyah.

s:borderof dotsbetweentwocircularlines.

e

s.

agon three

X X I , F i g . J u n g f le i sc h 3 9 1 9 4 8- 9 ( 3 4 3 4 . 62 . B a l o g f o u r sp e ci m en s :

X ; ( 3 4 3 2 .9 6 ; ( 3 4 3 5 .4 0 ; ( 3 5 3 2. 87 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

es: borderofpe lle ts thencircularline .

e w iththreeC oncave-sidedlinearhe agon three

elletsin eachsegment.

: " ^ f

X X I , F i g . J u n g fl ei sc h 39 1 94 8- 9 ( 2 7 1 7. 17 .

soveredtheseunusua lco insofonew u iyahandhali-wu iyah

theycouldeitherbeaspecia lissueof truecopperco inage or

ns ore lse aga in co insw hich incaseofnecessitycouldbe

tionof J ungf le isch spaperonlyonespecimenof the

thehali-wu iyahcoinwereknown.Todaywehavefour

butsti llonly theonehali-wu iyahobservedby J ungfle isch.

a llthew u iyahcoins thoughmoreorlessdef icient neverthe-

ightofthewu iyah.Thereforehistheorythattheymight

bsidiaryweights isnota ltogethere cluded. I tshouldbe

thattheusua lshapeforaw eightshouldbethatofasmall

hadbeeninusesincethe ' A bbasids( w ehaveaweightof

heF atim ids( aratherlargeseriesf romthesecondhalfo f this

gtheMamluk reign( a iour-w u iyahw eightofa l-A shrafSha -

dmint andrightthroughtheTurkishrule inEgypt.

ybethat thelargecoinsofthis heavyseriesarenothing

thsidesasw ellasthearrangementof the legendsona lltheA le -

othoseof theCairo fuli is e ceptthatthesty leofw rit ing

der.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



i rs tR e ign

X X .

ns :( 2 2 ; ( 2 2 ; ( 2 2 P l a te X X , 5 22 a ( 2 3 P l a te X X I , 5 22 b.

ns :( 2 1 P l at eX X I , 5 23 a ( 2 2 ; ( 2 3 P l a te X X I , 5 23 b ( 2 5 .

83 H .

s:circular line.

. H a j i w r it t en w i th d i ac r it i ca l p oi n ts . P l a t e X X I , 5 2 4 a 8 7 4 ( 1 . 8 5 ; 8 7 5

ttributedthese3co instoa l-Mu af farH a j i butthemarginallegendsw ere

. Windisch-Graet 190. Karabacek Z urOrienta l. Mun k unde

. B M T . B . C larke-Thornhil l19295-7-6 A . N. C lemenger1936

im en s : ( 1 6 ; ( 1 5 ; ( 1 4 ; ( 1 4 ; a n d 17 m or e c oi n s fr o m th e A nt i oc h

f ou r sp ec i me ns : ( 1 5 P l a t eX X I , 5 14 b ( 1 5 ; ( 1 8 ; ( 1 9 .

outdiacrit ica lpointsonB alog sfourco ins.

d:

U l dill olk l

d:

f leur-de-lis.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

ND AT D

s:circular line.

onta ll ine intoa

dalargelower

*

sy li edf leur-de-lis.

. L avo i w ronglyattributedthisco intoa l-Mansur* A li buthisspecimen

V o g u 6 1 54 9 . AN S t h re e s pe c im e ns : ( 1 6 3 . 04 ; ( 1 6 2 . 46 ;

g ( 2 0 P l a te X X I .

T R I P O L I ? )

nit l inearhe a-

tweenhe agram

nthecenter f leur-

.

ri onta l

cablesare

s.

ldil l

.

pernameismissing thestyleofthecoin isindicativeof

o inage. Thef leur-de- lisinthehe agrammightcomef romthe

ar d . P l a te X X I .

rosette


ri onta lI ncentersi -petaledrosette enclosedin

fesse . l inearhe a lobe. Surroundedbysi

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



c on d R e ig n 24 5

ldil l

a rd. P lateX X I . Tw ospecimens.

ltan snameHa j i ism issing theattributiontoa l-Salib.

isdoubtlesscorrect. C f. co inNo. 258.

-7 9 2 H . = 1 3 89 - 13 9 0 A. D .

. B order: tracesofdouble lineardodek a-

. P l at eX X I . Al -H a j i s ti tl e: ^ J l £ > U j j * c l , a nd in vo ca ti on . ^ j * .

A T M S S NG


e.

l _ L .

dd l

. A l- H a j i s t it le i s: ^ l a nd i nv oc at io n: * S C U j U .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

smissing.

t t h at a l -H a j i s t i tl e i s he r e al s o as o n t he A l ep p o di n ar .

A U N D AT D

sides asontheA le andria fulusof thef irstre ign. Thef lanissmaller.

X X I .

.

rcular lineincircle ofdots.

ri onta l

a l_ J l

> .

w ithadotineach

ents

43 ( 2 . 81 ; 9 44 ( 2 .6 6 ; 9 45 ( 3 . 22 . B M C6 19 a ( 1 7 P l a te X X I , 5 32 a

mo l. ( 1 9 P l a t eX X I , 5 32 b. M ii nc he n. B a l og ( 1 7 P l a t eX X I , 5 32 c.

. A N S t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 1 7 2 . 85 d a te m i ss i ng ( 1 7 2 . 47 d a te m i ss i ng .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



K S

a r u , i s t r ei g n

tF ara , istre ign

l -D i n ' A bd a l- A i

b u al - a d l ' A b b a s

srShaykh

inA hmad

tar

ammad

arsbay

al -D i n Y i i s uf

a m a

' U thman

na1

inA hmad

hush adam

ilbay

emirbugha

a itbay

ammad

ansuh

anbalat

manbay

uri

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0





u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

date: A sabove.

o v it .

date : i^ -A sabove.

te : A sabove.

2 6 1 0. 92 . P l a te X X I I , 5 39 a .

B U T F I R S TR E I GN

1 3 .1 0 . A N S ( 2 6 1 2 .1 6 . B a l o g ( 2 5 1 . 37 Q u a r t er d i na r . P l a t e

A 788 H .

sides: doublecircularline .

3 6 P l a t eX X I I . A NS ( 2 6 8 . 20 .

. uC .


. P l a te X X I I .

C . A lthoughthe lastlineof theobverse ismissing the

1H.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

R e ig n 25 1

s:circular line.

l

9 . P l a te X X I I ; 6 27 ( 2 4 7 .1 9 . B a l og ( 2 5 1 0. 90 .

t io n » j U » l < u l j c o n t he o b ve r se .

s:circular lineindoublelineardodekalobe.

j i.l ^ . j

. J u ng fl ei sc h t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 2 6 9 .7 4 . P l a te X X I I , 5 43 a ( 2 3 6 .5 6 .

ns : ( 2 5 1 0 . 78 . P l a te X X I I , 5 4 3b ( 2 5 8 . 06 ; ( 2 3 .

l J r J

- o0 1— *

2 3 7 . 17 .

l at eX X I I .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

es: l ineardodek alobe w ithpelle tinthee ternalangles.

a

# * i 3

i M l* * *

C6 2o ( 2 5 8 .7 5 ; 6 2o a ( 2 6 1 o. 43 .

C . nilaU . .

.

s:circular line.

. P l a te X X I I . L 9 4 7 7 .8 3 ; ( 9 48 6 .8 8 . J u ng fl ei sc h ( 2 7 1 1. 58 .

sides: l ineardodek alobe w ithpelle tineache ternalangle .

bo ve .

2 5 P l at e X X I I . B a l og ( 2 7 1 1. o .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



e ig n

te: A sabove.

.

ayerpublishedahoardof36curiousleadco ins ac uiredin1931

partmentofA nti uit iesofP a lestine . Thesamedealerhad

Mayersawfourothercoins inthehandsofanotheranti-

specimensare intheco llectionof theA NS butthere isno

esecoinsbelong tothesamehoardor not.

thesame thelegendsofthereverse however areof

o f : i

mistakesinthelegend.Thereare minorerrorsand

eandtype Aofthereverse nevertheless inouropinion

d similartothoseofthe regulargoldissues.Thelegend

ughpleasingtotheeye rea lly showsmanifestdefects even

aybeencopied moreorlessfa ithfully byanartisanw ho

hecopied.

byMayerthatthe leadco insmightbe identicalw ithMa -

c f . Q a l a s ha n di $ u b h al - as h d I I I , 4 4 2 . S i nc e t he p u bl i ca t io n

eA yyubidandF atim idblack dirhemshavebeenidentifiedby

I I I , 1 95 1 p p. 1 -4 1 an d X X X V , 1 95 2 p p. 4 o1 -4 29 — A c te s du C on gr es

s 1 9 53 p p . 55 5 -5 6 . T h ey h a ve n o th i ng i n c om mo n w it h B a r u ' s

llsi lverco insofverybasea lloy ( lessthan3o% silvercontent ,

areorirregularflan.Theyceasedto circulatewiththe

osedbyMayer thattheleadcoinscould becontemporary

yetf inished. I noure perience counterfe it I slamicco insare

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

tans

eredwithathingold orsilverpellicleandcontainingan inner

tdinarsor dirhemswithaleadcorehave everbeenfound.

herargumentagainstthistheory.Thecounterfeiterof I slamic

ppliedthepellicleof preciousmetalonthecopperflan

ndstruckthered-hotpiecewith thedies.I nthecaseof

akedleaddischada lreadybeenstruck thusprecludingthe

ofthesilveror goldpellicle.

andpartly illegiblewriting thepossibilityofforgery

otbecompletelydiscarded. Wehavenosatisfactorye planation

c im en s: @ D , 4 1 93 3 p p. 2 0- 23 3 2 1 6. 83 ; ( 3 3 1 70 1 ; ( 3 5. i 3. 5< > ) ;

0 1 2. 91 ; ( 3 5 8 .6 7 ; ( 3 5 1 539 ; ( 28 1 42 9 ; ( 3 0 1 0.5 2 ; ( 4 1 10 .3 2 ; ( 4 0

36 9 ; ( 2 7 11 .8 6 ; ( 2 9 1 3. 27 ; ( 3 3 1 2.2 2 ; ( 3 3 18 .1 8 ; ( 3 0 4 .8 9 ; ( 3 4 1 3.4 9 ;

6 1 0. 89 ; ( 4 4. 13. 21 ; ( 2 5 9 21 ; ( 2 8 11 .1 2 ; ( 3 1 1 6. 83 ; ( 3 1 1 4.8 7 ; ( 3 1

.4 9 ; ( 2 6 9 8 1 ; ( 3 4. 22 .0 1 ; ( 3 3 1 4 .7 7 : ( 2 5. 9 96 ; ( 3 3. 10 .3 2 ; ( 3 0 1 8. 20 .

