The civil war & reconstruction
Transcript of The civil war & reconstruction
Unit 6 – Spring 2009
THE CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION -
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vA6g3OnINsg
WHAT DO THESE THINGS HAVE IN COMMON?
SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES
1619 – first slaves in America arrive at
Jamestown
1652 – Rhode Island outlaws slavery – later
overturned
1664 – Maryland mandates lifelong
service of black slaves
1672 – English Royal Africa Company
given monopoly on slave trade in US
1700 – The Selling of Joseph published –
first anti-slavery book in US
1725 – slave population in colonies
= 75,000Slaves open Baptist
church
1775 – Black patriots fight in the battles of Lexington, Concord and Bunker
Hill
1776 – Jefferson, owner of slaves, drafts
the Declaration of Independence
1783 – Supreme Court of Mass. Abolishes
slavery
3/5 Compromise - Fugitive Slave Act – Missouri Compromise -
ROOT CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR – GROUP ROLES
Big Picture: what was the main issue? Where did each section stand on the issue?
Major Change: What was the trigger that set off the South in this issue?
WORKERS IN NORTH VS. SOUTH
CIVIL WAR TERMINOLOGY:UNION, NORTH, SOUTH,
REBELS, FREE, SLAVE, LINCOLN, CONFEDERATE,
DAVIS, YANKEES, LEE, GRANT,
SONGS AT WORK IN NORTH AND SOUTH
Factory (North): 1836 Song Lyrics Sung by Protesting Workers at Lowell:
Oh! isn't it a pity, such a pretty girl as IShould be sent to the factory to pine away and die?Oh! I cannot be a slave, I will not be a slave,For I'm so fond of liberty,That I cannot be a slave.
Plantation (South): Go Down Moses (traditional spiritual):
When Israel was in Egypt's Land:Let my people go.Oppress'd so hard they could not stand,Let my people go
Refrain: Go down Moses'way down in Egypt's landTell ol' Pharaoh,Let my peoples go.
SLAVERY
United Streaming Video Clip
TAXES (TARIFFS)
United Streaming Video Clip
STATES RIGHTS
United Streaming Video Clip
ABOLITIONISTS
United Streaming Video Clip
A NEW PRESIDENT
United Streaming Video Clip
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
Popular = What most people want/like
Sovereign – to rule
What would popular sovereignty mean?
COMPROMISE OF 1850
1. No more Slave trade in DC (but slaves were not illegal)
2. California = free state
3. Territory East of CA = 2 territories (NM and Utah) and were open to slave holders and non slave holders – popular sovereignty would decide if free or slave
4. TX given $10 million to give up land to West and cut back slave land
5. Fugitive Slave Law – runaway slaves must be returned to their masters if found
Main Points of Compromise:
Later passed in 5 separate parts, too hard to pass as one
FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT
Aka: “man-stealing Act”
Giving help to escaping slaves (food, shelter, etc) = federal crime
$1000 fine, 6 mo. Jail, even death: often, Right to trial ignored
Bounty system - Encouraged some people to turn in slaves who were legally freed.
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
Douglass – (senator from IL) wanted to make 2 new territories, KS and NE, hoped the transcontinental RR would end up there
OVERTURNED MISSOURI COMPROMISE!
Opens territory north of Missouri line
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY! - Says that people in those states will vote on if their state will be free or slave
Abolitionists and Pro-slavery people rush to settle the territory in hopes that their side will win
BLEEDING KANSAS – WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE?
West: death runs riot – safari video – Struggle for Kansas – 9 min
QUESTION:
FACTS:
Drinking alcohol under the age of 21 is illegal in the United States
Other countries in Europe do not have a drinking age.
If you go to Europe, could you drink an alcoholic beverage, even though you are an American?
If you buy alcohol while on a vacation in Europe, and you are not 21, can you bring it into the United States when you come home?
