The Coinage of Carausius and his Colleagues 1 - … · The Coinage of Carausius and his Colleagues1...

fabric was permanent18. The inside of the pyramid was describedby Robinson as follows:

‘The god [Sandan] wearing tall headdress (?), equipped withbow and sword, the right hand raised (holding corn-ears?...),the left hand probably holding a double-axe, standing upon ahorned lion, to right, at each side a baetyl’ [sacred meteoricstone]’19. The qualification and question marks are certainlynot to be dismissed as mere pedantry.

Footnotes:1. N. Davis and C. M. Kraay, The Hellenistic Kingdoms, Portrait coins and

history (London, 1973), p.219. See R. J. Eaglen, ‘Portraits of GreekCoinage, 24 - Seleucas I (312 - 280 BC), NCirc, October 2008, p.256.Compare maps in R. Morkot, The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece(London, 1966), pp.126-7 (303 BC) and 130-1 (90 BC).

2. R. Malcolm Errington, A History of the Hellenistic World, 323 - 30 BC(Oxford, 2008), pp.273-4; B. V. Head, Historia Nummorum (Oxford,1911), pp. 764-70; The Cambridge Dictionary of Classical Civilisation,edited by G. Shipley, J. Vanderspoel, D. Mattingly and L. Foxall(Cambridge, 2006), p. 803; D. R. Sear, Greek Coins and their Values (GCV),II (London, 1979), pp.667-9.

3. Errington, History of the Hellenistic World, p.275. For the tetradrachmsissued with her portrait, see GCV 7134, (p. 667).

4. GCV 7135 (p.668); Head, Historia Nummorum, p.769, Fig. 339.5. Errington, History of the Hellenistic World, p.275.6. Head, Historia Nummorum, p. 770.

198 NUMISMATIC CIRCULAR

7. Preface to reprint of Catalogue de Monnaies Greques Antiques provenant dela collection de feu le Prof. S. Pozzi, Lucerne, 14 March 1921 and followingdays.

8. Rev. Edgar Rogers et al, Lucerne, 15 - 18 June 1925, by Kündig,/Navelleet Cie, Geneva.

9. Collection R. Jameson, Ia, Ib, II - IV, reprinted by Obol International(Chicago, 1980).

10. R. C. Lockett, Greek Coins I - IV, 25 - 28 October 1955, 12 - 13 February1958, 27 - 28 May 1959, 21 - 23 February 1961.

11. S. W. Goose, Fitzwilliam Museum, Catalogue of the McClean Collection ofGreek Coins, I - III (reprinted by Obol International, Chicago, 1979).

12. L. Forrer, The (Sir Hermann) Weber Collection (London, 1922 - 29).13. The Nelson Bunker Hunt Collection, I - IV (Sotheby’s, New York), 19 June

1990, 21 - 22 June 1990, 4 December 1990, 19 - 20 June 1991.14. E. S. G. Robinson, A Catalogue of the Calouste Gulbenkian Collection of Greek

Coins, I - II (text), I - II (plates) (Lisbon, 1971 and 1989).15. E. S. G. Robinson, Catalogue of Ancient Greek Coins collected by Godfrey

Locker Lampson (London, 1923).16. Lockett 2634; Gulbenkian 1053.17. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edition revised, edited by S.

Hornblower and A. Spawforth (Oxford, 2003), p.1353; J. Melville Jones,A Dictionary of Ancient Greek Coins (London, 1986), p. 206.

18. Eg. Described as an altar: Jameson 1747, Pozzi 3019; as a pyre: Head,Historia Nummorum, p. 770; McClean 934-4; GCV 7146 (p. 669); as aconical shrine: Lockett 2634.

19. Robinson, Gulbenkian Collection, 1053 (p. 154).

The Coinage of Carausius and his Colleagues1

R. J. Bourne

The study of the coins of the usurper Carausius is confused by the existence of a large body of irregular coins. This is then compoundedby many of these being included in the standard reference work for the period, Roman Imperial Coinage (RIC) volume 5 part 2,originally published in 1933 and reprinted on subsequent occasions but with little or no revision2.