4 5 2 0. 05 ; ( 3 7. 2 7. ) ; ( 2 5. 1 6. 93 ; ( 3 2 2 2 .3 7 ; ( 3 0. H . 7 7 .

l oc . ci t. ( 3 3 1 8 . 40 ; ( 2 7 7 .7 7 ; ( 3 1 1 6 . 09 ; ( 3 . 1 0. 66 ; ( 3 2 1 0 . 43 .

dencetoshow whetherornotB ar u issuedsilverin

sof hisreign.Thedirhemspreservedinmoderncollec-

ear 789H. andofanew coin- type designeddif ferently

viously.Thenewdirhemhasa marginallegendanda

nacircle ontheobverse thereverseshow stheusua l

writteninhori ontallines.

evalchronicler I bnF urat whotellsusthat" in789H .

vedorderstostrik ecoinsofanew type theco instoshow

betweenthem intheinnermostcircleon theonesidea

e na m e of B a r u . ( C i t. f r om M ay e r L e a d co i ns o f B a r u ,

ndfootnote2 o f thesamepage: I bnF urat MS. V ienna

1 1 . 4- 3 f ro m b ot t om . " T h e fi n al l e ge n d wa s d if f er e nt a s I b n F u r a t

e t e t r e ad ' B a r u ' a z a n a sr a hu , o n t he m ar g in r o un d i t

ular line.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

e ig n

: < ulMl< M V

f ^ r 3 U \

no. 5( 17 . White- ing2242H alf -dirhem. B a log sevenspeci-

l at eX X I I , 5 5 1a ( 2 2 3 .9 6 ; ( 2 o 3 .4 2 P l at eX X I I , 5 51 b ( 1 6 1 . 33

5 51 c ( 1 3 1 .o 7 ; ( 1 4 o .6 4 Q u a rt er -d ir he m ( 1 6 . A NS s ev en s pe ci me ns :

7 2 .2 6 ; ( 1 6 1. 29 ; ( 15 2 .1 6 ; ( 1 6 1 .9 8 ; ( 1 5 2 .1 9 ; ( 1 4 1 .9 8 .

eppodirhemsw hicharee tant onlyonehasthedate784H.

eteormissing.

sing.

l < ) l M

> J \

5 , n o or na me nt a bo ve J ^ - o n th e re ve rs e. P l a te X X I I I , 5 52 a

6 3o ( 2 2 3 .4 3 ; 6 31 ( 2 2 3 .1 5 ; 6 32 ( 2 2 3 .2 1 . K h e di v. 1 54 5 1 5 4 6 1 5 47

.3 9 P l at e X X I I I , 5 5 2b 9 56 ( 2 1 1 . 47 , . 95 7 ( 2 . o9 . E r m an t hr ee

t : 7 -7 ( 2 2 ; ( 2 o . B l a u 3 o 6. N o ur y 3 79 d a te : 7 84 H . . M i l es

lo g f iv e sp ec im en s: ( 1 8 3 .o o . P l a te X X I I I , 5 52 c ( 1 8 2 .7 8 ;

1 8 2 . 45 ; ( 1 o 1 7 o . 7 . Q u a rt e r di r he m . E n d -p i ec e o f th e r ib b on - sh a pe d t hi n

la n wa s c ut o f f. P l a te X X I I I , 5 5 2d .

m butthemint H amah attopof theobverse: y »

A NS f ou r sp ec im en s: ( 1 9 2 .8 8 ; ( 1 7 o .8 5 ; ( 1 2 1 .2 4 ; ( 1 4 2 .1 4 .

some butthistype therefore theybelongeitherto

dfulusofthefirst reign.Theundatedcopperwillfollow

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

odek a lobe in

nit l inearocto-

theperipheric

tten:B iiSa id.

en s: ( 2 4 P l a te X X I I I ; ( 2 0 ; ( 2 0 .

_ $ . » l

e a d co in s of B a r u , p . 2 1: " H i s ( B a r u ' s m a o r- do mo

adar boughtcopperf romEuropeandstruck many fulus

amintatA le andria forthepurpose. I nafootnote

scuriousthat innoneofthe well-knowncollectionsofMamluk

m B o d l e ia n L i b r a ry B i b l i ot h e u e N at i on a le P a r is E g y pt i an

thereappeartobeanyof thecopperco insstruck byB ar u at

c t al o gu e s of L a vo i a n d L a n e - o o l e . S t il l t h ey d o e i s t an d

rthcomingcatalogueofMamlukcoinsoftheP alestine

U nfortunately Mayerdidnotpublishhispro ectedcata-

vertheless thereisnodoubtthat thediscoveryof

a n dr i a fu l ii s b el o ng s t o hi m .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



e ig n

markeddiscrepancybetweenthewrittenrecordsandthe

edohaveafa lso f theA le andriamintdated784H. and

. Therecan therefore benodoubtw hatsoeverthatfulus

time. Moreover thetableofmintingse uenceattheend

2 above provesthatcopperw asissuedinA le andriaw ith-

ra fSha ban sre ignon. Conse uently therew asnonecessity

eanew mintinA le andria forthespecia lpurposeof issuing

riafulusissmallerthanthat oftheCairocopper other-

amofthe reversearesimilar.

X X I I L

.

di ll o tk U l

r

.

rbasis f lanked

. P l a te X X I I I . B a l og ( 1 8 2 .0 2 . A NS s ev en s pe ci me ns : ( 1 9 2 .1 7 ;

8 1 .8 8 ; ( 1 6 2. 06 ; ( 16 1 .2 6 ; ( 1 6 2 .0 7 ; ( 1 5 2 .0 5 .

angementofthe inscriptionsonthe789H .Cairo

t l oc . c it . i n Ma y er L e a d co i ns o f B a r u ) .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

der: circularline.

ri onta l

/ .

ircleofdots. I n

inthesmalltriangles

a lo g( 1 7 P l a te X X I I I .

circularline.

ircleofdots. I n

ri onta ll ines. it l inearhe agram.

l

d i v. 1 5 51 . A NS ( 1 5 2 . 5 8 . P l a t e X X I I I . A s hm o l. t w o s p ec i me n s.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



e ig n

othsides.

d:

6 5 ( 2 . 8 2 P l a te X X I I I . B l a u 3 0 7. B M A . N .C l em e ng e r 8- 5 -1 9 36 .

specimens:( 17 ; ( 19 .

eronbothsides:circular line.

m w ithf low eretsin

i c- isengravedonthecoin butthestyle isthato f

tribute itto786H .

s:circular line.

s d i vi d ed b y t wo h o ri o n ta l l in e s ( f e s se .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

tans

,

i dil l

.

he agona lcar-

ndrightina

c o k

n eo u sl y l is t ed u n de r t he A y yu b id a l -Z a h i r G ha i . L 9 5 8 ( 1 7 1 . 91 .

S ( 1 9 2 .2 o . B a l og ( 1 5 2 .4 5 . P l a te X X I I I .

nthe low ersegment:

-8 o 1 H . = 1 3 9o - 13 9 9 A. D .


tstic.

# l V l < ) l M

i J . J l L ; - l ( D ' ^ rtT

.i - ^ l . * ■ l J j

dateattheendofA sabove.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

R e i gn


h ol ed .


o r ov it ( 1 1. 20 .

tf irst l ine : j A sabove.

P l a te X X I I I .


2 9 9 .7 4 P l a t eX X I I I . H o r ov it .

.

n o d es c ri p ti o n.

sides: double lineardodek a lobe ateachintersection anarabes ue

l k \ f

l U l £ J > < u lM l4 l M

» y ^ f f

60 P l a te X X I I I .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

sides: l ineardodek alobe arabes uek notateachintersection.

.^ kll

des:doublelinear dodekalobe.

l at eX X I I I .

3 H .


P l a te X X I I I .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



R e ig n 26 3

onbothsides: l ineardodeka lobe(double )

i M

. H o r o v it ( 2 6 8 . 1 9 . T ho r bu r n ( 1 o . 69 . B a l o g t w o s pe c im e ns : ( 2 8

I I ; ( 2 6 7. 19 .

ndiscussedunder thefirstreign asnodirhemcan be

ondrule.

i lartothoseof thef irstre ign. Thesty leofw rit ingis how ever

nearlyalwaystoonarrowforthedie containsonlypart

derisveryoftenmissing.Theinscriptions caneasilybe

sspecimens asthisseriesof coinshasbeenfoundin great

nverylargehoards.

ndulating

sof thef irst

kalobein

circularline . I n

»

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

kSultans

ve b u t da t e: o > j £ » 5 f c

ve butdate: o^ J

s : ( 1 8 ; ( 1 9 .

ve b u t da t e: < > « - . ^ J t .

ns :( 2 3 P l at eX X I V ; ( 2 2 ; ( 2 1 ; ( 2 0 .

ve b u t da t e: c — " j

ho rb ur n. B a l og ( 2 0 P l a t e X X I V .

ve butdate: . •

2 0 4 . 16 ; ( 1 7 4 . 56 . T h or b ur n .

butdate:

date is: 799. B ey ram272. Thorburn.

AT S

9. L 966. Windisch-Graet 191.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



R e i gn

O R U N D AT D )

J d y>

e X I V .

A U N D AT D


s : ( 1 9 ; ( 2 1 P l at e X X I V .

1 - 5- 4 1 95 5 B a l o g pr e s. B a l o g s i s p ec i me n s ( 2 7 P l a te X X I V ,

X X I V , 58 7b ( 2 1 ; ( 2 0 P l at eX X I V , 5 87 c ( 2 0 ; ( 1 8 . AN S e lev en

emint.


e in co mp le te b ut m in t: J Z + J » . L . 9 59 ( 4 .0 ; 9 60 ( 2 .9 6 ; 9 61 ( 2 . 6 4

mn t: ; 9 6 2 ( 3 . 5 4 d a te i n co mp l et e b u t mi n t: j l * . A N S t w o

8 ; ( 1 7 2 .7 1 . B a l og f ou r sp ec im en s: ( 1 7 2 50 ; ( 1 9 2 .8 2 P l a t e

1 8 ; ( 2 5 , 3 .0 3P l at eX X I V , 5 88b .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

92 23 thedate( 799H. readbyZ ambaurisnotpossible thisemission

o g ( 1 9 3 . 15 P l at e X X I V .

s:lineardodekalobe.

i->

NS ( 2 1 4 . 4 6 m i nt : D i m i sh a l -M a hr u sa : i _, _ r a i l ^ L j * j l .

he n . Th o rb u rn . B a l o g t h r ee s p ec i me n s: ( 1 8 4 . 2 0 ; ( 2 3 ; ( 2 5 4 . 5 8

butdate:

da t e mu s t be : 7 99 6 3 4 ( 2 5 . W e l l v . W e l le n he i m 12 3 86 . A NS t w o

9 ( 2 0 4 . 23 . M i le s A n li o ch 1 9 3. A s hm ol . T ho r bu r n. B a l o g

3 .3 7 P l at eX X I V ; ( 2 1 4 .7 5 ; ( 2 1 4 . 13 ; ( 2 1 4 . 60 ; ( 2 2 4 .3 5 ;

2 5 .17 ; ( 22 4 .6 7 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

R e i gn

ot animaginarycharge onthecontrary itwasin-

pwithcuspidatedrim fashionableinMamluktimes.The

oourco llection isi l lustratedhereasane ample:

onbothsides.

P l a te X X I V .

gmentsbya

" precedingthemissingdate . Theformula< - J J 4i

hecoinsofthe D ehlisultans.I twasprobablyborrowed

.

d:

l

bleto le f t be-

ncenterfleur-

ts.

P l a t eX X I V , 5 93 a. J u ng fl ei sc h ( 1 7 1 .7 8 .

e X I V , 5 93b ( 1 4 2 .20 .

s:

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



kSultans

probably793H ,

e

s:circular line.

ri onta ll inesinto

santtoright

ntandcup


ublehori onta l

L ionpassantto le ft longta ilcurledback

e lion acha lice

-shapedorna-

> j c m e nt a n d on t h e ri g ht b y t he t u ft o f t he

r nameordateonthe coin itmostcertainlybelongsto

oesnotoccurinasultan snameuntilmuchlater w hen

changedconsiderably thecompositebla on( lionand

a r u .

19 4 6 ( 1 6 P l a te X X I V , 5 9 5 a S i r R . B u r n 19 4 9 8- 3 -4 2 1. A N S t w o

2 P l a te X X I V , 5 9 5b ( 1 6 2 . 1 3 ; A n t i oc h h oa r d 5 3 c o in s ( d i am . fr o m

n .P A M . B a l og t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 1 6 P l a te X X I V , 5 9 5c

V , 5 95 d.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



R e i gn


ntsbythree

withthe" mementomori = Cte o^l j fonthereverse.

g ifitwerean allusiontothedangerof Mongolinvasion

causeofTimur smilitarycampaignagainstTo tamish

de acampaignw hichfullyoccupiedT imur sarmies.

