THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. QUIZ 1) What civil rights organization did Martin Luther King help found?...

THETHECIVIL RIGHTSCIVIL RIGHTSMOVEMENTMOVEMENT

QUIZQUIZ1)1) What civil rights organization did What civil rights organization did

Martin Luther King help found?Martin Luther King help found?2)2) What civil rights organization did What civil rights organization did

Stokely Carmichael help found?Stokely Carmichael help found?3)3) Which president passed major civil Which president passed major civil

rights legislation for voting rights rights legislation for voting rights through Congress?through Congress?

4)4) Where did Gov. Faubus and Pres. Where did Gov. Faubus and Pres. Eisenhower clash over federal power Eisenhower clash over federal power and civil rights?and civil rights?

5)5) Who helped integrate professional Who helped integrate professional sports in 1947?sports in 1947?

CONTEXTCONTEXT

Why is the US still struggling with the issue Why is the US still struggling with the issue of civil rights in the 1950’s and 1960’s?of civil rights in the 1950’s and 1960’s?

Political Factors?Political Factors?

Economic Factors?Economic Factors?

Social Factors?Social Factors?

ANALYZE: What finally allows change to ANALYZE: What finally allows change to begin?begin?

“By 1940 almost half the black population lived in cities. As the labor shortage became more acute during the next five years, movement toward the cities continued, not only in the south but in the north and west. Attracted by economic opportunities in Los Angeles war industries, for example, over 1,000 Negroes moved to that city each month during the war. Detroit, Seattle, and San Francisco, among others, reported similar migrations. The balance finally shifted during the war, and the 1950 census showed that 56 percent of the black population resided in metropolitan areas, 32 percent in cities of the north and west.” http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/integration/IAF-05.htm#2

Jackie Robinson baseball promotional bookletJackie Robinson broke the color barrier in major league baseball in 1947, when he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers. After serving as a lieutenant in the army during the war, Robinson, an All-American in football and baseball at UCLA, played with the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American Baseball League until he was signed by the Dodgers in 1945. Moved from the minors to the majors in 1947, he earned "Rookie of the Year" honors and later was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. (Collection of Michael Barson/Past Perfect)

Jackie Robinson baseball promotional bookletJackie Robinson baseball promotional booklet

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Black Veterans of WWIIBlack Veterans of WWII

WWII veterans WWII veterans challenge social challenge social stereotypesstereotypes

6 WWII veterans 6 WWII veterans lynched in 1946 for lynched in 1946 for seeking equal rightsseeking equal rights

July 1948: Truman July 1948: Truman integrates army integrates army with Executive with Executive Order 9981Order 9981

http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2004/may/jabbar/gallery/patton300.jpg

Lynchings: By Year and RaceLynchings: By Year and Race1882-19681882-1968

Year Year Whites Whites Blacks Blacks TotalTotal

Lynching of African American Lynching of African American male. 1960, McDuffie male. 1960, McDuffie County, GeorgiaCounty, Georgiahttp://www.withoutsanctuary.org/photos/19.jpghttp://www.withoutsanctuary.org/photos/19.jpg

1946 0 6 61947 0 1 11948 1 2 21949 0 3 31950 1 1 21951 0 1 11952 0 0 01953 0 0 01954 0 0 0

1955 0 0 01956 0 0 01957 1 0 0

1958 0 0 01959 0 1 11960 0 0 01961 0 1 11962 0 0 01963 0 1 11964 2 1 31965 0 0 0

1966 0 0 01967 0 0 01968 0 0 0

Total 1,297 3,445 4,742*Statistics provided by the Archives at Tuskegee Institute

http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/2LYNCHLA.jpg

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Segregation by race is constitutional as Segregation by race is constitutional as

long as facilities are long as facilities are separate, but equalseparate, but equal

REALITY: facilities were never equalREALITY: facilities were never equal

1414thth AMENDMENT AMENDMENTSection 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and

subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any the United States; nor shall any statestate deprive any person of life, deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

COURT INTERPRETS THIS TO ALLOW PRIVATE COURT INTERPRETS THIS TO ALLOW PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS TO DISCRIMINATE!!!INDIVIDUALS TO DISCRIMINATE!!!

http://www.literacyrules.com/Black%20History/JimCrowPic3.jpg

Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansasof Topeka, Kansas

Argued December 9, 1952. Reargued December 8, 1953.Argued December 9, 1952. Reargued December 8, 1953.

Decided May 17, 1954.Decided May 17, 1954.

““Segregation of white and Negro children in the public schools of a Segregation of white and Negro children in the public schools of a State solely on the basis of race, pursuant to state laws permitting or State solely on the basis of race, pursuant to state laws permitting or requiring such segregation, denies to Negro children the equal requiring such segregation, denies to Negro children the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment - protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment - even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors of even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors of white and Negro schools may be equal.”white and Negro schools may be equal.”

““We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. This disposition makes unnecessary any discussion whether such This disposition makes unnecessary any discussion whether such segregation also violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth segregation also violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.”Amendment.”

Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall

http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/jb/modern/jb_modern_marshall_1_e.jpg

Chief Counsel for Chief Counsel for NAACPNAACP

Wins Wins Sweatt v. PainterSweatt v. Painter 1950 –challenge 1950 –challenge separate but equalseparate but equal

Organizes legal Organizes legal strategy for strategy for Brown v. Brown v. BoardBoard

Becomes first African-Becomes first African-American justice in American justice in 19671967

1955 - Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycottBettmann/Corbis)

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycottRosa Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott


Why is the Montgomery Bus Boycott historically significant?

What were its long-term

effects?