There have been a many new additions to the corpus of coins of Carausius and it is the purpose of this note to focus on oneparticular series, the issue that named the legitimate emperors Diocletianus and Maximianus as colleagues of Carausius.

We are fortunate that in the early 1980’s Carson published an update to this coinage issue of Carausius, however, further new cointypes have since come to light and this note seeks to both make the contents of Carson’s paper available to a wider audience and buildon it to present as complete a corpus as possible3. This listing is able to add over 40 confirmed coins of Carausius or his colleagues tothe work of Carson. By “confirmed” coins I mean coins that are either in my own collection or where an illustration of the specimenhas been provided to me. I am aware that other coins may exist but I have been unable to secure an illustration to verify the description.If anyone is able add any coins to this series I would be glad to hear from them via the offices of Spink & Son.

There are also a number coins listed in RIC that Carson was unable to confirm. Some of these have since been verified and includedin this list but that still leaves a few unaccounted for. An example of this would be the COMES AVGGG coins RIC 20 (referencingBaldwins) and RIC 21 (referencing Webb 244). The inaccuracy of the designation of draped or draped and cuirassed in RIC means thatsome coins are “unlisted” in RIC because the catalogue only cites a type as draped whereas, with the pteryges present but often minoror barely distinguishable, it should be noted as cuirassed also.

It appears that there is an attempt at differentiation of the imperial busts on the coinage in that usually Carausius is depicted drapedand cuirassed, whilst the normal representation of Diocletian and Maximianus is by a cuirassed bust. This is not exclusive but the bulkof the coinage conforms to this pattern and I wonder whether this is a way of demonstrating a superiority over his two colleagues and,if this is so, who is it aimed at? It is strange that the triple bust coinage would place him flanking Diocletian, suggesting his junior role,if there is this parallel message of superiority from the bulk of the coinage.

RIC also lists coins of this series bearing the marks and . Carson was unable to verify any such coins and neither have I, andit is probable that the specimens listed are either irregular coins or misdescribed specimens where the exergue details are illegible. I amaware of an overstruck coin, variety 112 in this listing, that is clearly has the vestiges of the letter C in the right field (figure A)5. Thisis interesting as it suggests that the coins so marked, without exergual letters, are separated temporally from the mints that producedthe “AVGGG” coins.

The circumstances of the series can only be speculated upon, although there is no evidence to suggest that the gesture of Carausiuswas reciprocated by the continental emperors. The dating and relative position of the series relative to the main body of the coinagecan be taken from the mark used for London as it is accepted as being the penultimate one, the mark being utilised for the bulkof the radiate billon coinage from that mint. This is not so clear cut with the marks for the “C” mint as three marks seem to be used,

for the bulk of the known coinage but also and but there is no reason to suspect that the output would be at a differenttime from this mint. It has been suggested that the SPC mark was used because of the format of the reverse design precluding the useof field marks so the full signature was placed within the exergue6. Whilst this is plausible for the four standards design of the FIDESMILIT(VM) and the two standing figures on the CONCORDIA AVGGG coinage the argument is weakened by the mark being on themore compact designs of COMES AVGGG and SALVS AVGGG.

The is problematical. The last marks used by Carausius are continued by Allectus, thus and are the marks in usewhen the reigns change. Is the mark with MC in the exergue an aberration on behalf of a die cutter intending ML?

S | PM C

S | PM L

S | PC

S | PM C

S | PS C

S | PS C

S S | P PMLXXI

S|CS|P

Editorial Dec 09:Editorial 4/12/09 11:50 98

briansadler

Rectangle

DECEMBER 2009 199

AV ML

|

COMES AVGGG Minerva standing right holding spear in right hand and left hand resting on shield

No. Obverse legend Bust RIC Carson Additional Notes 1 MAXIMIANVS P F AVG Al - 1 CONSERVATORI AVGGG Hercules standing right holding bow, lion skin draped over arm, and

resting on club 2 CARAVSIVS P F AVG C RIC 2 2 One example recorded by Carson,

however two are currently known SALVS AVGGG Salus standing right feeding a snake held in arms from a patera