8-5-1936 nonumber. A shmol. Thorburn. B a log sevenspecimens:

X X V , 5 96 a ( 2 3 4 . 58 P l a te X X V , 5 96 b ( 2 2 4 . 30 P l a te X X V , 5 96 c

3 i3 ; ( 2 4. 5 08 ; ( 2 2 4 .2 0 .

es: circularline . F ie lddiv idedby tw ohori ontall inesinto

e s se .

m en t : j U

k l

santtoleft tail

s: ( 2 5 4 . 52 l o ng t a il ( 2 3 4 . 02 l o ng t a il ( 2 2 4 . 82 s h or t t ai l P l a te

2 1 4 . 36 l o ng t a il s m al l b us h b eh i nd t h e li o n P l a te X X V , 5 9 7 b . Mi l es

ersegment H amah(notq uite fullypreserved 1nthe lower


C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

d:

ri onta ll inesinto

.

alicebetween

inle f tuppercorner

P l a te X X V .

l e


onta lbar

endy to le f t

l

to right w ings

designrather

l at eX X V ; A nt io ch ho ar d( 1 7 ; ( 1 7 ; ( 1 9 .

ne inborderofdots. Waterwheel( w hirlingrosette w ithe ight

shapedspok escurvedclock w ise .

n ontall ines

sse .

s

idil l

p. 2 8 2 n o . 3 . B a l og t h re e s pe c im en s : ( 1 7 P l a te X X V , 6 o oa ( 1 6 ;

, 6 oo b.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



R e i gn

sidescircularline incircleof largedots.

iv idedintotwohalvesbyhori onta ll ine .

a t eX X V , 6 01 a A nt io ch h oa rd ( 1 8 P l a t eX X V , 6 01 b : F i ve m or e

ween16and18mm.

onbothsides.

allegend

hlarge lion

ta ilcurled

onta ll ine :

P l a te X X V .

ichcircularcableto

arlines.

kedbytwopellets.

nw hichcircularline .

ri onta ll ines

^ >

ill

P l a t e X X V , 6 0 3 a. B M C 3 2 1 ( 2 0 e r ro n eo u sl y l is t ed u n de r t he A y yu b id

e X X V , 6 0 3b .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

R U N D AT D


eX X V .


ri onta ll inesI nthef ie ld arabes uek not

il l

l J »

X X V , 6 05 a ( 1 5 P l at eX X V , 6 05 b.


ontallinesW aterwheelwitheightsickle-shaped

es curvedclockwise.

»

k ldil l

ssim ilartotheHamahfa lsw ithwaterwheel e ceptthemint.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



R e i gn

N D AT D


ri onta ll inesL ionpassanttoright w ithta ilcurled

knotattheend.

l( sic

effaced.

.

A T D

E a g le


onta lbar bendyE agleofprim itivedesign headturnedto

intothreeseg- right w ingsinverted

t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 1 8 P l a t eX X V , 6 08 a ( 1 8 P l a t eX X V , 6 08 b an d

diam. betw een15and19mm. B alog( 15 eagleprobablydouble-

sthisparto f thecoinismuchef facedP lateX X V , 608c.

oundtherosette

sides: circularline inborderofpe llets.

onta ll ine : I nthef ie ld si -petaledrosette .

l a te X X V ; A n ti o ch h o ar d ( 2 0 1 . 84 ; s e ve n m or e s pe c im e ns d i am . be -

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

aroundtherosette

ve butsi la rgepelle tsaroundthe

15 P lateX X V ; morespecimens diam. between15and18mm.

.


hori ontalL ionpassantto le ft ta ilcurledback

.

sides: circularline inborderofdots.

onta ll ine : Tw opairso fpara lle ll ines arrangedcross-

ecenterandthecorners.

ss.

t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 1 6 P l a t eX X V I , 6 12 a ( 1 6 P l a t eX X V I , 6 12 b

am . b et w ee n 1 6 an d 1 8 mm . B a l o g ( 1 8 P l a te X X V I , 6 1 2 c.

ppercoins eitherwithorwithoutmintdo nothavethe

onlyhisla ab a l-Z ahir. Noneof themisdated. Neverthe less

thesitationtoB ar ii f o rthefollowingreasons: asw e

fortheA leppofalstypeD) w ithfesseandlionpassantw ith

of the legends thecompositebla onsandthegeneralappear-

tB ar u ' speriod. SinceB aybarsI , nootherB ahrisultanhad

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



on d R e ig n

af terhimal-Z ahirTatar w hore ignedaveryshortt ime le f tno

l-Z ahirw asJ a ma , andathistimethesty leandfabrico f

dychangedto suchane tentthatmistakingthecoinsof

herisquiteunlik ely . F ina lly mostof theco insinquestion

Antiochhoard oftheAmericanNumismaticSociety.This

periodnotearlierthanal-AshrafSha banandnotlater

efore co insw iththe la aba l-Z ahir w hicharesim ilartothoseof

beattributedtoB ar u w ithoutanydoubt.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



A -D I N AB U A -S A A D A TF A R A

8 H . = 1 3 99 - 14 0 5 A. D .

Z A - D l N ' A B D A - A Z l Z 8 08 -8 09 H . = 1 4 05 -1 40 6 A. D .

R A - D lN AB C A - SA A D AT F A R A

-8 1 5 H . = 1 4 06 - 14 1 2 A. D .

evenyearsw henhew asoverthrow nbyhisbrother a l-Mansur

w hointurnbecamesultan. The latterwas how ever deposedaf tertw o

ceagainoccupiedthethroneuntilhisassassinationin815H.

e ig n w as c u t in t w o by ' A b d al - A i ' s r e vo l t t h e in t er r eg n um l a st e d

sedno interruptioninF ara ' sco inage. Wehavedinarsof

andw ebelieve therefore thatit isnotnecessary to listthe

s.

stinguishedby tw oattemptsatradica lmonetary reforms. The

ncientgolddinartoits formerpositionasthemonetary

tocreateanew goldcoinbasedonthew eightof theV enetian

introducedin804 lastedonly tw oyearsandendedin

oteworthy thatevenduringthesetw oyears( 804-5H. the

dcoin-ingotsofirregularweightwasnot discontinued as

romthebeginning somemisgiv ingsastotheeffecto f the

atleastatits facevalue morelasting asthese uin-type

F ara ' ssuccessorsandwasmainta inedtotheveryendof


C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

ateattheendof

85 .

utdateattheendofA sabove.

ns :( 3 0 1 0 .2 1 P l a te X X V I ; ( 2 5 5 .2 7 ; ( 2 7 1 0. 29 ; ( 2 5 9 52 .

9 . 43 ; ( 2 6 1 1 .7 1 h o le d .

ateatthef irst l ine : A sabove.

Horov it ( 1. 62 Q uarter-dinar. Thorburn(11. 30 .

utdateatthef irst l ine :

o r ov it ( 8 .2 0 .

r . A. , b u t da t e at t h e

. H o r ov it ( 3 0 1 3 .6 0 .

ateattheendof

P l a te X X V I . H o ro vi t ( 9 .7 8 .

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



sline: A sabove.

. H o r ov it , s i s pe ci me ns : ( 9 . 40 ; ( 1 0. 70 ; ( 8 .6 5 ; ( 1 1. 60 ; ( 2 5 2 . 70

.

F O R M ( M T H Q A - sT AN D AR D ) , 8 04 -8 05 H .

ongtothetraditionaldinar ormonetary-mith alsystem

w ithonlyafew centigramsmarginforerror infact only

passtheminaccuracy.Thereformwas introducedbythe

r Say fa l-DinI lbughab. ' A bdullaha l-Sa lim ia l-Z ahiri. The

aral-Salimiby contemporarysources.AlthoughMa ri i

m intheyear803H. theearliestco insaredated804H.

5H. butnotf romanysubse uentyear.

heunitwasthedinar butw ehavethedoubleandtriple

ine .

d:

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s : ( 2 1 4 .3 5 P l a t eX X V I , 6 25 a ( 2 4 1 2. 90 T ri pl e- di na r. P l a te X X V I ,

os p ec i me n s: ( 2 2 8 . 46 D o u b l e- d in a r ( 2 2 8 . 55 D o u b l e- d in a r.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

butdateatthe lastline:

d i v. 1 5 58 . B a l o g ( 1 7 3 . 36 d a te a t t he l a st l i ne o n t he r e v. : 3 ^ l

butlasttwo lines:

. B a l o g t w o s p ec i me n s: ( 1 8 3 . 4 3 ; ( 1 7 3 . 42 T h re e w ri t te n : O 5 f e

butlasttwo lines:

. K h e d i v. 1 5 55 .

P R O B A B L Y S TR U C I N CA R O

) l M

. A N S t w o c oi n s.

s:dottedcircle.

< l lM

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tans

onbothsides.

14H . asthedecadeismissing. Damascus dateatthe lastline

t e j s o . = 8 i 2 H . d a te m i ss i ng 2 s p ec i me n s of 1 0 mm . d ia m. e a ch .

onbothsides.

u l vl 4n v

i

l at eX X V I I .

be longtothisseries somewiththedate810or811H. O n

er thedate ismissing. Thearrangementof the legendsissim ilar

o f J a r k as s a l- h a li l i st r uc k i n B a r u ' s n a me .


d:y *

i j J U \ c U l lol U J l a lV l 4 l ^

W l c j

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dirhem.

ove butdateatthe lastline:

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



ns : ( 1 7 4 .3 0 D o u bl e di rh em ( 1 6 2 .5 0 ; ( 1 6 2 . 6 0 ; ( 1 6 2 .3 5 ; ( 1 6

1 ; ( 1 9 2 .5 2 ; ( 1 1 1 .6 5 H a l f di rh em ( c u t d ir he m . D a m as cu s e le ve n cu t

hem.

A T M S S NG

. Lineardodeka lobe.

V l 4 ll M

U l w ^ y

P l a te X X V I I .

esultan spropernamearemissing there isnodoubt

ara . The lastB ahrisultanw iththe la aba l-Nasirw as

e tB ur i a l-NasirMuhammadb. Qa itbay. Thesilvero f

differentinstyleandarrangementoflegends.

4nodeta ils. B ey ram276nodeta ils.

o.

sim ilartotheA le andriacopperof the laterB ahrisultansorthose

e isnotcerta in asthe lastwordonthereverse isonlypartly

ead.

nit l inearhe a-

chsmallsegment

agram.


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tans

. B order: l ineardek alobe.

r

l at eX X V I I , 6 46 a ( 1 6 2 . 83 s u ar eB a n. P l at eX X V I I , 6 46 b.

j +

border:

probably linearmul-

u ' s D a m a s cu s c oi n s.

scha lice around


2H. cf . inf rap. 397.


hedateatlef t:

hedateatlef t:


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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans


r. A 43specimens 197V ar. B , 12specimens 198undeterminedvar.

tw ospecimens undeterminedvar. D orn-Gama of fp. 77 no . 4

M Sir. R . B urn19498-3-422. Miinchen. B a log fourspecimens:

. P lat eX X V I I , 6 53a ( 2 1 4 .4 0 P l at eX X V I I , 6 53 b ( 2 2 ; ( 2 1 .


ri onta ll ines

d:

f leur-de-lis

pr es . Mi in ch en . B a lo g s i s pe ci me ns : ( 1 8 3 .8 5 P l a t eX X V I I I ,

P l a te X X V I I I , 65 4b ( 1 9 2. 55 ; ( 2 2 2 .7 5 P l at eX X V I I I , 6 54 c ( 21

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d:

er s i - p et a le d

etals.

s: ( 2 1 3 .4 7 P l a te X X V I I I , 6 55 a ( 1 9 3 .1 7 P l a te X X V I I I , 6 55 b.

llf ourspecimens theco insare how ever sim ilartotheA leppo

andw ehaveattributedthem thereforetothismint.

des.