PRESIDENT IN 1856
Stephen Douglass and current president Franklin Pierce were both involved in a lot of controversy because of the Kansas Nebraska Act (ALL DEMOCRATS)
James Buchannan had been away in Europe as an ambassador, and so he made a good candidate for president
When he arrived home, he was elected president, at his inaugural speech he said,
The question of slavery, “belongs to the Supreme Court of the United States, before whom it is now pending, and will, it is understood, be speedily and finally settled.
DRED SCOTT FACTS:
This is
Dred Scott.
Does he
look like a
“slave?”
•Dred Scott was a slave owned by John Emerson, an Army Doctor from Missouri•Scott was taken all over the United States with his owner, and had lived in Minnesota (a free state) for 2 years.•He sued for his freedom in 1846• His slave owner had died, and Scott had already tried to by he
and his wife’s freedom from his owner’s widow. •This was an 8 year court battle•Scott helped by abolitionists•Scott was bought by an abolitionist – the point was that his new owner wanted him to be free•Scott vs. Sandford, went to the Supreme Court•The Supreme Court Chief Justice had recently freed his own slaves, but believed slavery was critical to the success of America
DRED SCOTT LOST-
•Supreme Court Voted 7 – 2 against Dred Scott
•Each Supreme Court Justice wrote their own opinion – there are usually only 1 or 2
•Chief Justice said: no black man is a citizen, can not bring a case before a court – Congress never had the right to ban slavery because it deprived people of Life, liberty and property. •Said slaves, like goats, or cows, could be taken anywhere in the U.S.
LINCOLN-DOUGLASS DEBATES
•Dred Scott Decision actually helped Republicans because so many people were outraged by the Decision that the Democrats pushed for
•Douglass was a major Senator – from Illinois and Abraham Lincoln was challenging him to be a senator (Lincoln was currently in HR)
•Debates were vicious – yelling, questioning, screaming, physical fighting by spectators,
•Lincoln was noticed nationally – and won Senate race
About Lincoln:•Born in KY•Moved to IL•Tried to start a business, failed•Became Post Master•Elected to State Senate – became a lawyer•Elected to HR•Known for strength, loyalty, jokes, and wisdom•NOT AN abolitionist
THE RAID ON HARPERS FERRY
•Secretary of War received a letter saying that someone was threatening to steal out of the armory in Virginia – it was John Brown
•Brown raided the armory for 2 days, killing the commander of the fort
•Brown and 4 others were captured. Was charged with murder, treason, and inciting insurrection. Trial began 10 days later.
•John Brown sentenced to Hang
•John Wilkes Booth at his hanging
“I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had as I know think the vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed, it might be done.”--from the note Brown left from Death Row
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN BY HARRIET BEECHER STOWE
Click icon to add picture
ELECTION OF 1860
Democrats – Selected Stephen Douglass to run
Southern Dem – left the convention and elected John Breckinridge – who favored States Rights (ie Slavery)
Republicans – Selected Lincoln to run
Lincoln won – BUT…he would have lost if the Democrats didn’t have 2 candidates
Lincoln’s name was even left off some ballots in the South
THE SOUTH LEAVES THE UNION
“We, therefore, the people of South Carolina, by our delegates in Convention assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this State and the other States of North America is dissolved…”
--From South Carolina’s “Declaration for the Causes of Secession” 1860
South was devastated that Lincoln won
First state to leave was South Carolina – 1860
6 other states followed: GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, TX
But none of these states voted to leave the Union
This was decided by their state houses of government --sometimes less than 700 people in the state voted, and only 500 voted to leave the Union.
JEFFERSON DAVIS ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE CONFEDERACY
On the way to his inauguration, Lincoln finds out Davis is president of Confederacy
Davis way more qualified than Lincoln:
Member of HR – and Senate
Former Sec. of War
Soldier and West Point Graduate
Not really elected as President, more just appointed by some high ranking Southern politicians – later popularly elected to a 6 yr. term
(married to Zachary Taylor’s daughter), Plantation owner – who treated slaves relatively well
Sent delegates to talk to Lincoln’s cabinet about secession – didn’t go well
WHY DID THE SOUTH SECEDE?