Billon MLXXI

|

[……]TORI AVGGG Sol in facing galloping quadriga 5 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG B - - Author’s collection8 VIRTVS AVGGG Three emperors standing left, each holding a globe and baton 6 CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI 31l - a BM

3 CARAVSIVS P F AVG C - 5 4 MAXIMIANVS P F AVG C RIC 32 3-4 Two examples recorded by Carson. Three

examples currently known

This can hardly be so for a couple of reasons. Firstly, the three emperors coinage from London is not known with just ML in theexergue, only MLXXI. Secondly it would suggest that the three emperor coins continue longer at the “C” mint than at London. As anaside if it were an aberration on behalf of the die cutter, substituting C for L, it also means that there is distinct possibility of acentralised die cutting operation.

A rare mark of is known for a couple of radiates from London. In both cases the omission of S P is plausibly explained by thereverse design filling the field that could be occupied by these letters and with the exergue also being filled with MLXXI there was nospace to accommodate their inclusion.

Mules of both Diocletian and Maximianus with the singular reverse legend, ie AVG for AVGGG, are known and included here. Itwould thus appear that reverse types with the singular reverse legend and the plural reverse legend were being struckcontemporaneously. The equivalent coin of Carausius with a singular legend is not listed, following the convention adopted by Carson.Similarly where a reverse type of Diocletian or Maximianus does not end with AVG, for example SPES PVBL, again the equivalent coinof Carausius has not been listed.

In the catalogue below coins of Carausius are listed before Diocletian who, in turn, is listed before Maximianus. RIC has a separate running sequential number for each of the emperors, Carausius, Diocletianus and Maximianus. Carson’s

numbering is a little more complicated. Although the coins of the three emperors are interfiled the numbering sequence starts againeach time there is a change of mint mark. The gold coins and the triple bust coins also have their own numbering sequence.

These tables correct a number of Carson’s apparent errors in the descriptions that are evident when the plates in the original workare consulted. On many occasions these are confusions over left and right relating to either the reverse figure as viewed or relating tothe figure itself.

These corrections are not specifically highlighted or recorded in the table descriptions below.Additional notes often quote the source cited by Carson in abbreviated form. Where a new specimen is added greater detail has been

entered.The following bust descriptions are in use in the tables. The usual aspect is a bust facing to the right viewed from the front, however,

on occasion a rear view is used. On such occasions the suffix “r” is used. Where the bust is facing left these are identified by the letter“l” after the bust description.

The triple busts present something of a problem when describing them. The approach used has been to describe the portraits in theorder that the viewer sees them.A Laureate headB Radiate, cuirassed bust C Laureate, cuirassed bustD Radiate, draped and cuirassed bustG Radiate bust in imperial mantleH Radiate bust in imperial mantle holding eagle tipped sceptre31 Radiate, cuirassed jugate busts of Carausius (front), Diocletian (middle) and Maximianus (back)32 Radiate, cuirassed jugate busts of Carausius (back), Diocletian (middle) and Maximianus (front) 33 Radiate, cuirassed jugate busts of Carausius (back), Diocletian (middle) and Maximianus (front), each bust with hand raised

clasping spear or sceptre over shoulder7

S S | P PMLXXI

Editorial Dec 09:Editorial 4/12/09 11:50 Page 199


Billon MLXXI

PS |

COMES AVGGG Minerva standing left holding spear, resting on shield to left 7 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG B - 1 BM COMES AVGGG Minerva standing left holding branch, spear leaning against shield to the

right 8 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B - 2 Oxford CONSERVAT AVGGG Hercules standing right holding globe with lion skin over arm, resting on

club 9 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG Br RIC 3 3 CONSERVATORI AVGGG Hercules standing right holding bow with a lion skin over arm, right

hand resting on club 10 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D - 4 HILARITAS AVGGG Hilaritas standing left holding long palm and cornucopia 11 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D RIC 42 5 12 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B RIC 33 6 IOVI CONSERVAT AVGGG Jupiter standing right holding vertical sceptre and thunderbolt 13 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG B - - Rogiet hoard9, 998 LAETITIA AVGGG Laetitia standing left holding wreath and anchor 14 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG B RIC 4 7 PAX AVGGG Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre 15 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D RIC 141 8 16 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG B RIC 141 9 17 IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG B RIC 142 10 18 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG B RIC 5 11 19 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B RIC 34 12 20 IMP C M A VAL MAXIMIANVS P F