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.

santtoleft.

£

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ved thiscoinhadto bereconstructedfromsevenspecimens.

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ular line.

ri onta ll ines

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ments inthe

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I I I , 657b ( 2 3 P l ate X X V I I I , 657c ( 1 7 ; ( 1 9 ; ( 2 2 ; ( 2 2 .

undated

.B ordermissing.

d:v>*

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c

l at eX X V I I I .

nd.W edonotknowwho' Ali J « , intheobversecenter is.

mahrusaisnotabsolutelycertain.

le fa lso f irregularshapeandroughlycutf lanhase actly thesame

thecorrespondingcopperco inofB ar u , struck atH amah.

thoughthemintismissing l istedundertheH amawiseries. The

se i s a w id e c up f l an k ed b y a p ol o -s t ic k ( ? ) a t r ig h t b y t he e n d

atle f t abovew hichacrescent thew hole inthecentra lsegmentof

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des.U ppersegment:legendmissing.

ri onta lrow s

missing.

77 P l at eX X V I I I .

sides: circularline . Linearoctogram smalltre fo ilsintheseg-

randhe agram.

ns :( 2 3 3 .6 2 P l a te X X V I I I , 6 60 a ( 2 4 3 . 80 P l a te X X V I I I , 6 60 b

3 .2 6 ; ( 2 1 3. 85 .

undated

sides: thick circularline in24- lobe.

s: ( 2 2 4 .3 0 P l a te X X V I I I , 6 61 a ( 2 1 4 .6 0 P l a te X X V I I I , 6 61 b.

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ri onta ll inesinto

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ur-de-lisincircle

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ircle .

d i vi d ed b y h or i -

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: dilloU J i

si peta led

a l og ( 1 4 P l at eX X V I I I .

ara aswellasto B ar u , asthelionand thesi -petaled

herandson. Thesultan snameorla abaremissingonboth

s:circular line.

d:

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2 0 .

ramwithpe lletsinthe

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ri onta l

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othsides.

ri onta lrow sI l legibletracesofclockw isemarginal

t e X X I X , 6 68 a ( D a ma sc us ) . B M S ir R . B u rn 1 94 9 8- 3- 42 1. L 1 1 3 8

14 L a v oi l i st e d th e m as u n ce r ta i n Ma m lu k s 1 1 4 0 ( 4 . 0 5 . A N S ( 2 0 4 . 38 .

.3 6 P l a t eX X I X , 6 68 b .B a l og ( 1 8 .

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init l ionpassant

k

P l a te X X I X , 6 69 a 9 80 ( 1 9 4 .1 3 P l a te X X I X , 6 69 b.

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order: circularcableto lef t.

: I n it f leur-de-lis.

d il lo ll J l

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

A - A B B A SA -MU S TA I N B I ' L L A H

nly becauseofhiselectiontothe sultanate al-Mustaln

mira l-m ii m ininora l- imamal-a z amonallhiscoins e cept

es: circularline . • ilM l< ) lM

ri onta ll ines, . . . .

sse : _

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re iunedierteSilbersti icke . . . mentionsadinarof thistype intheB erlin

6 . B a l og t w os p ec i me n s: ( 1 8 3 . 6o P l a te X X I X , 6 7 1a ( 1 8

X , 6 71 b.

imam ^L . V l.

es: circularline . j i . . . v j +

ri onta l« lMl< llM

fesse : < ul.

>

l l

P l a t eX X I X , 6 72 a. H o r ov it , t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 1 7 P l a t eX X I X ,

d a te m i ss i ng . M or i t " A d di t io n s au C a ta l og u e de l a B i b l io t he u e

nstheac uisitionofaspecimen.

minin oo^ ll

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

B U T M U ST B E C A R O ; 8 15 H .

smissing.

d:F ieldhalvedbyhori ontalline:

\ O l lC U l l < i tt ll oU » U l M lA l M

© o

l at eX X I X .

U T MU ST B E CA R O ; D A T M SS NG

.

d:

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a lhori onta l

r onta ll ines

eflan:

dirhems:al-sultdnal-malikbutonvar.A. withdate

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s:circular line.

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tans

hconcavesides.

ents:

n theperipheric

re iunedierteSilberstuck e.

og ( 1 5 P l a te X X I X .

1 . 49 ; ( 1 9 1 . 3 35 ;

segments:

I X .

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SA F A -D I N AB U A -NASR S H A K H

21A . D.

edtoEgyptduringthisre ign in815and816H . C a iro

w se uin-weightgoldco ins butw edonotk now forhow

shavebeenfoundf romthesubse uentyears. Then in821H.

eattherev iva lo f theclassica lm ith a l-weightdinar a futile

tinuedatthedeathof al-Mu ayyadShaykh.Contempor-

heemissionofmith a l- typedinars theA le andriamintissued

s( ingots o fundeterminedw eight j ustasif thesultancould

sto betakentomeettheeconomiccrisis.

tera l-Mu ayyadShaykh sdeath theA le andriamint

her.

s:dottedcircle.

ri onta ll ines

sse :

l 3 ( s ic

d i ll o l U J l

S h ay kh w r it t en : ^ t . . K h e d iv . 15 5 9. B a l o g ( 1 7 3 . 2o P l a te X X I X ,

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

s:dottedcircle.

ri onta ll inesA sabove butdate:

sse :

J l y ( s ic c

U l l o lU U l

w ritten: Wien743( 17 3. 50 Shayk hw ritten: B M E beian

a te X X I X , S h ay k h wr i tt e n: ^ i . H o r ov i t , t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 1 7 3 4 0

3. 50 Shayk hwritten: ^ i. F onrobert6575(18 3. 40 sametype.

sion

othsides.

d:* ul

y . di ll ol U J l ^ U J

f tfw tf tf

onbothsides.

d:Asabove.

P l a te X X I X .

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.

othsides.

d:Asabove.

P l a te X X I X , l i st e d by L a v oi a s u nc e rt a in M a ml u k.

s:lineardodekalobe.

u i i il l M l < l l M

6 P l a t eX X I X , S ha yk h wr it te n: ^

ve butendingat:

n il

P l a t eX X I X , S ha yk h wr it te n: ^ i .

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tans

des:linear dodekalobe.

b ov e b ut e nd in g at : j &

p .

P l a te X X X , S h ay k h wr i tt e n:

B U TA E X A ND R I A T P E

T M SS NG :82 -H .

othsides.

d il l ol ki J i A s ab ov e.

l ^ - lf

.

yyadShaykh ssilverwasscarce. O nlyaboutthirtyco ins

umbermaybeaddedanotherscore intheHorov it co llection

thetimebeingisnotava ilable fore amination.

dofspecimensstruckin Cairo D amascusandAleppo

andoneof theyear815. Mosto f theco insweighbetw een

hreearesomew hatheav ier( 1. 61 1. 62and1. 67 andoneinthe

achesthefulldirhem( 2.6o .O nesmallpieceseemsto be

5 . Thenumberofco insistoosmalltodeterminethedenomin-

theemissionswasbased.

struck inthenameofa l-Mu ayyadShaykh turnedup

dbyus.This importantlot evidentlyahoard completes

ow ledgeof thissultan sco inage. Themanuscripto f the

ever alreadydepositedforpublicationattheAmerican

w Y ork atthattime sothatitw asnotpossibleto include

sinthe catalogueattheirproperplace withoutcompletely

ftheentirework.The descriptionofthehoardhasthere-

ofthecatalogueasa supplementandtheillustrationsare

L I I a nd X L I I I .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



sides: l inearmulti lobe incircleofdots.

dallionwith

sarecon-

straight

gments

P l a te X X X .

f f evenso there isnodoubtthattheorigina lw eightw as

therefore theco inisahalf -dirhem.

sall thesubse uentissuesofCairoare ofoneandthesame

w ofestooned sca llopedintersectingribbons eachribbon

tweentwoparallelsimplelines.

ns:( 2.6o ; ( 1.3o .B alog fourspecimens:( 18 1.67 ; ( 15 1.34

5 1 .3 5 ; ( 1 4 o.6 5 .

nf ra p .3 87 n os . A B , C P l a t eX L I I ) .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

E C AD E

i nf ra p .3 88 n o. D , P l a t eX L I I .

C AD E , B U T W I T H O U T C NT U R Y

lastline:

s : ( 1 7 1 .2 9 ; ( 1 6 1 .3 5 .

C AD E A ND C NTU R Y , TH E L ATT R I N D I V E R S STAG S O F CO M L E T O N

i nf ra p .3 88 n os . E , F , P l at e X L I I .

lastl ine : A sabove.

a l og s i s p ec im en s: ( 1 6 1 .3 3 P l at eX X X , 6 89 a ( 1 5 1 .3 5 P l at e X X X ,

l at eX X X , 6 89c ( 1 3 1 .2 7 ; ( 1 3 0. 91 ; ( 1 2 1 .1 0 .

ndif ferentstagesofcompletion ( cf . B a log hoard inf ra

P l a te X L I I .

. A NS ( 1 3 .

2 1 H . a n d un d at e d cf . B a l o g h o ar d i n fr a p p. 3 8 9- 3 90 n o s. I , J ,

es X L I I and X L I I I .

amascusarehalf-dirhems.

co ins.

sy W l

? ) G -

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



C AD E A N D C N TU R Y

lastline: A sabove.

1 3 1 .3 5 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 6 . B a l og t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 1 3 1 .o 6 P l a t eX X X ,

P l a t eX X X , 6 91 b.

i n f ra p .3 91 n o. N P l at e X L I I I ) .

N TU R Y B U T W I T H O U T D E CA D E

lastline: A sabove.

s : ( 1 6 1 .3 o P l a t eX X X , 6 92 a ( 1 5 1 .2 1 P l a t eX X X , 6 92 b.

i nf ra p. 39 1 n o. O , P l a te X L I I I ) .

E CA D E B U T W I T H O U T C N TU R Y

oa rd i nf ra p . 39 1 n o . P , P l a t e X L I I I ) .


tline: A sabove.

1 3 1 . 28 P l a te X X X .

i nf r a p. 3 9 1 n o. Q , P l a te X L I I I ) . F o r s p e ci m en s d at e d 82 o H . a n d

oa rd i nf ra p p. 3 91 -3 92 n os . R , S P l a t eX L I I I ) .

f irst l ineof reverse

l at e X X X , 6 94 a.

f or a dd it io na l sp ec im en s i nf ra p . 39 2 n os . T U , P l a t eX L I I I ) .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

tans

ve butlastl ine: o , •

P l a te X X X .

of thedate isnotclear itmaystandfor< ~, year

f o r ad d it i on a l sp e ci m en s u nd a te d i nf r a p p . 39 2 -3 9 3 n o s. V , W , Z ,

.

shedafalswhichhe attributedtoal-Mu ayyadShaykh

, 1 9 47 p p . 45 - 5o . H i s a t t ri b ut i on s e em s t o be d u e to a n e rr o r of r e ad i ng

ur isultanw hosetit le isa l-A shraf . Therearenocopper

aykh.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

S H I H A B A - D lN AB U A - SA A D AT AH M AD

r tw odirhemsandauni uefa lse isto f thissultanw ho

ts.

sides: l ineardek a-he a lobe eachsmallarchpointedoutw ards.

Ml 4 l M

dil l lk J l

P l a te X X X .

the invocation: 4 • < ululiandaddit iona lt it le : oU * l-

sides: twofestooned entw inedribbons composedof tw opara llel

l ineofdots. Sim ilartotheborderofa l-Mu ayyadShaykh s

y>

- -u

P l a te X X X .

M S S N G

e.

P l a te X X X .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

A T D

d.

d:I nthefield:lionpassant toleft.

i tl l di ll o U J l A bo ve : v>

a a -l U n d e r ne a th : J - *

r i en t al i sc h en M i in k u nd e N o . 1o .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



U A - A TH S A F A -D l NTA TA R

nof faithformula .

m12389uni ue theauthorgivesnodeta ileddescriptionandno il lustra -

atearenotrecorded.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



R A - D lN MU H A MMA D

22A . D.

yyadShaykh sandal-Mu af farA hmad ssilver.

