The Clay Research Group The Clay Research The Clay ... 91.pdfclay soils, and within influencing...

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The Clay Research Group December 2012 RESEARCH AREAS Climate Change Data Analysis Electrical Resistivity Tomography Time Domain Reflectometry BioSciences Ground Movement Soil Testing Techniques Telemetry Numerical Modelling Ground Remediation Techniques Risk Analysis Mapping Software Analysis Tools

Transcript of The Clay Research Group The Clay Research The Clay ... 91.pdfclay soils, and within influencing...

Page 1: The Clay Research Group The Clay Research The Clay ... 91.pdfclay soils, and within influencing distance of houses, and exclude trees on chalk, well away from buildings, we find the

The Clay Research Group Issue 91 – December 2012 – Pag

The Clay Research Group

Monthly Bulletin

TheClay Research

Group

December 2012

RESEARCH AREAS

Climate Change Data Analysis Electrical Resistivity Tomography

Time Domain Reflectometry BioSciences Ground Movement

Soil Testing Techniques Telemetry Numerical Modelling

Ground Remediation Techniques Risk Analysis

Mapping Software Analysis Tools

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The Clay Research Group Issue 91 – December 2012 – Page 1

CONTENTSIssue 91, December, 2012

It’s all about Sutton

Page 1Claims, sector and terrain maps.

Page 2GeologyPage 3

Trees by HeightPage 4

SM1 3 – Risk MetricsPage 5

SM1 3 – Sector RiskPage 6

SM1 3HG – Unit RiskPage 7

Building the Model

NEXT MONTH

Evidence of the adage “Time isMoney”. Policy life and risk. Do the

odds stack up? How manyvalid/repudiated claims by season,

and then by peril.

Climate Update

The Met Office (as reported  in The Times by   JonathanLeake, their Environment Editor) have recorded that theworlds climate has cooled over the last two years. PeterStott of the Met Office says “it  is a short period that  isscientifically meaningless. Climate Change  can  only  berecorded  over  decades  –  and  records  show  that  theworld  has  warmed  by  0.75  degrees  over  the  pastcentury.”

The  first 10 months of 2010 were 0.110C warmer  thanthe  same  period  in  2012,  which  was  attributable  tonatural variations associated with El Nino – not ClimateChange, said Stott.

Apparently,  global  temperatures  have  hardly  risen  forthe past 15 years.

London Borough of SuttonStudy Area

The London Borough of Sutton  is situated to the southof London (see map below). Our study includes plots ofclaims, the risk at sector level, topography, geology andtree metrics.  All are combined to demonstrate how ourrisk model is constructed.Weather Watch – data courtesy of Met Office

SMD at end of November, 2012

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The Clay Research Group Issue 91 – December 2012 – Page 2

The  terrain  map  (below)  reveals  the  gradualslope down towards the Thames (to the north ofthe  map),  with  the  chalk  outcropping  to  thesouth  and  south  east  and  clay  deposits  in  thebasin  to  the  north.  It  is  interesting  to  note  thecorrelation between height and surface geology.

The London Borough of Sutton

The  South  London  Borough  of  Sutton  has  anarea of  43  sq.km  and  a population of  around190,000.

The publication,  ‘Chainsaw Massacre’  lists  thetotal  number  of  street  trees  removed  over  afive  year  term  =  1,205,  of  which  33  wereremoved due to subsidence. This loss amountsto 2.74%  compared with  the  London Boroughaverage of 5%.

Claims  (red  dots)  occur  predominantly  to  theNW  of  the  Borough  on  the  clay  series  –  seefollowing page.

Next  is  a map  showing  claim  distribution  bysector, and expressed as frequency. The modelsuggests that postcode sectors SM1 3 and SM39 have the highest claims frequency.

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The Clay Research Group Issue 91 – December 2012 – Page 3

THE GEOLOGY of SUTTON

The geology of Sutton as  revealed using ourunique  tiled  grid,  (top)  and  an  extract  fromthe  1:625,000  scale  extract  from  the  BGSmap,  below.  The  BGS  do  of  course  havemuch larger scale maps.

The CRG map is useful because in each 250mcell  there  is  a  value  reflecting  the  indexproperty (in the case of clay soils) of the soilat a depth relevant to tree root activity.