STATES RIGHTS!!!! They thought states had the right to choose to be free or save and they weren’t getting that choice
They felt bullied by the North
They wanted to preserve their way of life, the North was moving forward
JEFFERSON DAVIS/LINCOLN
You can not transform the negro into anything one-tenth as useful or as good as what slavery enables them to be. –Davis
I will only hold, occupy, and possess installations still under federal control in the Confederacy. --Lincoln
STATS
North South
People 22 Million (4 mil fighting-aged men)
9 Mil (4 mil Slaves)
Factories 100,000 employing 1.1 mil people
20,000 employing 100,000 people
Rail Road 20,000 miles (96% of the U.S. and more than the rest of the world combined)
9,000 miles (most of their tracks weren’t the same width so trains couldn’t even go across them
Money Banks had 81% of the country’s deposits and $56 mil of gold
No Currency
RELATIONSHIPS DURING THE CIVIL WAR
Families against families
Colleagues against Colleagues
Students against teachers
Friends against friends
For example…Pierre Beauregard and Robert Anderson
SHOTS FIRED AT FORT SUMTER
Sumter located off the coast of SC, built during War of 1812, Only 6 weeks left of supplies
Lincoln said he would not provoke an attack by the South, but that he would “hold, occupy, and possess” Federal structures in the South
South appoints Beauregard, (graduated second in his class, studied artillery under the man now head of Ft. Sumter)
Two smaller forts had been captured already by the South (Buchannan did nothing to stop them)
Lincoln decided to send more supplies, and let the Gov. of SC know they were on their way
SUMTER CONT.
Gen. at Sumter said he would leave on April 15, but on April 12, first shots fired by Confederacy – surrendered on April 13, no causalities
Lincoln asked for 75,000 Union army volunteers for 3 months to fight Confederacy, this prompted 4 more states to succeed.
ROBERT E. LEE AND THE ARMY
From one of Virginia’s most influential families, had family members at Constitutional Convention, sign the Dec of Independence, and an ambassador to France during the Revolution, dad in Washington’s Army, graduated 2nd at West Point, married Martha Washington’s granddaughter
Stopped John Brown at Harpers Ferry
Torn between duty and home - didn’t know if he should stay in the US Army or fight for the Confederacy
First loyal to Virginia, then to US
One of the best generals in World History
Tomb at Washington –Lee University in Lexington, VA
Duty is the sublimest word in our language. Do your duty in all things. You cannot do more. You should never wish to do less. --Lee
BULL RUN
First major campaign of the Civil War – July 21, 1861 OBJ: Union march to Richmond Virginia and take over the Confederate
capital Problem: both sides very inexperienced Union marched south, initially winning, but eventually pushed back by
Confederacy Confederate soldiers, AKA Rebels, started the “Rebel Yell” scream,
scared Union Soldiers who retreated to the North Both sides too tired to keep fighting – General Thomas Jackson (Conf)
stood tall, didn’t waver, became known as Stonewall Jackson Confederate Victory Union casualties and losses: 2,896 (406 deaths, 1,124 wounded 1,312
captured or missing) Confederate casualties and losses: 1, 982 (387 deaths, 1582 wounded
13 missing)
No! not that kind of Bull Run – the North named battles after water – the South named battles after Landmarks – they knew the territory better
AFTER BULL RUN
Union freaked out, realized this would be harder than expected
Lincoln order a blockade on Southern ports
North won some small battles
Battle of Shiloh – 20,000 deaths total (both sides) but Union barely won
South wins at Richmond
UNION CHANGES GENERALS ROUND 1
McClellan gets replaced by Pope, then Pope gets replaced by McClellan
Burnside will eventually get replaced by Hooker
ANTIETAM(SHARPSBURG)
Sept. 17, 1862 - To this day, the bloodiest day ever fought by American Soldiers –
South started winning – ready to go on the offensive – Jefferson Davis ordered Gen. Lee to march on Maryland – hoped to win and eventually get help from France and GB
Lee took troops to MD – McCellan took 80,000 Union troops too – Union found Lee’s orders in the fields – knew exactly where Conf. troops were and their plans
Union - 12,401 (2,108 killed
9,540 wounded 753 captured/missing) - Confederacy - 10,316 (1,546 killed 7,752 wounded 1,018 captured/missing) - South retreats Union Victory
But Lincoln ordered McClellen to follow Confederacy and attack again – he didn’t – HE COULD HAVE ENDEd THE WAR THEN, BUT DIDN’!!
