The Civil Rights The Civil Rights MovementMovement

1960s1960s

Emmett TillEmmett Till

1955: 14 years old from Chicago1955: 14 years old from Chicago Accused of whistling at a white store owner’s wife Accused of whistling at a white store owner’s wife

while visiting grandfather in Mississippiwhile visiting grandfather in Mississippi Taken from bed and beaten, eyes gouged out, and Taken from bed and beaten, eyes gouged out, and

drown him by tying a cotton gin fan around his neckdrown him by tying a cotton gin fan around his neck

1950’s1950’s

1954: Brown v. Board1954: Brown v. Board 1955: Emmitt Till1955: Emmitt Till 1955: Montgomery Bus Boycott1955: Montgomery Bus Boycott 1957: S.C.L.C formed led by M.L.K1957: S.C.L.C formed led by M.L.K 1957: Little Rock Nine1957: Little Rock Nine

SegregationSegregation

2 Types:2 Types:

--DeJure SegregationDeJure Segregation: by law (Jim : by law (Jim Crow Laws)Crow Laws)

--DeFacto SegregationDeFacto Segregation: done by : done by practice or custom-not by lawpractice or custom-not by law

Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr. 26 yrs old during 26 yrs old during

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott 11stst President of President of Southern Southern

Christian Leadership Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)Conference (SCLC)

Protest unfair practices Protest unfair practices across regionacross region

March on Washington March on Washington August 1963August 1963

-200,000 people -200,000 people

-I Have a Dream Speech-I Have a Dream Speech

What were the strategies of M.L.K and the SCLC?

Influenced by Gandhi

Malcolm XMalcolm X

Became a Black Became a Black Muslim in prisonMuslim in prison

Replaced last Replaced last name with X defied name with X defied the sign of slavery the sign of slavery by taking your by taking your owner’s last nameowner’s last name

Believed non-Believed non-violence uselessviolence useless

Malcolm XMalcolm X Went on pilgrimage to Went on pilgrimage to

MeccaMecca Returned and realized Returned and realized

Elijah teachings were Elijah teachings were wrong and switched to wrong and switched to non-violencenon-violence

Shot 21 times Audubon Shot 21 times Audubon Ballroom in Washington Ballroom in Washington Heights, NYHeights, NY

Killed Feb. 21, 1965 by Killed Feb. 21, 1965 by three members of the three members of the Nation of Islam while Nation of Islam while giving a speechgiving a speech

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Thomas Hagan Paroled 2010

Police TacticsPolice TacticsDogs

Fire Hoses

Tear Gas

Clubs

SNCCSNCC Woolworth Sit-In Woolworth Sit-In

Greensboro, N.C. Feb. 1, Greensboro, N.C. Feb. 1, 1960 (continued for 1960 (continued for several weeks)several weeks)

Formed the Formed the Student Student Nonviolent Coordinating Nonviolent Coordinating Committee- Committee- started in started in North Carolina and then North Carolina and then spreadspread

-college students of different -college students of different racesraces

Also participated in Also participated in Freedom Rides, March on Freedom Rides, March on Washington, etc.Washington, etc.

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders Bus rides that took Bus rides that took

students into the students into the South to help South to help desegregate public desegregate public facilities like facilities like restrooms and lunch restrooms and lunch counterscounters

Many arrested or Many arrested or killedkilled

A bus in Alabama A bus in Alabama firebombed, others firebombed, others jailed during their bus jailed during their bus ridesrides

Voting PrecedentsVoting Precedents

1313thth Amendment 1865 Amendment 1865: abolished : abolished slaveryslavery

1414thth Amendment 1868 Amendment 1868: equal : equal protection under the lawprotection under the law

1515thth Amendment 1870 Amendment 1870: can not : can not discriminate against race (voting men)discriminate against race (voting men)

1919thth Amendment 1920 Amendment 1920 : women get : women get the right to votethe right to vote

How do You Prevent African How do You Prevent African American from Voting?American from Voting?

Literacy TestLiteracy Test Make it difficult to Make it difficult to

registerregister Poll TaxPoll Tax Grandfather ClauseGrandfather Clause

Why was it difficult for African Americans to

register to vote?

Desegregating CollegesDesegregating Colleges

University Georgia University Georgia 19611961: Charlayne : Charlayne Hunter & Hamilton Hunter & Hamilton HolmesHolmes

University Mississippi University Mississippi 19621962: James Meredith: James Meredith

Riots eruptedRiots erupted Later shot & lived Later shot & lived

helping blacks register helping blacks register to voteto vote

University Alabama 1963: Vivian Malone & James Hood•Governor Wallace tries to stop

Birmingham CampaignBirmingham Campaign

M.L.K M.L.K April 1963April 1963 AlabamaAlabama ArrestedArrested ““Letter from Letter from

Birmingham”Birmingham” Will led to police Will led to police

action/violence/riots action/violence/riots over the course of over the course of the monththe month