AVG B - 13

PAX AVG Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre 21 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG B - - Lyne10 (NC) 2003, ex CNG 58 (2001),

1327 22 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG Gl - 14 BM 23 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B - - Ex CNG Ebay sales, posted on

Wildwinds11

PAX AVGGG Pax standing left holding branch and transverse sceptre 24 IMPP CAESS PII PF FR AVGGG 31 - - Williams12, plate 6, no. 19 citing a

specimen sold in New York in 1999 at a sale held by Baldwins, M&M and Vecchi

25 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D RIC 143 15 BM 26 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG B RIC 143 16 BM 27 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG B RIC 9 17 BM 28 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG D - - Rogiet hoard, 999 29 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B RIC 34 18 BM 30 IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG B - 19 PAX AVGGG Pax standing left holding victory on globe and transverse sceptre 31 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D RIC 145 20 BM 32 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B - - Harlan J Berk “Buy or Bid” sale 105

(1998), lot 514 13

PROVIDENTIA AVGGG Providentia standing left holding baton over globe and cornucopia 33 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D RIC 152 21 34 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG B RIC 12 22 35 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B RIC 37 23 Vienna


DECEMBER 2009 201

SALVS AVGGG Salus standing right feeding serpent in arms out of patera 36 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG B RIC 164 - Seen on FORVM14 (Dec 2008), also same

specimen listed on Ebay (Dec ‘08/Jan ’09)

37 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D RIC 164 24 BM 38 IMP C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F

AVG B - 25 BM

39 IMP C DIOCLECTIANVS P F AVG B - - G Boersma, vCoins website15

40 IMP C DIOCLECTIANVS P F AVG Dr - 26 BM 41 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B RIC 38 - Rogiet hoard, 1001

A

5

32

52

7181 86

87 96 97

57 61

36 39

2123



Billon C

PS |

ABVNDAN AVGGG Abundantia standing left emptying cornucopia into modius 52 IMP CARAVSIVS PIVS IN AVG D - - Vogelaar 1143 (Spink sale 26-7/3/2008) COMES AVGGG Victory advancing right holding wreath and palm 53 CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI 32l - 2 Hacheston, Suffolk excavation 54 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D RIC 202 1 BM 55 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F I AVG D - 2 Hunter16 140 COMES AVGGG Victory advancing left holding wreath and palm

SALVS AVGGG Salus standing left holding sceptre feeding snake rising from altar 42 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG B - 28 Salisbury Museum 43 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B - 27 Salisbury Museum SPES AVGGG Spes advancing left holding flower and raising skirt 44 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B - 29 BM VIRTVS AVGGG Virtus standing right holding spear and resting on shield to right 45 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D RIC 182 30 BM 46 IMP CARAVSIVS P F AVG ? RIC 183 Footnote 10 Carson was unable to verify this specimen

and rejected it as a mis-reading. I too have not been able to verify this coin but is listed here because of its inclusion in the original Carson paper.

47 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG B RIC 15 31 Oxford 48 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B RIC 39 32 BM VIRTVS AVGGG Virtus advancing right holding spear and shield 49 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG B - 33 Oxford VIRTVS AVGGG Trophy between two seated captives 50 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG B RIC 16 34 Salisbury Museum VIRTVS AVGGG Mars advancing right with shield spearing seated captive 51 IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG D - - Lyne (NC) 2003, ex Num Circ (June

2000), 2274

56 CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI 33l - 1 BM 57 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D - - Author’s collection LAETITIA AVGGG Leatitia standing left holding wreath and anchor 58 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D - 3 BM 59 IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG D RIC 266 4 BM 60 IMP C CARAVSIVS AVG D RIC 267 5 Hunter 142 61 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG D - - CNG17 Electronic Sale 204 lot 145, ex