The  values  have  been  derived  from  actualinvestigations over a twenty year period, andthe shrink/swell potential has been extractedfrom a depth of around 2mtrs.

The settled cost of claims has a  relationshipto the geology, both in terms of the presenceor  absence of  shrinkable  soil,  but  also  theirplasticity  index.  Setting  the  cost  at  1  for  aclaim on a non‐cohesive soil and then using amultiplier  based  on  the  index  propertiesprovides  indemnity  values  representingindustry averages.

The BGS map reveals the presence of Londonclay  to  the North of  the Borough, and chalkto the south.

In this instance, both deliver a similar pictureand explain the distribution of claims on theprevious page.

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The Clay Research Group Issue 91 – December 2012 – Page 4

SUTTON ‐ TREES by HEIGHT

Public  trees,  top,  and  private  trees  below,thematically plotted by height.

Public trees are predominantly  in  the heightrange 7–10mtrs with the taller running northsouth just to the left of the Borough.

Private  trees  tend  are  slightly  smaller,averaging 7‐8mtrs in height.

If we restrict our analysis to trees situated onclay  soils, and within  influencing distance ofhouses,  and  exclude  trees  on  chalk,  wellaway from buildings, we find the following.

There  are  around  27,000  trees  in  privateownership  on  clay  soil,  within  influencingdistance  of  buildings.  The  average  height  is7mtrs,  and  the  tallest  private  tree  in  theBorough is 30mtrs.

Public  trees  on  clay  soils,  and  withininfluencing  distance  of  buildings  total  inexcess of 5,000. They have an average heightof  7.5mtrs  –  maximum  height,  around24mtrs. This compares with the total numberof  street  trees estimated by  the Borough  toamount to 22,000.

The  location of  the  tallest  trees, both publicand  private,  are  shown  very  approximatelyby the arrows on the maps.

tallest tree.

tallest tree.

Public Trees by Height

Private Trees by Height

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The Clay Research Group Issue 91 – December 2012 – Page 5

SM1 3 ‐ Metrics

SM1  3  is  one  of  the  higher  risk  postcodesectors in Sutton. In the adjoining column wegraph  the  number  of  properties with  rootswithin  influencing  distance,  and  theirestimated overlap.

The 5,106 properties form the  ‘x’ axis of thegraphs in the adjoining column.

All  are  situated  on  clay  –  PI  in  range max68%, average 52%, and some very low values– less than 10%.

The maximum tree height is 25mtrs, and theaverage = 6.7mtrs.

The  maximum  root  overlap  beneathbuildings  is 1,535 sq mtrs and the average =26 sq mtrs.

The estimated % overlap  is maximum 100%:the average is 22%.

There  are  2,232  properties  with  no  treeinfluence out of a total of 5,106 buildings.

To  improve  our  understanding  of  risk,  thevarious parameters have been plotted  in thesame rank order to combine the risk of rootoverlap,  tree  height  and  soil  shrink/swellpotential.

On the following page the spatial distributionof  the  above  elements  are  mapped  tovisualise  these  relationship. Where  are  the‘hot spots’? When do they combine and doesthis reflect claims experience?

% Olap

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 189 377 565 753 941 1129 1317 1505 1693 1881 2069 2257 2445 2633 2821 3009 3197 3385 3573 3761 3949 4137 4325 4513 4701 4889 5077

Max H

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Soil PI

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Top (orange), the count of properties in modelledinfluencing distance of trees, by estimated rootoverlap. The model suggests that 43% of the

buildings in Sutton postcode SM1 3 are outside theinfluencing distance of trees. The green line plots thetrees by height, in the rank order of the graph above,and the red dots are the soil PI – again, plotted in the

same rank order.

Modelled Root Overlap

Tree Height by Property

Soil PI by Property

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The Clay Research Group Issue 91 – December 2012 – Page 6

SECTOR RISK ‐ SM1 3

By combining the risk posed by the heightof  the  tree  in  terms of D/H with  the  soilshrink/swell potential  the  spatial modelsallow  us  to  visualise  the  interactionbetween  trees,  possible  root  zones  andgeology (following page).

Top  left,  a map plotting  trees by height.Centre,  possible  root  zones  and  bottomleft,  the distribution of  clay  soil  in  termsof their plasticity index.