A T M S S NG

P l a te X X X .

l a te X X X .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



U A - NA SR S A F A - D lN B AR S B A

38A . D.

eendefinitelyadoptedforthegoldissues andanew

ds infourrow sbetweenhori ontalcables isa lsoanin-

s:Circleof smalldiamondsalternatingwithpellets.

dedby threehori onta lrigidcablesto le f t.

3 ; 6 56 ( 1 9 3 .4 1 . K h e di v. 1 56 3 1 56 4. V o g . 15 51 ( 2 0 . E r m an

f ou r sp ec i me ns : ( 2 1 3 .4 0 P l at e X X X I , 7 0 3 a ( 1 9 3 . 41 ; ( 1 9 3 . 3 8

03 b ( 1 9 3 .4 1 .

n in f ra p . 3 98 P l a te X L I V , C .

gitofthe dateismissing:83H .

n in f ra p . 3 98 P l a te X L I V , D .

dateatthe lastline: A sabove.

l at eX X X I , ( h ol ed .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

te : A sabove.

8 3 . 40 ; ( 1 6 3 . 41 . B a l og ( 2 0 3 . 40 P l a t eX X X I .

te : A sabove.

. B M C 65 6 m ( 1 7 3 .4 1 . W i nd is ch -G ra et 1 95 ( 1 7 3 .3 9 .

te : A sabove.

ng fl ei sc h ( 1 9 3 .3 5 .

te : A sabove.

3 .4 0 . B a l og ( 1 8 3 .4 0 P l a t eX X X I .

te : A sabove.

89 ( 3 . 41 .

date: A sabove.

1 7 3 .4 0 ; ( 1 7 3 .4 1 .

date: A sabove.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



1840 NovaSuppl. p. 95 no . 7. aa . Tw ospecimens. C unha1510 1511.

30 . SchulmanNov . 1907 no . 911. B MC 657 658and659. A NS

t w o sp e ci m en s . W i en 7 5 29 ( 3 . 42 ; 7 9 71 ( 3 . 90 ; 7 9 72 ( 3 . 35 .

s:linearmultilobe.

: A sabove.

ing.

3 . 43 . B a l o g ( 1 9 3 . 40 . T h or b ur n 8 40 H . p e r s on a l co m mu n ic a ti o n.

sbe longtotw otypes: theearly issuesofDamascus( anda

haveamarginallegendandacentral inscriptiononthe

ateremissionsofD amascus A leppoandHamahare inscribed

onbothsides. I nv iew of themark eddif ferences theco ins

types.

ions

nbothsides: circularline.

d

end.

ue

egend:

3l U J l J i J .

: 66 1 ( 1 3 0 .9 0 . B l a u 31 0. A NS ( 1 4 2 .2 6 ; ( 1 2 1 .0 5 . B a l og

2 .1 0 R e v .: y j + P l a t eX X X I , 7 14 a

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



kSultans

e P l at e X X X I , 7 1 4b ( 1 5 1 .9 6 a s a bo ve P l a te X X X I , 7 1 4c ( 1 7 1 . 85

0 a s ab ov e ( 1 5 2 .0 4 a s ab ov e ( 1 2 1 .0 2 a s ab ov e ( 1 6 2 .0 0 R e v .:

P l at e X X X I , 7 14 6 .

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u ng fl ei sc h ( 1 5 2 .0 5 . B a l og ( 1 5 1 . 94 P l a t eX X X I .

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lastline: Ode£ -* i-A sabove.

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a l f - di r he m.

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fdots.

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AMA A -D I N AB U A -MAH A S N Y U SU F

atonthe thronefor94daysonly.Accordingly hiscoins

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ondsalternatingwithpellets.F ieldonbothsides dividedbythree

.

l

0 . L 1 00 5 ( 1 7 3 .4 0 . K h e di v. 1 56 9. B a l og ( 1 7 3 .4 0 P l at e X X X I I ,

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aspublishedbyK arabacek a lthoughhisdescriptionof theco in

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53A . D.

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a lw aysC airo ispreservedon19coinsonlyandthedate

not. Allcoinswithdate werestruckintheearlyyears of

8 4 2 8 4 3 an d 8 46 H . ; o n ly o n e di n ar o f 8 54 H . w a s p ub l is h ed b y F r a e hn .

oldwasissuedatthe Cairomintonly.Thedinarsnos.1006

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borderconsistsonbothsidesof acircleofsmall

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segments.

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oins.W henthemintis present itisrecorded aswellas

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a s 10 22 . 10 24 ( 3 .4 2 O b v .: ^ R e v .: * ^ * J ^ : 10 25

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3. 37 . SchulmanL ist1929 no . 1206( probably thesamespeci-

1 9 n o . 45 . W h i te K i n g 22 4 4 ( 3 . 2 0 . B e y r a m2 7 9 ( 3 . 3 0 . C un h a

veincompletespecimens. Wien7161 7301 7302 7428. B ern

t w os p ec i me n s. B a l o g ( 1 6 3 . 40 P l a te X X X I I , 7 3 7a .

heraldic buttheSyriansilvercoins oftencanyJ a -

ce s t h e ch a li c e an d b u j a h .

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61A . D.

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entirely toCairo:theothertypesare uncertain.


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i nt m i ss i ng 8 5 7 H . 1 0 49 ( 1 6 3 . 41 m i nt a n d da t e mi s si n g. K h e d i v. 1 5 81

1 5 82 m i nt a n d da t e mi s si n g. B M C 6 6 7 t ( 1 5 3 3 7 . A s hm o l. ( 1 6

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8 6 H .

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, 7 64 b ( 16 1 .4 5 .

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I I ; ( 1 5 1 .4 8 .

artouche:

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6 1 .4 8 ; ( 1 5 1. 47 .

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e.

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7 70 b.

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u e .

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u ayyadShaykh thesecondtoa l-Mu ayyadA hmad.

a ined( p. 306 thattheattributionof thef irstfedstoShaykh

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infrap.399.

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ttedcircle.


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67A . D.

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cularline . Hori ontalrow of f loweretsplacedon

ontalrowoftinyarches concave

r ig h t. . ' '

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g ( 1 8 3 .4 2 , d at e( a i v .

ateas870w ithquery . I t ismore lik ely867H.

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5 . A NS ( 1 4 3 .1 6 . P l a te X X X V .

tanswas:al-sultdnal-malik.Thisistheonly e ample

sareseparatedfromeachother:al-sultanK hush adam

ahir( malik withoutthearticle . K hush adamwritten:

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p. 9 6 n o . 7 b . B M E b e ia n 1 93 8 7 -3 0 -1 ( 1 6 1 . 43 P l a te X X X V ,

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ielddividedbythreehori ontallines:

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h lo o pe d . ( A 1 " 1 ( * c

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vesnodoubt abouttheattribution.


d:

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e X X V , 7 94b ( 1 6 1 .41 .

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ce init a f ive-petaledrosette .

. 71 . T ho r bu r n n o d et a il s .

othsides.


U l ( j u ~ y ) j k Md il lo lW U l

I nnercircle center:

1 . B M C 5 7 5 ( 1 8 P l a te X X X V . T h is s p ec i me n wa s l is t ed u n de r a l-

tthecorrectattributionisnodoubttoK hush adam. B a log( 2o

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P l a te X X X V .

e agram surrounded

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onbothsides.


0 U * U | A lO w A rf . y> »

nnercircle initf ive-peta ledrosette .

ns : ( 2 0 1 .6 2 P l at e X X X V ; ( 1 8 2 . 06 ; ( 1 8 1 . 90 .

rall inearrhomboidonrev . infrap. 400 P lateX L I V , E.

F A - D I N B I L B A

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U S A I D T M R B U GH A

68A . D.

ll veryrare:onlyfourdinars auni uedirhemandhalf

rek now n.

M S S N G

othsides.

div idedbyhori ontalrow sof f low erets placedonhori onta l

oncavesideup.

, y " j , y

P l a t eX X X V . B e y ra m 28 2.

8 7 2 O R 87 3H .

othsides.


4 | M

P l at e X X X V .

fullyon theflan itmaybeeithera two( t orathree( r .

m intmissing 872H.

ro fessionof faithformula .

6 p . 41 ( 3 .4 0 .

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lainTurcoman

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rl ine .

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e llets.

hpe lletsinthe

mentsinthe

n t he c e nt e r s i -

6 ( F r e ud e nt h al c o ll . ( 2 0 P l a te X X X V I , 8 0 5 a. M u nc h en ( 2 0

8 05 b .W i e n7 38 7 39 .

A T D

onta ll ines

nallegend

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shie lddividedby

threesegments

perandlower

centralsegment

V I . ThisspecimenwaspublishedbyMayerinSaracenicHera ldry

b u t he r e ad t h e ti t le o f t he s u lt a n as " a l -N a si r . W e b e l ie v e th a t th e re i s n o

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U A - NA SR Q A I T B A

496A .D.

nv iew ofQa itbay se ceptiona lly longre ign( 28years ,

monanddisplayawidevarietyof design.

tenoughnumbers( inasingleB eiruthoardtherewere

, thegoldcoinsarenot easilylistedaccordingtomints.

meterofthecoinsbeingtoo smallforthedieengraving

stlyoffflan.

can bereached nevertheless bydescribingthecoins

.At thesametime oneortwotypesor varietiesappear

o ontheonehandand Aleppoontheother.W henmore

espresentlywithmintmissing furthertypesmaybeat-

onta lsections noarabes uek nots.

border w heneverpresent: l inearmulti lobeorw avy

ri onta ll inesofF ie lddiv idedbyhori onta lcablesto le ft

ri ontall inesV < L . lV

sideup.

o8 6( 1 5 3 .4 o . B a l og ( 1 5 3 .3 9 P l a te X X X V I .

tbay: 4

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

ides div idedbyhori onta lcablesto le ft.

-^ y

. B a l og t hr ee s pe ci me ns : ( 1 6 3 .3 4 P l a t eX X X V I , 8 08 a R e v. : 4 | ;

e X X V I , 8 0 8b R e v .: * } \ ; ( 1 5 3 . 38 R e v .: A NS f ou r sp ec i me ns : ( 1 5

0 ; ( 1 5 3 . 40 ; ( 1 6 3 .4 1 O b v. :a il I k l il l

ides div idedbycablestoright.

ontheprecedentcoinsandQ a itbay snamewritten

o thelastalif:

< u H \ ° 4 |

d a te m i ss i ng 6 7 5 ( 1 5 3 . 36 m i nt m i ss i ng 8 7 9 H . r e v. e e r gu e : ( a \ ^ 9

te m i ss i ng . L 1 0 89 ( 3 4 0 d a te m i ss i ng 1 0 90 ( 3 3 9 d a te m i ss i ng . B e i r ut

v . e e r g u e < ^ . . A N S ( 1 5 3 . 41 ; ( 1 5 3 . 4 4 R e v . c a bl e s to l e ft

f ou r sp ec im en s: ( 1 5 3 .4 0 d at e mi ss in g P l at e X X X V I , 8 09 a ( 1 5 3 .4 1

3 . 37 m i nt a n d da t e mi s si n g P l a t e X X X V I , 8 0 9 b ( 1 5 3 . 3 9 m i nt a n d

X V I , 809c. Wheneverthedate isinthe lastlineof thereverse

e.

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tans

meindecorativearrangement w ithlargecharacters.

sides div idedbyhori onta lcablesto lef t.