Martin Luther King, Jr. outside courthouse with wife, 1957When Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929–1968) and other African Americans, including twenty-three other ministers, provided support and leadership during the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott they were indicted by an all-white jury for violating an old law banning boycotts. In late March 1956 King was convicted and fined $500. A crowd of well-wishers cheered a smiling King (here with his wife, Coretta) outside the courthouse, where King proudly declared, "The protest goes on!" King's arrest and conviction made the bus boycott front-page news across America. (Corbis-Bettmann)

Martin Luther King, Jr. outside courthouse with wife, 1957Martin Luther King, Jr. outside courthouse with wife, 1957


Little Rock--white student yelling at Elizabeth Eckford, September 4, 1957Elizabeth Eckford, age 15, one of the nine black students to desegregate Central High School, endures abuse on her way to school. Forty years later, the young white woman shouting insults asked for forgiveness. (Wide World)

Little Rock--white student yelling at Elizabeth Eckford, September 4, Little Rock--white student yelling at Elizabeth Eckford, September 4, 19571957


1957: Eisenhower finally forced to act at Little Rock!!!Why?

Gov. Orval Faubus used National Guard to block integration in Little Rock.

If Eisenhower had not acted, it would have been a serious blow to power of federal government.

Civil Rights under KennedyCivil Rights under Kennedy JFK is sympathetic, but slow to actJFK is sympathetic, but slow to act Republicans and Southern Dems block JFK in Republicans and Southern Dems block JFK in

re: to Civil Rightsre: to Civil Rights JFK finally acts to protect Freedom riders with JFK finally acts to protect Freedom riders with

Fed. MarshalsFed. Marshals JFK then strongly supports black voter JFK then strongly supports black voter

registrationregistration JFK sends federal troops to help integrate JFK sends federal troops to help integrate

Univ. of MississippiUniv. of Mississippi 1963: JFK speaks out against abuse of Civil 1963: JFK speaks out against abuse of Civil

rights protesters in Birmingham, ALrights protesters in Birmingham, AL JFK’s civil rights legislation stalls in CongressJFK’s civil rights legislation stalls in Congress

Drink Coca Cola--White Customers Only!

Signs like this were common in the South prior to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. (Library of Congress)

Drink Coca Cola--White Customers Only!Drink Coca Cola--White Customers Only!


http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/img/media/xl/180.jpg

Freedom Riders with a burning bus at Anniston, Alabama, May 14, 1961

United Press International

Dogs turned on Birmingham demonstratorsThe ferocious attempts by local authorities in Birmingham, Alabama, led by Eugene "Bull" Connor, to repel nonviolent black protesters using fire hoses (capable of 100 pounds of water pressure per square inch), electrically charged cattle prods, and police dogs were shown nightly on television. Tactics such as these made white supremacy an object of revulsion throughout most of the country and forced the Kennedy administration to intervene to end the crisis. (Wide World)

Dogs turned on Birmingham demonstratorsDogs turned on Birmingham demonstrators


The Struggle OrganizesThe Struggle Organizes

1954: NAACP wins 1954: NAACP wins Brown v. BoardBrown v. Board 1957: MLK formed 1957: MLK formed Southern Christian Southern Christian

Leadership ConferenceLeadership Conference (SCLC) (SCLC) 1960: “sit in” movement at restaurants1960: “sit in” movement at restaurants 1960: 1960: Student Non-Violent Student Non-Violent

Coordinating CommitteeCoordinating Committee (SNCC) (SNCC)

WHAT WERE THE DIFFERENT WHAT WERE THE DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF THESE GROUPS?STRATEGIES OF THESE GROUPS?

Sit-in--Jackson, Mississippi, May 28, 1963The sit-ins of 1960 initiated the student phase of the civil-rights movement. Across the south, young black activists challenged segregation by staging nonviolent demonstrations to demand access to public facilities. Their courage and commitment reinvigorated the movement, leading to still greater grass-roots activism. (World Wide)

Sit-in--Jackson, Mississippi, May 28, 1963Sit-in--Jackson, Mississippi, May 28, 1963


THE STRUGGLE CHANGES:THE STRUGGLE CHANGES:Assassination of Medgar Evers,Assassination of Medgar Evers,

Violence at Birmingham,Violence at Birmingham,

= CHANGE or STRUGGLE= CHANGE or STRUGGLE

“I have a dream…” v. “By any means necessary…”

VOTING RIGHTSVOTING RIGHTS

““Freedom Summer” 1964Freedom Summer” 1964 Summer 1964: Murder of three civil Summer 1964: Murder of three civil

rights workers in Mississippirights workers in Mississippi 1965: MLK leads voter registration in 1965: MLK leads voter registration in

Selma – two civil rights workers killedSelma – two civil rights workers killed LBJ pushes Voting Rights Act of 1965:LBJ pushes Voting Rights Act of 1965:

Outlaws literacy tests and sends federal Outlaws literacy tests and sends federal workers to register voters.workers to register voters.

Black PowerBlack Power 1965: Watts Riots in LA1965: Watts Riots in LA

31 blacks and 3 whites killed, 1000+ injured31 blacks and 3 whites killed, 1000+ injured Black Separatism emergesBlack Separatism emerges Malcolm X & The Nation of IslamMalcolm X & The Nation of Islam Black PanthersBlack Panthers 1966: Stokely Carmichael of SNCC urges 1966: Stokely Carmichael of SNCC urges

“black power” over non-violence“black power” over non-violence African heritage/Identity renaissanceAfrican heritage/Identity renaissance 1967: Newark riots (25 dead); Detroit (43 1967: Newark riots (25 dead); Detroit (43

dead)dead) April 4, 1968: MLK assassinated April 4, 1968: MLK assassinated RIOTS!!! RIOTS!!!

REFLECTIONREFLECTION Where are we today?Where are we today?

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. QUIZ 1) What civil rights organization did Martin Luther King help found?...

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