Vogelaar 62 IMP C MAXIMIANVS PF AVG B - - Mike Vosper FPL 82, Jan/Feb 1995, 7318

MONETA AVGGG Moneta standing left holding scales and cornucopia 63 CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI 33l - 3 BM 64 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F IN AVG D RIC 291 6 BM 65 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG B - 7 BM 66 IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG B - 8 BSFN19 1962, p.187 PAX AVGGG Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre 67 CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI 33l - 4 BM 68 CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI 32l - 5 Oxford 69 AVGGG C V A DIO[……….] 31 - 8 Oxford 70 IMP C M AV M CARAVSIVS P F

AVG D RIC 337 9 BM photo

71 IMP C M AVR M CARAVSIVS P AVG

D - - Specimen seen on FORVM October 2005

72 IMP C M AV M CARAVSIVS P AVG D - - Spink N.Circ June 2000, coin 2276


DECEMBER 2009 203

p73 IMP C CARAVSIVS PIVS FEL AVG D - 10 BM 74 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D RIC 334 11 BM 75 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F I AVG D - 12 BM20

76 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F IN AVG D - 13 NC21 1930, p.181 77 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F INV AVG D - 14 NC 1930, p.182 78 IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG D RIC 335 15 BM 79 IMP C CARAVSIVS AVG D RIC 336 16 BM 80 IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P F

AVG B RIC 21 17 Salisbury Museum

81 IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG B - - Author’s collection 82 IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P

AVG B - - Ex CNG Ebay sales, posted on

Wildwinds 83 IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS A B - - Lyne (NC) 2003, ex Num Circ (June

2000), 228622

84 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F AVG B - 18 Salisbury Museum 85 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P F IN AVG B - 19 BM 86 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS PI FE AVG B - - Mike Vosper FPL 112, Mar/Apr 2000, 68 87 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P AVG D - - Author’s collection 88 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P AVG B RIC 19 20

102 118 125

159

162 166

160 161

132 135140

127 129 130



89 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG B RIC 20 21 BM 90 IMP C M A VAL MAXIMIANVS P F

AVG B RIC 45 22 BM

91 IMP C M A VAL MAXIMIANVS AVG

B - - E Besly “Roman Coins Relating to Britain” (1987), p 14

92 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B RIC 42 23 BM 93 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P AVG B - 24 BM 94 IMP MAXIMIANVS AVG Hl - - Lyne (NC) 2003, ex Num Circ (June

2000), 2288 95 IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG B RIC 44 25 BM 96 IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG D - - Harlan J Berk “Buy or Bid” sale 135

(2003), lot 360 PAX AVG Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre 97 IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS AVG B - - Specimen seen on Ancients.info23 August

2008 98 IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS A G - - Lyne (NC) 2003, ex Num Circ (June

2000), 2286. 99 IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG B - Footnote 11 Cambridge 100 IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG Hl - - Lyne (NC) 2003, ex Num Circ (June

2000), 2288. PAX AVGGG Pax standing left holding branch and transverse sceptre 101 CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI 32l - 6 Oxford 102 IMP C CARAVSIVS P INV AVG D - - Author’s collection 103 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F IN AVG D - 26 BM 104 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D - 27 BM 105 IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG D - 28 BM 106 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P AVG B RIC 41 29 PAX AVVGG Pax standing left holding branch and transverse sceptre 107 IMP C CARAVSIVS PF AVG B - - Lyne (NC) 2003 PIETAS AVGGG Mercury standing left holding purse and caduceus 108 IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG D RIC 343 30 Berlin 109 IMP C CARAVSIVS AVG D - 31 BM PROVID AVGGG Providentia standing left holding globe and cornucopia 110 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F INV AVG D - 32 Hunter 145 111 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F IN AVG D RIC 370 33 BM 112 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F I AVG D - 34 NC 1930, p.182 113 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D RIC 367 35 BM 114 IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG D RIC 368 36 BM 115 IMP C CARAVSIVS AVG D - 37 Oxford 116 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG B RIC 23 38 BM 117 IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG B - 39 BM 118 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B - - Author’s collection PROVID AVGGG Providentia standing left holding baton over globe and a cornucopia 119 IMP C M AV M CARAVSIVS P F