. L 1 08 4 ( 3 . 39 . A NS ( 1 5 3 .4 0 . W i en 7 32 0. B a o cc hi ( 1 5 3 40

r gu e A A B a l o g t h re e s pe c im e ns : ( 1 5 3 . 38 f l ow e re t a bo ve y d i n

X V I , 8 10 a ( 1 4. 3. 40 F l o w er et a s ab ov e. P l a te X X X V I , 8 10 b

N on um be r( 1 5 d at e: 88 9H . i nr ev .e e rg ue :( k a J e P l at eX X X V I ,

r it t en : f j B S f e \ £ \

bothsides div idedbyhori onta lcablestoright.

eepelle tsaboveydinQa itbay: j

: 8 86 H . i n r e v . e e r gu e ( a a V ; 1 0 8 7 ( 3 . 39 d a te m i ss i ng . A NS t wo

4 m i nt a n d da t e mi s si n g ( 1 6 3 . 42 d a te m i ss i ng . B a l o g ( 1 5 3 . 40

cablestoright. R ev . : hori ontalrow sof f low erets placedonhori onta l

oncavesideup.

1 4 3 . 40 d a te : S 97 H . i n r ev . e e r gu e A V f f W ; ( 1 5 3 . 39 d a te :

r gu e : aw

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N A L V AR I E T E S

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a l og ( 1 5 .3 38 P l a te X X X V I .

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; 6 8 1 ( 1 5 3 . 34 P l a t eX X X V I , 8 1 4a 6 82 ( 1 5 3 .3 4 . L 1 08 2 ( 3 . 40

. a V \ j . L a v oi r e ad i t e rr o ne o us l y as H a l a b . AN S ( 1 5 3 . 40 .

d at e at t op o fo bv .: 8 96 H . a w j . P l at e X X X V I , 8 14 b.

bothsides. Cablestoright.

e n 7 43 3 ( 3 . 3 5 . T h or b ur n d a t e :8 8 - H . B a l o g ( 1 5 3 . 39 P l a t e

O B AB L Y U ND A T D

order:circularline.

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o U * U l al Ml < l l * t f

a l ^ - u s i

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f t di ll l kO ■ ' ■

ter:

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ve butdateatthe lastline:

en s: ( 1 3 1 .4 6 P l a te X X X V I ; ( 1 6 1 .4 7 ; ( 1 4 1 42 .

097( 0. 72 H a lf -dirhem. K hediv. 1611-1614. A shmol. tw ospecimens.

specimens:( 16 1.52 ; ( 14 1.47 P lateX X X V I , 818a ( 14 1.38 ;

X X V I , 8 18 b. AN S f ou rs pe ci me ns :( 1 7 1 . 41 ; ( 1 4 1 29 ; ( 1 5 1 .2 9 ;

s:circular line.


ol U J l ni lJ j ^ j J u fi < a lM l4 l M

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uef loweratright

6 8 4a ( 1 3 2 . 00 . K h e d i v. 1 6 08 - 16 1 0 th e r ea d in g o f re v . ce n te r i s:

t hr ee s pe ci me ns : ( 1 3 1 .4 5 P l at e X X X V I ; ( 1 5 1 . 45 ; ( 1 2 0 . 75 .

y" half-dirhem , > J u , whichisthefull weightofthe

period.

A R O

othsides.

d:Clockwisemarginallegend:asabove

UU lC entra lcartoucheasabove butupper

er:andlowersiderounded.Center:

s : ( 1 3 1 . 45 P l a t e X X X V I . T he d a te 6 8 6 " w i i s a n e ng r av e r s e r ro r

V ( 1 6 1 . 52 O h . m ar g in a l le g en d e nd s w it h i nc o mp l et e d at e — 3

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sp ec im en s: 1 3 1 . 44 ; ( 1 7 1 4 4 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



M S S N G

onbothsides.

dillegibleonbothsides.

center:

l at eX X X V I .

isuncertain asalltheinscriptions e ceptthoseinthe

ced. It isl istedheremainlybecauseof theobversew hichissimilarto

othsides.


d il lo lU J l

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ter:

ter:

S ( 1 6 1 .2 8 .

othsides.

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d:

ori onta l

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il Ml 4 l M

ewithfleur-de-

P l a t eX X X V I , 8 2 4 a. B a l og t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 1 6 1 .3 8 P l at e X X X V I ,

M S S N G

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b a dl y wo r n.

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d:

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7. 1. 36 .

nd:

s : ( 1 7 1 - 40 c h ip p ed

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u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



A E P P O

onbothsides.

d:P rofessionoffaithformulainTurcoman

r rhomboidalcartouche

, . ,

P l at eX X X V I I .

A E P P O

onbothsides.

l at eX X X V I I .

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X X V I I .

lainTurcoman

t

stype themintanddate asw ellastheborderonboth

hori ontalF ie lddividedbyhori ontall ines:

1 .3 6 P l at e X X X V I I .

nodividingcables. A sabove butnodiv idinglines.

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sare encountered:themorefre uentlargeandsmall

iro andthescarcersmall non-heraldicandheraldic

felyincludein theCairogroupthelargeflan coinswhich

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s:circular line.

d::

tharabes ue

it ies.

C 68 5 ( 2 5 ; 6 85 a ( 2 5 ; 6 86 ( 1 8 . B M S ir R . B u r t on 1 94 9 8- 3- 42 9.

m 12 3 92 . A NS ( 2 2 8 . 95 . W i e n 7 47 7 4 8. B a l o g t w o sp e ci m en s :

V I I , 8 33a ( 2 5 8 .8 1 P l at eX X X V I I , 8 33 b.

board

onbothsides e cepttracesofcircularline.

eboard o fw hich

onthef lan. The

c ri b ed i n t he s u a re s i n

bent6in the

86normallyw ritten

againinreverseat

a te X X X V I I .

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datemissing

othsides.

e

protocol .

era ledges

ue.

P l at eX X X V I I . AN S( 1 7 2 .4 4 .

o fcircularline .

p e ll e ts i n t he

pelle tsinthespaces.

a te X X X V I I .

m issinge ceptthesultan sname

onbothsides.

center: 4O nlyasmallcentralcirclev isible .

e X X V I I .

CA R O T P E

reevarietiesofthereverse whereastheobverseisalways

C r e a



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tans

edsi

bles eachcom-

aggingdouble lines

r.

P l a t eX X X V I I , 8 3 8a . B M C6 86 f ( 2 4 ; 6 8 6g ( 2 5 . J u ng fl ei sc h ( 2 5

, 8 38 b. AN S s i s pe ci me ns :( 2 4 6 . 63 ; ( 2 4 9 .5 3 ; ( 2 2 8 . 09 ; ( 2 3 7 . 23 ;

1 1 0. 00 .

ontal z ig- agging

ahori ontalrow of

hrhomboid.

s ev en s pe ci me ns : ( 2 1 2 .7 8 ; ( 2 1 6 .9 6 ; ( 2 3 8 .5 4 ; ( 2 0 8 .4 3 ; ( 2 0

; ( 2 2 6 . 93 . W ie n7 49 7 50 7 51 7 53 .B a lo g( 2 1 P l a te X X X V I I .

only thecenterA sabove butthedate891H. w ritten

of rhomboids inA rabic

l at eX X X V I I .

O B A B L Y S R I A N

onbothsides.

ori onta lLinears uare inw hich:

9 49 8- 3( 2 0 P l a te X X X V I I .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



missing

othsides.

si -peta led

P l a te X X X V I I .

A T D


uareofdots. L ionpassantto le ft ta ilcurledback a

theend.

. B M n on um be r( 1 8 P l a te X X X V I I .

legendinverted: A sabove.

te X X X V I I .

, e f faced. I nlinear

C r e a



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tans

T ( O R M S S N G

onbothsides.

ori onta lClock wisemargina llegend ef faced.

lan :

heaglew alk ingto

sprigw iththree leaves.

a te X X X V I I . T h or b um . Co l l. S a lo m on B a r u k h C a i r o ( p o o r sp e ci m en .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



A - SA AD A T MU H A MM AD

98A . D.

preserved it is904H.

des.

ine

ides div idedbyhori onta lcablesto le ft.

P l a te X X X V I I I . B e i r u t f o ur s p ec i me n s. K h e d i v. 1 6 17 .

ides div idedbyhori onta lcablestoright.

a adatwritten: A sabove.

. B e i r u t f o ur s p ec i me n s. B a l o g t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 1 5 3 . 34 P l a te

( 15 3.37 .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

tans

preserved it is902H.

othsides Sometimescircularline.


a i " * * » l

o f f i l ialpiety * ul< r U , " mayGodhavemercy

7 ; 6 8 6 v( 1 5 3 . 37 . L 1 1 07 ( 1 6 3 .3 5 . P H - 32 14 ( 1 8 3 . 38 P l a t e

8 48 a. B e ir ut s ev er al P l a te X X X V I I I , 8 48 b. AN S( 1 5 3 .4 0 . W i en 73 27

ou rs pe ci me ns :( 1 5 3 .3 8 P l a te X X X V I I I , 8 48 c ( 1 6 3 .3 8 ; ( 1 6 3 .3 9 ;

Cairomintareknown.W heneverthedateispreserved

onbothsides.

d:F ielddividedbyhori ontalcablestoleft:

\ d li ll ol W U l l i sl

n wh ic h: * u l M l * } \ M

s : ( 1 5 1 .4 7 P l a t eX X X V I I I , 8 49 a ( 1 3 1 .4 0 . A NS t hr ee s pe ci me ns :

1 6 1 .4 7 P l at e X X X V I I I , 8 4 9 b ( 1 6 1 .4 3 a s a bo ve b ut r ev er se f ie ld d iv id ed

rspecimenwithmintmissingand specimenwithmintanddate

P l a t eX L I V , F , G .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



o b ve r se

A T D

onbothsides.

d:

l di ll oU » U l

tw o linears uares.

( 2 2 5 .3 3 P l a te X X X V I I I ; ( 2 3 5 .8 6 ; ( 2 7 7 .0 7 .

insteadof innerA sabove.

i en 7 80 . Th or bu rn . B a lo g ( 1 9 8 .8 0 P l a t eX X X V I I I .

nthetwolinear

thecorners ringlets

ype lle ts

a l og ( 1 9 9 .5 0 P l at eX X X V I I I .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

ts

erpreserved circularline .

d:

U ll ol U J l

8pe lle ts.

onepelle tbetween

p t e p la t es . F o n r ob e rt 6 5 86 ( 2 3 ; 6 5 87 ( 2 0 . B a l o g ( 2 2 8 . 50 P l a te

betw eenthetw o

entwoparallel

le is ch t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 2 4 1 0. 32 P l a t eX X X V I I I ; ( 2 5 6 .6 7 .

betw eenthetw o

u ng fl ei sc h ( 2 4 6 .4 1 .

betw eenthetw o

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



betweentw o

ets.

.7 2 P l a te X X X V I I I .

ernalband: 20pelle ts

ndincenter1

nter-clockwise

s:circular line.

ri onta ll ines

sse .

ntoacentral

ompart-

es.

chwaterwheel

curvedcounter-

s connected

lines onopposite

d:

P l at eX X X V I I I ; 1 1 11 ( 2 0 4 .9 6 .

otacceptthew aterw heel( orw hirl ingrosetteashecalledit

ee l how ever thatitrepresentsabla on itmaynotbeso

cimens astheengraveroverdidhistask andmultiplied

fo llowingco ins how ever theheraldicnatureof thecentra l

bvious.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

ckwise

onbothsides.

ignandwrit ingmuchlarger sothatonlyparto f theengrav -

ok esof thewaterwheelonthereverse lessinnumber are

se nt ed 1 95 1 ( 1 8 7 s po ke s P l at eX X X V I I I , 8 60 a. A NS s i s pe ci me ns :

k es ( 1 9 3 . 64 8 s po ke s P l at e X X X V I I I , 8 6 0b ( 1 8 4 . 31 8 s po ke s

s ( 1 8 4 .5 8 6 s po ke s ( 1 9 3 .0 1 6 s po ke s. P A M ( 1 8 6 s po ke s

I , 8 60 c. J u ng fl ei sc h ( 1 9 3 .8 4 6 s po ke s.

stothissultan

ted(orbothmissing .

inein circleofdots

onta lcha in.

x x x x x x

n w hi c h sm al l s i -

e X X V I I I .

onbothsides.

onta l

edunderuncerta inMamluk s. P robablya l-NasirMuhammadb. Qa itbay.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



U S A D Q A NS U H

00A . D.

andauni uefa lshavecomedow ntous butnosilver.