Police Chief Eugene Bull Connor

The Children’s CrusadeThe Children’s Crusade

Over 1000 Over 1000 students marched students marched in Alabama to city in Alabama to city hall in May 2-5, hall in May 2-5, 19631963

Police used fire Police used fire hoses/dogshoses/dogs

Hundreds arrestedHundreds arrested Malcolm X opposed Malcolm X opposed

use of childrenuse of children

The Reaction of the Kennedy’sThe Reaction of the Kennedy’s

R.F.KR.F.K Attorney General Attorney General Helped give police Helped give police

protection to Freedom protection to Freedom RidersRiders

Praised desegregation of Praised desegregation of collegescolleges

Sent marshals to protect Sent marshals to protect MeredithMeredith

J.F.KJ.F.K Called out troops Called out troops

during James Meredith during James Meredith riotsriots

Met with M.L.K. August Met with M.L.K. August 19631963

Sent troops to Sent troops to BirminghamBirmingham

Birmingham Church BombingBirmingham Church Bombing Sept. 15, 1963: Sunday Sept. 15, 1963: Sunday

morning bomb thrown morning bomb thrown into basement Baptist into basement Baptist ChurchChurch

Tension over Tension over registering to voteregistering to vote

Killed four girlsKilled four girls Done by KKKDone by KKK Turning point-seen on Turning point-seen on

color tv in Northcolor tv in North Not until 2000-two out Not until 2000-two out

of four men serve of four men serve sentencessentences

Laws that Changed Civil Rights Laws that Changed Civil Rights HistoryHistory

Civil Rights Act 1964Civil Rights Act 1964: :

-Signed by President -Signed by President Lyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. Johnson

-Made Jim Crow laws -Made Jim Crow laws illegalillegal

-Can not discriminate in -Can not discriminate in public places, public places, desegregated schools, desegregated schools, can not discriminate in can not discriminate in jobs, etc.jobs, etc.

***Turning Point in the ***Turning Point in the Civil Rights MovementCivil Rights Movement

VotingVoting Voter Education Voter Education

Project Project (VEP)(VEP) 1962-CORE, SNCC1962-CORE, SNCC Helped encourage Helped encourage

African Americans to African Americans to register to voteregister to vote

Freedom SummerFreedom Summer: : college students college students mainly from Ohio go mainly from Ohio go to Mississippi to help to Mississippi to help register voters and register voters and teach summer school -teach summer school -reading/math/historyreading/math/history

Andrew Goodman, James Chaney, Mike Schwerner

Selma MarchesSelma Marches First on March 7, First on March 7,

1965 also known as 1965 also known as “Bloody Sunday” “Bloody Sunday”

Second on March 9Second on March 9thth

The third started on The third started on March 23 made it 54 March 23 made it 54 milesmiles

Fighting for voting Fighting for voting rightsrights

Laws that Changed Civil Rights Laws that Changed Civil Rights HistoryHistory

2424thth Amendment Amendment 19621962: made poll taxes : made poll taxes illegalillegal

Voting Rights Act Voting Rights Act 19651965: made poll tax and : made poll tax and literacy tests illegal & literacy tests illegal & stated can not stated can not discriminate against discriminate against race when votingrace when voting

-Only federal employees -Only federal employees can register people to can register people to vote not community vote not community membersmembers

Black PanthersBlack Panthers

A movement that A movement that came from the SNCC came from the SNCC when Stokely when Stokely Carmichael Carmichael separated from the separated from the group in late 1960sgroup in late 1960s

Believed Believed nonviolence not nonviolence not working and became working and became a militant group a militant group mainly against mainly against police brutalitypolice brutality

Loving vs. Virginia 1967Loving vs. Virginia 1967 Mildred and Richard Loving Mildred and Richard Loving

went to D.C. to marry since it went to D.C. to marry since it was illegal in Virginiawas illegal in Virginia

Cops raided home and Cops raided home and arrested them arrested them

Overthrew Racial Integrity Act Overthrew Racial Integrity Act 19241924

Made restricts on interracial Made restricts on interracial marriage illegalmarriage illegal

How many of you can now How many of you can now exist?exist?

Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall

Howard University Law School 1933Howard University Law School 1933 Chief Counsel NAACPChief Counsel NAACP Lawyer Brown Family Brown vs. Board EducationLawyer Brown Family Brown vs. Board Education 1967 LBJ appointed him 11967 LBJ appointed him 1stst African American Supreme African American Supreme

Court JusticeCourt Justice Died 1993Died 1993

Martin Luther KingMartin Luther King

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April 4, 1968 Killed by James Earl Ray

on balcony hotel

Black Power SaluteBlack Power Salute

1968 Mexico City 1968 Mexico City OlympicsOlympics

John Carlos and John Carlos and Tommie Smith do Tommie Smith do the Power to the the Power to the People SalutePeople Salute

Stripped of medals Stripped of medals only recently only recently returnedreturned

Laws that Changed Civil Rights Laws that Changed Civil Rights MovementMovement

Civil Rights Act Civil Rights Act 19681968: Banned : Banned discrimination in discrimination in housinghousing