This battle lead Lincoln to start taking action against slavery – Set for Emancipation
The Civil War: Forever Free - Safari
Here is a paper with which, if I can not whip Bobby Lee, I will be willing to go home.
--McClellan
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Objective: to create the front page of a newspaper headlining the Battle at Antietam.
How: use notes from class, your text book (pg 471-472/492-3), or www.nps.gov/anti for information about the battle
You MUST Include the following things in your article: Newspaper title (there would be a big difference
between a newspaper in NY and a news paper in VA) Date Headline Byline Picture 3 paragraph article that includes the Who, what,
when, where, and whys of the battle – make sure all of your paragraphs are strong hamburger format
EMAIL ME YOUR FINAL PROJECT:[email protected] 25 points total
REVIEW
United States of America
Broke off- Confederate States
of America
South, Confederacy, Rebels, Davis, Robert E. Lee
United States of America
North, Union, Yankees, Lincoln,
McClellan, Burnside
BAV = EMANCIPATE
To free; to release; to let go
Synonym or antonym:CaptureLiberateUntieHold
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
Lincoln wanted to free slaves, but waited until he knew that the North was stable
After Antietam, decided timing was right
Made a speech – 9/22/18963 – Signed 1/1/1863
What did it do? “all persons held as slaves within any state in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free”
Pros of EP Cons of EP
Slaves help Confederacy – now they have less to fight
May isolate Border States
France/GB less likely to help Confed.
Not all Northerners wanted to free slaves
DID IT WORK?
Only applied to the Confederacy – so it didn’t actually free anyone – North couldn’t enforce it
Some freed slaves came to north to fight in the army/navy
Led to the 13th Amendment – passed in 1864 –
But – majority of African Americans in the South were still slaves
South did not get help from France/GB
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2c_BvVBd-Q&feature=related
PROBLEMS IN THE UNION
Northern Republicans split over Lincoln’s policies - Some helped the South
Lincoln did not always acknowledge some basic human rights
Draft – March 1863 (hire substitute or pay $300)
Borrowed $, taxes, Inflation (prices go up more than value of the dollar)
Fired Burnside, replaced with Hooker, fired Hooker before Gettysburg
Overall, North factories and RR did well, made $
PROBLEMS IN THE CONFEDERACY
Draft in 1862 – not enough volunteers (but you could hire a substitute)
Battles in South – ruined farmland
Blockade closed trade ports – lost $
Inflation – prices rose 9000% (only rose 80% in N)
Men deserted the Army
GETTYSBURG
July 1-4, 1863
Lee moved North with 75,000 troops
Meade (north) was to find Lee and protect DC and Baltimore from attack
Met by accident at Gettysburg, PA
Battle lasted 3 days
Union Victory – Union - 23,055 (3,155 killed 14,531 wounded 5,369 captured/missing)
Confederacy: 23,231 (4,708 killed 12,693 wounded 5,830 captured/missing)
Significance: last major battle for the Confederacy to loose – major turning point for the North
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
“It is for us the living…to be here dedicated to this great task remaining before us…that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”
--Abraham Lincoln
VICKSBURG
Ulysses S. Grant – led troops for the North at Vicksburg
May 18-July 4, 1863 (happened the same time as Gettysburg)
Union casulaities: 4,835
Confederacy casualities: 32,697 (29,495 surrendered)
Significance: Union won Control of the Mississippi River, one of the last major resources the South had – cut the south in half, not able to function
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APPOMATTOX
Lee’s troops surrounded - lose at the battle at Richmond to Grant
Lee realizes he must surrender –
April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox court house in VA
Grant is generous – lets them keep horses, sends soldiers home, orders food for Lee’s troops
Jefferson Davis Captured on May 10 – war finally over
“There is nothing left for me to do but go and see General Grant, and I
would rather die a
thousand deaths.”
–Robert E. Lee
WHAT DO WE DO NOW?
How should they put the United States back together again?
What were some of the consequences of the civil war? LT #16Issue North South
Economic
Political
Social
RECONSTRUCTION
RE- Construct-
AMENDMENTS #11-15
Amendment Grants…
13
14
15
WHAT IS RECONSTRUCTION?
1865-1877
U.S. needed to be put back together – reconstruction are the different plans and ways that actually happened
Who should be punished? What rights should African Americans have? Should the South have help financially?
WADE-DAVIS BILL
Idea for reconstruction – but Lincoln didn’t sign it – NOT made a law
1. Majority of all white males in the state had to swear loyalty to the US
2. State Constitution written by men who did not fight against the North
3. Confederates could not hold office
4. New state constitution must abolish slavery
LINCOLN ASSASSINATED
5 days after Lee surrendered
At Ford theatre in D.C. by John Wilkes Booth
Booth ran away, was caught 12 days later, shot to death
Part of a conspiracy to kill U.S. leaders – 4 others hanged and 4 imprisoned
This was devistating to people in the Union, and those in the South who worried about how Andrew Johnson would handle it …
COINCIDENCE?
Lincoln KennedyLincoln was elected to Congress in 1846 Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946
He was elected President in 1860 He was elected President in 1960
His wife lost a child while living in the White House His wife lost a child while living in the White House
He was directly concerned with Civil Rights He was directly concerned with Civil RightsLincoln had a secretary named Kennedy who told him
not to go to the theater *1Kennedy had a secretary named Lincoln who told him
not to go to Dallas *2
Lincoln was shot in the back of the head in the presence of his wife
Kennedy was shot in the back of the head in the presence of his wife
Lincoln shot in the Ford Theatre Kennedy shot in a Lincoln, made by FordHe was shot on a Friday He was shot on a Friday
The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, was known by three names, comprised of fifteen letters
The assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, was known by three names, comprised of fifteen letters
Booth shot Lincoln in a theater and fled to a warehouse *3
Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse and fled to a theater
Booth was killed before being brought to trial Oswald was killed before being brought to trialThere were theories that Booth was part of a greater
conspiracyThere were theories that Oswald was part of a
greater conspiracy
Lincoln's successor was Andrew Johnson, born in 1808 Kennedy's successor was Lyndon Johnson, born in 1908
POST LINCOLN
Andrew Johnson becomes president – plan called “restoration”
Wanted to punish slaveholders, didn’t care about helping former slaves
Didn’t give African Am. the right to vote, “white men alone must manage the South”
Impeached for firing a member of his cabinet without the approval of Congress, he didn’t follow checks and balances.
RECONSTRUCTION ACT OF 1867
Once states passed the 13th and 14th amendments, they were able to begin to be readmitted into the union
Submit new state constitution, vote, military districts, etc.
Tenure of Office Act (1867)– president can not remove anyone from Cabinet w/o Senate’s approval
Johnson fired Secretary of War when Congress was not in session, they did not approve – Johnson removed him anyway
HR accused him of misconduct – trial by the Senate – 35 – 19, not formally convicted. Never actually removed from office
Election of 1868 – Ulysses S. Grant wins
LIFE FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
Literacy Test –
Poll Tax –
Tenant Farming –
Jim Crowe Laws –
Freedman’s Bureau –
Black Code –
Scalawaygs and Carpetbaggers –
Amnesty Act –
WAS RECONSTRUCTION SUCCESSFUL?
Arguments for the Affirmative Arguments for the Negative