O T M N T O N D ( O R M SS NG

s:linearmultilobe.

div idedbyhori ontalcablestoright.

h e di v . 16 1 8. B a l o g f o u r s pe c im e ns : ( 1 5 3 . 3 6 P l a te X X X I X ,

P l at eX X X I X , 8 62 b ( 1 5 3 . 34 ; ( 1 5. 3. 37 .

dit iona la lifbetw eenA buandSaHd

9 . L 1 1 1 3( 1 5 3 .3 8 . B a l og t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 1 4 3 .2 8 P l a t eX X X I X ,

. B e i r u t t w os p ec i me n s.

T M S S N G

othsides.


P l a te X X X I X . B M C 68 7b ( 1 5 3 .3 0 .

AR I E T

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

w i th m i nt m i ss i ng 9 o 4 H . c f . in f ra p . 4 o2 P l a te X L X V , H .

. B order: circularline incircleofdots. I d

l i on p a ss a nt t o l ef t .

d:r

dingonedge

e. C enter:

l at eX X X I X .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



U A - NA SR J A NB A A T

01A . D.

sagotherew erenocoinsk now nof thisruler w how asassassinated

af terheascendedthethrone. Duringbuilding-e cavationsa

idinarsw asunearthedattheLebanesetownofTripoliand

scountry thetreasurew asad udgedine ua lsharesto

eirutandtothosewho foundthecoins.Thetreasure—

namefromthe numismaticpointofviewaswellas in

ht becauseitcontainedseveralhundredgoldcoins—

a itbay sdinars buttherew ereco insofKhush adam

Z ahirQ ansuh a l- A dilTumanbay Qansuha l-Ghuri and

go ldcoinsof J anbalat.

lldinarsofJ anbalat aswellasthe mintanddate.

videdbyhori ontalcablestoright.

ns : ( 1 5 3 .4 0 P l a t eX X X I X ; ( 1 5 3 . 3 1 ; ( 1 5 3 .4 0 . B e i ru t t hr ee

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0

F A -D l NA B U A - NA R TU M ANB A

vdinarswerek now ninthe literature buttheTripo lihoard

13.No silverorcopperis knowntoe ist.

R N O M NT , 9 o6 H .

order: circularline .

onta lcablesto le ftonbothsides.

J i * i

R e v. :* ) \ X ; 1 11 6( 1 5 3 .3 6 R e v. :« J l X ; 1 11 7( 1 5 3 . 36 R e v. :X \ « J N

ns : ( 1 7 3 .3 8 P l at e X X X I X , 8 66 a R e v. : * i f i ( 1 5 3 . 34 P l a t e

b R e v. : « J l # M ( 1 5 3 . 3 5 R e v. : < J I M . B e ir ut t hr ee s pe ci me ns .

N T M S S NG D A T M SS NG

othsides.


7 . K h e d i v. 1 6 19 . B a l o g t w o sp e ci m en s : ( 1 5 3 . 34 P l a te X X X I X ;

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



U A - NA R Q A NS U H A -G H U R I

16A .D .

sofal-Ghurie istinmoderncollectionsandappear

o ldsmiths ba aars thego ldco inageof thissultanisin-

mintlessgoldisknownofthe firstfewyears Aleppois

thdatemissing C a irostartedto issue in913H. only and

ater in917H.

caseofmostotherB ur isultans isscarcerthango ldand

ayspartlymissing.

bundantonceagainand simultaneouslywithit bron e

appearance inMamliik co inage.

althoughthedateismissing arelistedatthe beginning

theprotoco lconta insa l-Ghuri spatronymic A bua l-Nasr

amein thesamewayaswasusualunder hispredecessors.

semblesthatonthedinarsof Q a itbay al-NasirMu-

nsuhandJ anbalat. Webelieve therefore thatbothco ins

fal-Ghuri.

M S S N G

onbothsides.


Ghuriwritten:

l at eX X X I X .

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



tans

M S S N G

onbothsides.

ori onta lA sabove butcablesto le f t:

r an-

l at eX X X I X .

G hu r i wr i tt e n: - p k J y , , )

s:circular line.


P l a te X X X I X .

suhwritten^ 3

s:circular line.


gendsasabove butdate:

P l at eX X X I X .

butdate: \ \ >

C 68 9( 1 5 3 .3 9 . B a l og ( 1 5 3 .2 9 P l a te X X X I X .

butdate: r >

.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



A T M S S NG

ve butattop:

l-Ghuriwritten: t^ lG^ J b

s:circular line.


1 25 ( 3 . 39 ; 1 1 26 ( 3 . 41 ; 1 1 27 ( 3 . 39 R e v . : s ma l l ^ a b ov e K h e d iv . 1 62 o .

a l o g t w o s pe c im e ns : ( 1 5 3 . 32 P l a te X X X I X , 8 7 5a . R e v . :s m al l ^

1 6 3 . 4o P l a t e X X X I X , 8 7 5b . O b v .: ^ b e t we e n Q a n su h a nd a l G hu r i:

J l .

s:circular line.

div idedby threehori ontalrow sof f low erets placedon

arches concavesideup.

bove

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butdate: \ \ »

7 P l a t eX X X I X . K h ed iv . 16 21 . AN S ( 2 0 3 .3 3 . B a l og t wo s pe ci -

( 1 8 3 . 33 .

o f ficinanumber. A sabove butdate:

6 P l a te X X X I X . B a l og ( 1 8 3 .4 0 .

butdate: \ \ v

N 1934 ( 183. 35 . Nodescriptionofcablesandother

es circularline .

div idedbyupperhori ontalcableto le ft centra lrow of

w of tinyarches concavesideupandalow erhori ontal

nanumber: Legendsasabove butdate: ma

a bo ve : « ^

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s: ( 1 7 3 .3 9 ; ( 1 8 3 3 5 P l a te X X X I X .

o f ficinanumber. A sabove butdate: ^

130( 3. 34 datemissing noof f icinanumber thereforee ither919or920H .

nanumber. A sabove butdate: v r.

N TD E S CR I P T O N

R ogers C a lcuttaMus. C at. 7980. C unha1520-23. Schulman

10 5 7 ( 3 . 3 8 1 0 58 .

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othsides.

ori onta l

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ori onta lcables

er l inearhe a lobe

ble.

a lobe:

butdate: \ \ \

P l at eX X X I X .

P l a t eX L , 8 85 a. B M C 6g 5g ( 1 4 3 .2 4 P l a t eX L , 8 85 b. H o r ov it

X L , 8 85 c.

A T D

s:wavycircularli ne.

d:

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ori onta lcables

P l a te X L , 8 8 6a . B e i r ut t w o sp e ci m en s . B a l og t h re e s pe c im en s : ( 1 4

8 86 b ( 1 5 3 . 32 P l a te X L , 8 86 c ( 1 5 3 . 25 .

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M SS NG P O S S B L Y C A R O

onbothsides.


s : ( 1 5 1 .0 6 P l a t eX L , 8 87 a ( 1 4 1 .1 1 P l a t eX L , 8 87 b.

M S S N G

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en te r: J l

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othsides.


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ter: L inearhe a lobe center:

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s : ( 1 7 1 .2 1 P l a t eX L , 8 89 a ( 1 6 1 .1 5 P l a t eX L , 8 89 b.

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nallegend:Tracesofclockwisemarginallegend:

o iu i

ter: L inearrhomboidw ithconve sides the

htheborder.Center:

elongshere . B M R . M. Hodgson19425-6-4( 15 1. 16 P late

N D AT D

allegendmissingonboth sides.

e nt e r: L i n ea r h e a l ob e c e nt e r:

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othsides.


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.

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phic reverseheraldic.

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P l a te X L , 8 9 3 a. A N S ( 2 4 8 . 64 . B M P i e tr a s e w sk i 4 -5 3 -6 - 47 8 .

s: ( 1 9 7 . 65 ; ( 2 0 8 . 4 2 ; ( 2 1 8 . 67 P l a t eX L , 8 9 3 b. b ro n e ( 2 1


at e X L .

butdate: \ \ k

at e X L . B a lo g ( 2 1 6 .1 5 b r on e .

enap. 79. Tab. IV . No. 13. F onrobert6588 6589. Wien757 758 759.

.2 4 b ro n e . B a lo g t wo s pe ci me ns : ( 2 1 b ro n e ( 2 4 b ro n e .

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S S N G , 9 22 H .


div idedbyathick hori ontalcableto le ft:

ci m en s : ( 2 3 3 . o5 b r on e ( 2 1 7 . 25 b r on e . Th e t wo c o in s a re n o l on g er

on.

A T D ( O R M NT AND D A T M SS NG ? )

bordermissingonbothsides.

w hich: O blongcartouche inw hich:

9 5 m m . t hi c kn e ss P l a te X L .

t isnotanoblongcartouche butafesse.

A T D ( O R M NT AND D A T M SS NG ? )


s uares

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amos ue- lamp.

un ch en ( 2 1 7 .1 5 . B a l og ( 1 9 8 .7 2 P l a t e X L .

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s l inearmihrab in

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U A - NA SR T U M A NB A

been published andsofarneithersilver norcopper

es circularline .


. K h e d i v. A d di t io n s p. 2 0 4. A N S ( 1 8 3 . 25 . A s hm o l. ( 2 0 P l a te

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T I B U T O N S

dby tw o

ee

th 14pieces.

dby tw ohori onta l

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lier

rtable

.

N o . 6. B a l og ( 1 9 P l at e X L I .

struckatH amah undated.P robablyQ ala un sH ouse.

s:circular line.

tesegments

X L I .

mallo rnamentsinthe

alsegments.

ndated.Thestyleandarrangementoflegendsanddeco-

eperiodofa l-A shrafSha banora l-Sa lihHa j i. T ripoli

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rl ine .

dcableto lef t I ncuse impressionof theobverse caused

byapreviouslystruckfalsleft bymistake

t he d i e.

X L I .

eral-Mansuroral-Mu affar itisverydifficult toread.

odecide w hetherit isaB ahrioraB ur ico in. I f thereading

ochoosebetweentheB ahrial-MansurMuhammadandthe

- D i n ' A b d al - A i . E a r l i er a n d la t er c o in s w it h t hi s t it l e ar e d if f er e nt

garded. Ontheotherhand ifw eshouldreada l-Mu af far

a l-Mu af farH a j i( B ahri anda l-Mu af farA hmadarethe

orthetimebeing theattributionmustremainundecided.

ordermissingonbothsides.

div idedby tw ohori onta ll inesintothreesegments.

ppersegmentmissing

ghtCentralsegment: quadruped( lion pass-

g_

g

X L I .

ar u ' sorF ara ' speriod.Thelionas wellasthe

sultans.The fishisarare heraldicsymbol.

onbothsides.

onta lcha ins. Clock wisecircularlegend: tit lc . . . . iy> \ ii

sinformofa

.2 7 P l a t eX L I .

hisco into J a ma .

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e lw ithsi spok es

asi -petaled

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ri onta l

fesse .

.

