The Civil Rights Movement Also known as Jim Crow Era 1870s – 1960s Congress freed the slaves but...
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Transcript of The Civil Rights Movement Also known as Jim Crow Era 1870s – 1960s Congress freed the slaves but...
The Civil Rights Movement
Also known as Jim Crow Era 1870s – 1960s
Congress freed
the slaves but
they failed the
ensure their freedoms
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
The Civil Rights Movement 1955-1965
1953-61
1961-63 1963-69
A New Slavery
After the slaves were freed, most African Americans became “tenant farmers’’ and “sharecroppers” to rent and share the land of wealthier whites
Segregation
After Reconstruction, many Southern
state governments passed “Jim Crow”
laws forcing the separation of the races in public places (segregation)
The Jim Crow Era (1870s – 1960s)
“Jim Crow” laws were laws that legally segregated African Americans and prevented them from voting, going to white schools, riding in white trains, etc.
Remember, Jim Crow laws segregated white society and black society
Some African Americans sued, claiming that ssegregation was unconstitutional
A New Slavery
Despite being freed from slavery, African Americans were still tied to the white power structure and had little options for earning money.
Without federal protection, emancipation resulted in a new kind of slavery
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Supreme Court Cases
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)(separate but equal=constitutional)
overturned by
Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)(separate but
equal=UNconstitutional)
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
African Americans said that segregation was a violation of the 14th Amendment
Plessy v. Ferguson went to the Supreme Court
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
This case said that segregation
of the races in public Accommodations and institutions was legal.
This continued inequality would
eventually lead to the Civil Rights Movement of the
1950s and 60s
NAACP
NAACP (Nat’l Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People) -
this organization sought change mainly through the courts
Peaks Elementary School for Blacks (Prince Edward County, VA)
Rice Elementary School for Whites
Epps Elementary School for Blacks
Worsham School for Whites (1-12)
Felden Elementary School for Blacks
Felden Elementary School Bathroom
Darlington Heights Elementary for Whites
Brown vs. Board of Education
NAACP lawyers argued that segregated schools were unequal and unfair
Attorney Thurgood Marshall led the NAACP legal defense Team
This supreme court case overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson and forced schools to integrate
It also made segregation of all public facilities illegal
Many states ignored this new law (including Virginia)
The response in Virginia
Massive public resistance – The state even closed public schools for over a year
Many private academies were established for
whites only
This caused “White Flight” from urban school systems
Oliver Hill
Oliver Hill led the NAACP legal defense team in Virginia
The response nationwide
Most resistance to integration occurred in the Southeast
The response nationwide
In Little Rock, Arkansas, the Governor used the state National Guard to prevent Black students from entering white schools
President Eisenhower sent the US Army to force the school to integrate
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
Rosa Parks refused to give a bus seat to a white person in Montgomery, Alabama and was jailed
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
African Americans organized a massive boycott of the city buses
This protest lasted over a year
Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. organized this protest
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
The Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was illegal
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (MLK)
After the bus boycott he became the leader of the Civil Rights Movement
MLK taught “non-violent protest”
Freedom rides
Black and White civil rights activists would ride buses together though the South as
a form of protest
Many buses were attacked in the deep South
Sit-ins
Sit-ins were designed to integrate public facilities
Many of these places were reserved for “whites only”
Sit-ins
In Greensboro, North Carolina three Black college
students took a stand and went to a Woolworth’s lunch counter
All of them were arrested
This sparked a wave of sit-ins across the South
Marches
The most famous march took place in Birmingham, Alabama
MLK jr. organized the march
MLK jr. chose Birmingham because it was one
of most racist cities in the South
March on Birmingham
“Bull” Connor was the racist police commissioner of Birmingham
He attacked protesters with fire hoses, tear gas, and attack dogs
March on Washington (1963)
March on Washington (1963)
Over 200,000 blacks and whites marched on the nation’s capital to protest
MLK delivered the famous “I Have a
Dream Speech”
This demonstration was televised and
many more Americans began to support more Civil Rights laws
after this event
The march demonstrated the power of
non-violent, mass protest
Civil Rights Act Passed (1964)
Prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender It also made it a national law to
desegregate all public facilities (hotels, trains, restaurants, etc)
Civil Rights Act (1964)
Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) played an important role in passage of this civil rights law
Voting Rights Act (1965)
This act outlawed literacy tests to vote (Jim Crow laws)
Federal officers were sent to the South to register voters
This resulted in dramatic increases in African American voters
MLK was assassinated in 1968
He taught self-defense, violent protest, and segregation
He later admitted that he was
wrong and said that the hatred of white people was wrong
He was assassinated in 1965 by radical Islamic Blacks
Malcolm X