AVG D RIC 365 40 Oxford

120 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F INV AVG D - 41 Hunter 144 121 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D RIC 362 42 Oxford 122 IMP C CARAVSIVS AVG D RIC 364 43 Berlin 123 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P AVG B RIC 22 44 124 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG B RIC 23 45 Photo in BM 125 IMP C M A VAL MAXIMIANVS P

AVG B - - Author’s collection

126 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B RIC 49 46 Salisbury Museum 127 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F I AVG B - - CNG Electronic Sale 204 lot 155, ex

Vogelaar collection PROVID AVGGG Providentia standing left holding globe and transverse sceptre 128 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F INV AVG D RIC 372 47 BM


DECEMBER 2009 205

129 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F I AVG D - - Specimen seen on FORVM March 2009, also a specimen in the author’s collection

130 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D RIC 367 - Author’s collection 131 IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG D - 48 Hunter 146 132 IMP C C VAL DIOCLETIANVS P

AVG B - - Author’s collection

133 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P AVG B - - Rogiet hoard, 1004 134 IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG Hl - - BNJ 54 (1984), p 39, coin 2 PROVIDEN AVGGG Providentia standing left holding baton over globe and a cornucopia 135 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F INV AVG D - - Author’s collection SALVS AVGGG Salus standing right, holding snake and feeding it out of a patera 136 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D - 49 BM 137 IMP C CARAVSIVS AVG D - 50 Oxford SPES PVBL Spes walking left holding flower and raising skirt 138 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P AVG B RIC 27 51 BM 139 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P AVG B - 52 BM 140 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG B - - Vogelaar 1164 part (Spink sale 26-

7/3/2008) VICTOR AVGGG Victory walking left holding wreath and palm branch 141 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D - 53 Oxford VICTORIA AGGG (sic) Victory walking right holding wreath and palm branch 142 CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI 32l - - Rogiet hoard, 1005 VICTORIA AVGGG Victory walking left holding wreath and palm branch 143 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG B - 54 BM VICTORIA AVGGG Victory walking right holding wreath and palm branch 144 CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI 32l - 7 BM VICTORIA AVGGG Victory walking right holding trophy 145 IMP C MAXIMIANVS AVG B - 55 BM VIRTVS AVGGG Virtus standing right holding spear and leaning on a shield 146 IMP C M AVR M CARAVSIVS P F

AVG D RIC 443 56 Oxford

147 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS P AVG B - 57 BM 148 IMP C M A VAL MAXIMIANVS P F

AVG B - 58 BM

149 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B - 59 Oxford VIRTVS AVGGG Virtus advancing left holding spear and shield 150 IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG D - 60 BM

Billon SPC

|

COMES AVGGG Victory advancing right holding wreath and palm 151 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D - 1 Oxford CONCORDI AVGGG Two figures facing each other clasping hands 152 AVGVSTIS CVM DIOCLETIANO 31 - - Bastien fest.24

153 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D - - Bastien fest. citing BM specimen 154 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG B - - Bastien fest. citing BM specimen from the

1959 Glocester hoard. This and the two coins above all share a reverse die

CONCORDIA AVGGG Two figures facing each other clasping hands 155 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F I AVG D RIC 204 1A 156 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG B - 2 BM



FIDES MILIT(VM) Four standards 157 IMP C DIOCLETIANVS AVG B RIC 17 5 Salisbury Museum SALVS AVGGG Salus seated left feeding from patera a snake coiled around an altar 158 IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG D RIC 404 10 BM 159 IMP C CARAVSIVS P F AVG D - - CNG electronic auction 215 (16-29 July