8 P l a te X X X X I . AN S( 1 8 1 .4 9 .

nceofaB ur ifals.Thetitle al-Z ahiriscommonto

c a n e c l ud e t he l a te r p er i od a s t he f u li i s of J a m a K u s h -

andQansuh moreorlessk nown aredif ferentinsty le . Tatar

yprospects. O urbestguess therefore isB ar ii , w ith

s fesseandsi -petaledrosette area lsoconsistent.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0



L V E R CO I NS STR U C B Y A -MU ' A Y A D SH A K H

mentionedinthechapterdealingwith al-Mu ayyadShaykh

cameto lighttoo latetobe incorporatedinthecata logueatits

ydescribedhere asasupplement.Severalvarietiesofthe

ogueasw ellasinthishoard othervarieties how ever are

neortheotheronlyandit is therefore necessary to

hseries.

tlywellpreservedsilvercoins thesenewpiecesincrease

yadShaykh sdirhemissuessevenfo ld. I tconta ins112speci-

ndonewithnomint butclearlyo f theC airotype , 97issued

tedinA leppo. I norderofchrono logy manyarethespeci-

818and819H . a lreadyk nowntous. F urthermore thehoard

C airoandDamascus and821H. ( C a iro .

rtantcontributionofthishoard toourknowledgeofal-

o inage isinthef ie ldofmetrology . Themateria lformerlyat

insweighingbetween0.90and 1.36gram butmost

30gram.O nlytwocoinsweighed1.62and1.67 re-

.60.These figuresgavetheimpressionthattheentire

30weight whichmayormaynotrepresentthe half-dir-

trevea lsthata l-Mu ayyadShaykh ssilverbelongsto

rlyrecogni abledenominationsbelongingtothesystem

2co ins 23arefulldirhems 189half-dirhemsand10q uarter-

llbelongto theCairomint noneappearstohavebeen

ebulk of theco insareha lf -dirhems( about90% ) , w hich

clusivity intheearliermateriala tourdisposa l.

ween2.60and2.73 thehalf-dirhemsbetween1.20

mingma ority isaround1.30 andthequartersf rom0. 60

thattheweightofthe coinswasdeliberatelyreduced

ationofabout10% ofthelegalweightof thedirhem.

T D E C AD E

w ofestooned sca lloped intertw iningribbons eachribbon

tweentwosimplelines

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ofcompleteness.

0 2 .7 0 ; ( 1 9 2 .6 6 P l a te X L I I A /2 ; ( 1 8 2 .6 8 ; ( 1 8 2 .8 0 ; ( 2 0

P l at eX L I I A /6 ( 2 0 2 .6 8 ; ( 1 9 2 .6 1 P l at eX L I I A /8 ( 1 9 2. 65 ; ( 1 8

; ( 1 9 2 .7 2 ; ( 1 8 2 .7 0 ; ( 1 8 2. 72 .

1 32 ; ( 1 5 1 . 34 P l a te X L I I B / 2 ( 1 4 1 .3 4 ; ( 1 5 1 . 30 P l a te X L I I

P l at eX L I I B / 5 ( 1 5 1 .3 1 ; ( 1 4 1. 20 .

0 .6 5 ; ( 1 5 0 .6 4 ; ( 1 1 0 .6 9 P l at eX L I I , C 3 ( 1 2 0 .6 3 ; ( 1 3 0 .6 5 ;

C 5 ( 13 0 .6 0 .

astline: A sabove.

2 .6 2 P l a te X L I I D / i ( 1 8 2 .6 4 P l a te X L I I D / 2 ( 1 7 2 .3 6 P l a te

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dcentury the latterindif ferent

: A sabove.

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I E / 4 ( 1 9 2 .60 ; ( 18 2 .5 1 .

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5 1 .2 9 ; ( 1 5 1. 29 ; ( 15 1 .3 7 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 1 ; ( 1 5 1 .2 8 ; ( 1 6 1 .3 8 ; ( 1 7 1. 27

18 ( 1 7 1. 31 ; ( 1 8 1 .2 7 .

: A sabove.

2 a U I

1 6 1 .2 7 ; ( 1 5 1 . 43 ; ( 1 6 1 . 1 4 P l at e X L I I G /3 ( 1 5 1 . 36 ;

X L I I G /5 ( 1 5 1 .27 P l at eX L I I G/ 6 ( 1 5 1 .2 6 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 0 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 4 ;

1. 37 ; ( 1 5. 1. 40 ; ( 1 5. 12 9 ; ( 1 5. 1 36 ; ( 1 4. 13 6 ; ( 1 5. 1. 29 ; ( 1 5. 1. 22 ;

4 1 .3 4 ; ( 1 4 1. 18 ; ( 14 1 .3 5 ; ( 1 4 1 .3 5 ; ( 1 3 1 .2 9 ; ( 1 4 1 .3 4 .

e L I I H .

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L I I K .

uarter-dirhems.

e intersectionsaroundtherev. border.

1 .3 2 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 4 P l a te X L I I I L / 2 ( 1 4 1 .3 7 .

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sectionsaroundthe obv.border.

.

X L I I I M.

erse engraver serror: insteadofy , j l l .

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1 5 1 .2 9 ; ( 1 5 1 .1 5 ; ( 1 3 1 .1 9 ; ( 1 3 1 .2 8 P l a te X L I I I N /4 ( 1 5

I I N /5 ( 1 5 1 .3 1 ; ( 1 5 1. 27 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 4 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 2 ; ( 1 5 1 .32 ; ( 14 1 .2 7 ;

4 1 .2 4 ; ( 1 4 1. 33 ; ( 14 1 .3 3 ; ( 1 4 1 .3 2 ; ( 1 4 1 .3 1 ; ( 1 3 1 .2 5 ; ( 1 3 1. 30 ;

13 0 ; ( 1 3. 12 4 ; ( 1 3. 1. 30 ; ( 1 3. 1. 28 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 0 ; ( 1 3 i . 30 ; ( 1 3. 1. 30 ;

1. 28 ; ( 1 3 1 . 26 .

N TU R Y B U T W I T H O U T D E CA D E

t li n e: i l c l c 0 c A s a bo v e.

1 .3 5 ; ( 1 6 1 . 31 ; ( 1 4 1 .3 3 P l at eX L I I I O / 3 ( 1 4 1 . 28 ; ( 1 4 1 . 27

0/ 5 ( 1 4 1 .3 0 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 2 ; ( 1 3 1 .2 9 .

E CA D E B U T W I T H O U T C N TU R Y

a s t li n e: j i " A s a bo v e.

1 . 32 P l a te X L I I I P / i ( 1 3 1 .3 0 ; ( 1 3 1 . 29 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 3 ; ( 1 4 1 . 30

/ 5 ( 1 3 1 .21 ; ( 13 1 .2 9 P l at eX L I I I P / 7 ( 13 1. 29 ; ( 13 1 .3 6 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 6 ;

3 1 .3 6 .


a s t li n e: l l c l c j u . A s ab o ve .

1 .3 1 P l at eX L I I I Q / i ( 1 3 1 .2 7 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 3 ; ( 1 3 1 . 30 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 1 ;

3 1 .2 9 ; ( 1 3 1. 28 ; ( 13 1 .4 0 .

a s t li n e: i l rt c a ^ t . A s a bo v e.

1 .3 0 ; ( 1 2 1 . 33 P l a te X L I I I R / 2 ( 1 4 1 . 26 P l a te X L I I I R / 3.

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> j c d at e mi ss in g.

t i lobeB order: circularline

l M

ll J - ^ j . U #

e L I I I S .

onf irst l ineof reverse . Cf . Shayk h sco insincata logue.

I G T O N L A ST L I N O F R E V E R S

airoco ins.

X L I T rT .

T C N TU R Y , O N F I R S TL I N O F R E V E R S

v e b u t fi r st l i ne : j t s > £ -

1 .3 9 P l a te X L I I I U / 1 ( 1 3 1 34 .

N Y , O N L ASTL I N O F R E V .

v e b u t la s t li n e: o W * j ( s i c

1 .2 5 P l a te X L I I I V / 1 ( 1 4 1 .2 7 .

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NT U R Y , B U T W I T H O U T D E C AD E

ve butlastl ine: < \ ck o lc

e L I I I W .

AT M S S N G

1 .3 4 ; ( 1 5 1 .3 1 ; ( 1 3 1 .3 o ; ( 1 3 1 .2 6 .

A T M S S N G

sides: circularline.

d:Shahadadouble-struck butfirstline

: •

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C r e a



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E M NT

K S

A -D l NQ A A U N

90A . D.

amahare listedinthecorpus o f theyear679andone

ndly informedmethatalotof 305silvercoinsturned

k etrecently . Themint H amah ispreservedon147speci-

date islegible it is689H. Q a la un slastyear. E ightco ins

Thecompletelegendhasbeenkindlyc ommunicatedby

eld:

nallegend:

op

nal

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A B A -D I N AH M AD

. .

.

ular line.

agramw ithsmallpe lle tinthee ternalangles.

L I V , A .

specimenofane ceedinglyrarecoin.I tisanonymous

benodoubtabouttheattributiontoal-NasirAhmad.

C r e a



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AH A -D I N SA I H

4A .D .

H A MAH , D A T M SS NG

des.

r 5U

at eX L I V , B .

similartothatin thecatalogueE rmanNo.17.W hereas

of themint thepresentco inshow sthef irst le tter aof

mustbee itherHa laborH amah.

softhissultanwereknown thepresentcoinisthe fourth.

C r e a



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K S

A -D I N F A R A

9-14o5A . D.

1 4 o6 - 14 1 2 A. D .

8 o 2 H .

amascusissuewithfleur-de-lischalice belongstoa

8o1 8o3and8o6areknown.Theemissionwascopied from

a r u , F a r a ' s f a th e r.

nearhe a lobe.

e ldfleur-de- lischa lice around

a l og .

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U A - NA SR B A R S B A

38A . D.

des.

l M

a l og P l a te X L I V , C .

a lo gP l a te X L I V , D .

fB arsbaybelongtothereformtypebased onthe

nit ia tedinE gyptbya l-NasirF ara . These uin- typeco insw eigh

ms.Theyalsoshowanew designandarrangementofthe

onthecontrary donotbelongtothe dinar( mith al

dshowthetraditionaldesignand arrangementoflegends

. Theyw erestruck in829and83oH. contemporaryw ith

n-typeemissionsofB arsbay.Theygivetheimpression

undecidedwhethertopromotethenew se uin-type

oldsysteminwhich thegoldplayedtheroleof bullion

disk now nof la teryears only these uin- type andthis

esupposethereforethatthelarge-flanemissionswere

C r e a



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U A - NA SR A NA

1A . D.

readyknown thecoinsaremorethan scarceandnew

on.

.. H .

rlegend:

ththree

ardthemargin.

ri onta l

a l og .

ween

abes uek not.

ri onta ll ines

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- SA I D K H U S H Q A D AM

67A . D.

N D AT D

nted

arrhomboid con-

l og P l at eX L I V , E .

semayrepresenta heraldicbu j ahor" napkin , or

entalelement.

eadthew ordinthe low errightsegment. I t isparto f theprotocol

dnorSayfa l-Din bothtitlesofKhush adam.

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A - SA A D A TM U H A MM AD

98A . D.

N G 9 02 H .

des.

div idedby threehori ontall ines:

. B al og P l at eX L I V , F .

A T M S S N G

emissing. A sabove.

B a l og P l at eX L I V , G .

blished.

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U - SA I D Q A NS U H

ooA .D .

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counter-B ordermissing. F ie lddividedby three

hori ontallines:

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t ica lorderdisregardingthearticlea l- ( J l .

ecataloguenumbersignifieseitherthecurrent number( i.e. 2io.a , or

telyfollowingit.This group" a belongstothevarietydescribed

but genera lly w ithdatemissing.

afteracataloguenumberrefersto thecoin s citedinthereferences

upplementoftheCatalogue.

orundated arenotrecordedinthe I nde o fY ears.

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NTS

ta logueNo. Page

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ta logueNo. Page

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ta logueNo. Page

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talogueNo.

36 |

A M MA D b. Q A A U N

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ta logueNo. Page

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The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog

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Transcript of The coinage of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog