The CIVIL WAR
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Transcript of The CIVIL WAR
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Chapter 16
THE CIVIL WAR
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FIRST SHOTS @ FORT SUMTER• After the South left the Union, state officials tried to take
over the federal forts inside of their borders.
• Major Robert Anderson attempted to hold on to Fort Sumter—but his troops were low on supplies.
• Lincoln was afraid supplying the fort might lead to war—but he feared that if he withdrew troops, he would be giving in to the rebels.
• Lincoln decided to send supplies and Confederate leaders responded by attacking the fort on April 12,1861.
• The Civil War had begun.
• President Lincoln called Northerners to put down the Southern rebellion.
• Many Northern men joined the army
• States such as TN, KY, AK, VA, and NC did not want to fight against their neighbors and seceded from the Union.
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STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES;STRATEGIES• UNION ADVANTAGES–
• 24 states in the Union versus 11 in the Confederate States of America
• More manpower and resources
• Twice as many citizens as the South
• 80% of the nation’s factories were in the North
• President Lincoln was an able leader
• STRATEGY-
• Bring Southern states back to the Union
• Anaconda Plan- squeeze the Southern economy by blockading the coastline to prevent the transportation of goods.
• CONFEDERACY ADVANTAGES-
• Began the war with able generals including Robert E. Lee
• Ready to fight hard to defend their homes and families
• STRATEGY-
• Didn’t want to conquer the North—just wanted to be independent
• Hoped the North would tire of war and accept Southern independence
• Used “King Cotton” to try and gain foreign support
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BATTLE OF BULL RUN• In the summer of 1861 Lincoln ordered an invasion of Virginia—He wanted to
conquer Richmond.
• Troops clashed near a river called Bull Run (this was the First Battle of Bull Run)
• The Confederates won the battle—the rebel victory shocked the North
• The North realized that it had underestimated its opponent—Lincoln began preparing for a long war.
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LIFE IN THE ARMY • A majority of the soldiers in the Civil War were
between the ages of 18 and 30
• About half of those were from farms and had never left home—they viewed the war as an exciting adventure.
• Most of the soldiers were born in America—other ethnic groups including immigrants, Native Americans and African-Americans fought as well.
• African-Americans weren’t accepted on either side at first—eventually the North let them serve.
• African-Americans saw the war as a way to end slavery
• Union soldiers wore blue uniforms and Confederate soldiers wore gray and yellowish brown uniforms .
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HARDSHIPS OF ARMY LIFE• Soldiers endured terrible conditions on the
battlefield and in caps
• Hygiene was poor
• They went weeks without bathing and their clothes were overrun with fleas and lice.
• Diseases killed more soldiers during the war than battle wounds.
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CHANGES IN MILITARY TECHNOLOGY• The Civil War brought many advance in military
technology.
• Rifle—gun with a grooved barrel that caused the bullet to spin through the air.
• Minie ball- a bullet with a hollow base
• Ironclad-warship covered with iron
• 1st Confederate ironclad Merrimack fought the Union Monitor.
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UNION VICTORIES IN THE WEST • The Union army won victories in the West under
General Ulysses S. Grant.
• He captured 2 Confederate river forts in TN (Fort Henry and Fort Donelson).
• The seizure of Ft. Henry opened up a river highway to the heart of the South.
• Now Union gunboats could travel as far as northern Alabama.
• Soon after taking the forts, Union soldiers marched into TN’s capital, Nashville.
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BATTLE OF SHILOH• Grant and his men followed the Confederates who retreated from the West.
• The 2 sides met in April 1862 in what turned out to be the bloodiest battle that the Civil War had seen thus far—the Battle of Shiloh.
• The North won—but at a terrible cost:
• # of Union soldiers dead or wounded---more than 13,000
• # of Confederate soldiers dead or wounded---nearly 11,000 of 41,000 soldiers
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FALL OF NEW ORLEANS • This was a setback for the
confederacy in the spring of 1862
• A Union fleet captures New Orleans—the largest city in the South.
• This allowed the Union to control most of the Mississippi River.
• The North was now well on it’s way to cutting the Confederacy in two.
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LEE CLAIMS VICTORIES IN THE EAST & INVADES THE NORTH
• Union General George McClellan attempted to capture Richmond.
• Confederate General Robert E. Lee attempted to turn McClellan’s army back by sending a cavalry (soldiers on hosreback) to spy on McClellan’s army.
• Lee attacked his army—they fought back and forth in what became called the Seven Days’ Battles.
• In the end, the Confederate troops forced the Union army to retreat to Washington.
• After this victory, Lee decided to invade the Union. He had several reasons for this attack:
1. Hoped Lincoln would be forced to talk peace.
2. The invasion would give Virginia farmers a break during harvest season.
3. He hoped a successful invasion would convince Europe to side with the South because their textile industry was suffering due to lack of Southern cotton.
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BLOODY ANTIETAM• After invading Maryland, Lee drew up his plans for his
campaign in the North.
• A Confederate officer accidentally left a copy of the plans---so the McClellan knew what Lee planned to do.
• As a result he decided to attack Lee’s army
• The 2 sides met at Antietam Creek in Maryland—it became the bloodiest day in American history.
• 25,000 lay dead or wounded
• Lee lost about 1/3 of his fighting force and withdrew to Virginia—McClellan saw this as a chance to finish off the wounded Southern army but he didn’t follow them.
• He was later fired by Lincoln.