2009), lot 482 160 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P F AVG B - - Spink N.Circ June 2000, 2287 161 IMP C MAXIMIANVS P AVG B - - Spink N.Circ July 1997, 3457 VICTORI AVGGG Victory advancing right holding wreath and palm 162 CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI 32l - - CNG Triton VI, lot 1075 (14/1/2003)

Billon MC

PS |

HILARITAS AVGGG Hilaritas standing left holding palm and cornucopia 163 IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG D - 1 BM PAX AVGGG Pax standing left holding branch and vertical sceptre 164 IMP C CARAVSIVS AVG D - - Rogiet hoard, 997 PIETAS AVGGG Mercury standing left holding purse and caduceus 165 IMP C CARAVSIVS P AVG D RIC 343 2 BM PROVID AVGGG Providentia standing left holding globe and transverse sceptre 166 IMP C CARAVSIVS AVG D - - Ebay25, February 2009, item number

200313692991, now in author’s collection SALVS AVGGG Salus seated left feeding from patera a snake coiled around an altar 167 IMP C CARAVSIVS AVG D RIC 405 3 Oxford

Footnotes:1. I should like to thank Lee Toone, for commenting on the drafts of this paper and to Curtis Clay for providing illustrations of specimens sold by Harlan J Berk

and also alerting me to specimens being offered in trade that I had overlooked. Any errors or omissions are, of course, mine.2. Mattingly, H & Sydenham, E A (Eds) Roman Imperial Coinage 5 part 2 (1933), cited as RIC.3. Carson, R A G ‘Carausius et Fratres Sui: a reconsideration’ in Scheers, S (Ed) Studia Paulo Naster Oblata 1 Numismatica Antiqua (1982), pp 245-58.4. Webb, P H; The Reign and Coinage of Carausius (1908), p 955. Ancients.info gallery of “Jotapian” March 20091. http://www.ancients.info/gallery/showphoto.php/photo/23496. Carson, op cit, pp 255-6.7. It is clear from a well preserved specimen in the British Museum and shown on the Museum’s web page (http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/

highlights/highlight_objects/cm/b/base-silver_radiate_of_carausi.aspx) that Carson’s original description of “hand raised” needs to have the detail addedthat the hand is raised because the augusti are holding something which might equally be described as a spear or a sceptre over their shoulders.

8. Bourne, R ‘Two new antoniniani or aureliani of Carausius’ Num Circ 112 (2004) pp 377-8.9. Besly, E ‘The Rogiet Hoard and the Coinage of Allectus’ BNJ 76 (2006) pp 45-146.

10. Lyne, M ‘Some new coin types of Carausius and Allectus and the history of the British provinces AD 286-296’ NC 163 (2003), pp 147-68.11. www.wildwind.com12. Williams, H P G; Carausius, A consideration of the historical, archaeological and numismatic aspects of his reign BAR British Series 378 (2004).13. Thanks to Curtis Clay of Harlan J Berk for consulting the company’s database of coins sold and providing illustrations of the coins they had.14. www.forumancientcoins.com15. Sold items in G Boersma’s Coins store, http://www.vcoins.com/ancient/gertboersema/store/viewItem.asp?idProduct=28416. Robertson, A S; Roman Imperial Coins in the Hunter Collection, 5, Valerian I to Allectus, (1978).17. www.cngcoins.com18. The catalogue list this coin as PROVID AVGGG, however the attributes are clearly those of Laetitia, hence its inclusion here. Sadly the illustration is not

clear enough to be absolutely positive of the corrected attribution.19. BSFN 1962 p 18720. When Carson listed this coin he cited RIC, however, the obverse legend is not listed in that work for this reverse type.21. Baldwin, A H F ‘A find of coins of Carausius and Allectus from Colchester’ NC 10 (1930) pp 173-95.22. This coin has a bust in an ornamented cuirass that the author describes as an imperial mantle.23. www.ancients.info24. Carson, R A G ‘Carausius et Fratres Sui…again’ Huvelin, H, Christol, M and Gautier, G (Eds) Mélanges de Numismatique offerts à Pierre Bastien (1987) pp 145-8.25. www.ebay.co.uk


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