By  laying  one  on  top  of  the  other  thecontribution from each can deliver a sumthat defines the risk.

Red  zones  are  the  riskiest,  greenintermediate and blue, relatively low risk.

Where  red  zones  from  each  elementcoincide,  then  the  risk  is  greater.  Talltrees,  near  to  buildings  on  highlyshrinkable clay soils are easily identified.

The  fact  that  each  layer  is  built  from  adata grid  (see  following page) makes  thecalculation much easier.

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The Clay Research Group Issue 91 – December 2012 – Page 7

Unit Postcode – SM1 3HGOr “13 Acacia Avenue”

The  same  technique allows us  to drill downstill  further  and  make  house‐by‐houseassessments  by  adding  the  OS MasterMapseries, and superimposing the LiDAR data toderive the most advanced assessment of riskavailable.

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The Clay Research Group Issue 91 – December 2012 – Page 8

Deriving Risk

By layering datasets, each with a value onthe  pre‐defined  grid,  the  risk  can  bederived.

If at one  location each of the maps has ared coding and a high risk value – that  is,a  highly  shrinkable  clay,  high  claimsexperience  and  within  influencingdistance of a  tree –  then  the  cumulativescore will be high.

Each of the  layers  is weighted. A clay soilis far riskier  if there  is a tree nearby thanit would be without. The weighting has tobe reduced if the dataset is incomplete toavoid blighting areas.

Add  in  age  of  property,  style  etc.,  torefine the model even further.

To Conclude

So, where does Sutton stand in the schemeof  things,  in  relation  to  the  risk  ofsubsidence? What  is  its position  in the UK,and  compared  with  other  LondonBoroughs?  It’s  individual  sectors  are  ratedin the graph, right. Scores of between 0.22and  0.28,  across  the  Borough  suggest  itranks  66th  out  of  413 Districts  across  theUK    in  terms  of  subsidence  risk,  and  15thout of the 33 London Boroughs.

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The Clay Research Group Issue 91 – December 2012 – Page 9

Melting Ice Raises Sea Levels“The Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter‐Comparison

Exercise”Prof A Sheppard et al

Journal Science

In  a  paper  published  in  the  Science  journal  lastweek, scientists suggest that melting ice from theAntarctica and Greenland have caused the oceansto rise by 11.1mm over the last two decades.

The  lead  author,  Prof  Sheppard  from  LeedsUniversity  says  that  past  satellite measurementseither  were  limited  in  scope  or  suffered  frommethodological  inconsistencies.  Current  readingshave been compared with those taken in 1992.

The  study  suggests  that  melting  of  the  iceaccounted  for 10% of  the  rise  in  sea  level  in  the1990’s, but now accounts for around 30%.

Other  contributory  causes  include  warmingresulting  in  an  increase  in  volume  and  run‐offfrom glaciers.

Prof. Sheppard concludes “there  is no  immediatethreat  from  rising  sea  levels”  but  goes  on  tosuggest that there are instabilities that need to beinvestigated.

The graph, left, is reproduced from an article inThe Wall Street Journal.

Measuring 11mm rise in sea levels is quiteremarkable using satellite data from oceansand we imagine the estimates are based onalgorithms that derive averages.

Global DroughtEstimates use a Flawed Index

In  an  unrelated  article,  Justin  Sheffield  fromPrinceton University suggests that the weatheris  likely  to  get wetter,  and  that  prediction  ofmore droughts could be wrong.

He bases  this on what he  considers  to be  theincorrect  use  of  what  is  known  as  PalmerDrought  Severity  Index  (PDSI)  used  in  climatemodels.

The  index  looks  at  the  difference  betweenprecipitation  and  evaporation  to  deliver  a‘drought  index’.    Because  evaporation  isdifficult  to measure,  temperature  is used as aproxy, which is where the method falls down.

Instead, the Penman‐Monteith method shouldbe  used which  takes  account  of wind  speed,hours of sunshine and humidity etc., to delivera more accurate estimate.

Based on this revised estimate, Sheffield found“little  change  in  global  drought  over  the  past60 years”.

We are a little embarrassed to mention ourarticle in Newsletter 70, March 2011 when wecame up with the same flawed method. Ourmodel used precipitation and temperature tomodel tension in the xylem.