The Civil Law final.doc

8/10/2019 The Civil Law final.doc

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ID: K0743140 CIVIL PROCEDURE MODULE CODE (LLM010)

The Civil LawPart 1In this case of !anche "ho "as #noc#e$ $o"n %& a ca' that "as %ein 'e e'se$ at ahi h s*ee$ in the *a'#in %a& that sit+ate$ o+tsi$e the $e*a't,ent sto'e- acco'$in tothe conte,*o'a'& !a" "e fin$ that the'e is the a**!ication of the !a" of to't "he'e%& a

to't is +s+a!!& $efine$ as an act "hich ca+ses ha', to a $ete',inate *e'son- "hethe' intentiona!!& o' not. asica!!& a to't is 'e a'$e$ as a ci i! "'on that $oes not $e*en$on cont'acts- an$ its 'e,e$& is no',a!!& +n!i/+i$ate$ $a,a es "hich a'e +s+a!!&i,*ose$ %& the co+'t- the'efo'e it co,es +n$e' the !a" of to't. 1 Un$e' the !a" of to't"e see that $+ties a'e i,*ose$ %& !a" s+ch as "e sho+!$ not %e ne !i ent of othe's-the'efo'e this $+t& is o"e$ to the co,,+nit& as a "ho!e. In this t&*e of !a" thei' ,+st

%e an inf'in e,ent on the ci i! 'i ht of an in$i i$+a!- th'o+ h "hich the "'on $oe' has to co,*ensate the in +'e$ *a't& in the co,,+nit&- this in +'e$ *a't& is the'efo'es+**ose$ to o%tain his co,*ensation %& ta#in the action th'o+ h "hich his !e a!'i hts a'e io!ate$. his to't ca''ies a n+,%e' of e!e,ents "hich ,+st conc+'- onesho+!$ the'efo'e *'o e that the'e "as so,e "'on f+! acts o' o,ission %& the$efen$ant- !e a! $a,a e to the *!aintiff "he'e%& so,e of his !e a! 'i hts is io!ate$-the "'on f+! act ,+st %e of s+ch a nat+'e as to i e 'ise to a !e a! 'e,e$& in the fo',of an action fo' $a,a es 2

o in this case of !anche an$ !%e't- the'e e5iste$ ne !i ence as *a't of the !a" of to't- ne !i ence is no',a!!& $efine$ as the %'each of a $+t& ca+se$ %& an o,ission to$o so,ethin "hich a 'ea!istic ,an "o+!$ $o o' "o+!$ not $o- si,*!& it ,eans thene !ect of the +se of o'$ina'& ca'e an$ s#i!!s %& "hich the *!aintiff s+ffe's an in +'&.In this case "e fin$ that !%e't "as +n$e' an o%!i ation to ens+'e that he 'e e'ses hisca' "ith a 'eat ca'e since the *a'#in %a& "as +st !ocate$ nea' %+siness sto'es-"hich in$icates that the'e "e'e a n+,%e' of *eo*!e ,o in a'o+n$ the sto'es- th+s$'i e's in the %a& "e'e e5*ecte$ to $'i e "ith ca'e !ess the& hit an in$i i$+a!. oc!ai, an action in this !a" the *!aintiff ,+st the'efo'e *'o e that the $efen$ant o"e$hi, a $+t& of ca'e- that the'e has %een a %'each of the !e a! $+t& an$ a!so he has to

*'o e that he has s+ffe'e$ an in +'& eithe' to his *e'son o' to his *'o*e't&- "itho+t theth'ee *oints- the *!aintiff is not entit!e$ to s+ccee$ in his action. he'efo'e in this case

%et"een !%e't an$ !anche "e fin$ that a'io+s e!e,ents of the to't of ne !i ence"e'e *'actice$ these inc!+$e:

Duty of Care

In this case "e see that !%e't %& his 'e e'sin at a hi h s*ee$ too# no $+t& of ens+'in safet& %& $'i in at a !o"e' s*ee$ an$ th'o+ h his ne !i ence "e fin$ that he#noc#e$ !anche "hose #nee "as in +'e$- the'efo'e acco'$in to the !a" if on!&

!%e't too# the $+t& of ens+'in the safet& of the *e$est'ians "a!#in a'o+n$ the *a'#in %a& then s+ch in +'ies co+!$ not ha e ha**ene$. In this an in$i i$+a! o' the$efen$ant s+ccee$s in *'o in that he has not %een ne !i ent o' offe's a 'easona%!ee5*!anation of ho" the acci$ent co+!$ ha e ha**ene$ "itho+t his ne !i ence. his'+!e *'o i$es th'ee con$itions that sho+!$ %e a$he'e$ to- the fi'st one is that the'e ,+st

%e a 'easona%!e e i$ence of ne !i ence on the *a't of the $efen$ant- secon$!& that theo*e'ation is +n$e' the cont'o! of the $efen$ant "hen the acci$ent too# *!ace an$ !ast!&

1 6o"a'th- e5t %oo# on o't ( +tte'"o'ths- Lon$on 1 8) 282 . 9e't - an$ R. Mi!!e'- ;+n$a,enta!s of +siness La" ( 3 '$ E$ition- Mac,i!!an P+%!ishe'- 2004) 34

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that the acci$ent is s+ch as in the o'$ina'& co+'se of thin s $oes not ha**en if those"ho ha e the $+t& *'o*e'!& +se it. 3

Contributory Negligence

s the case contin+es "e fin$ that !anche ac#no"!e$ es that she "as the one "ho"as he!*in !%e't 'e e'se into the *a'#in s*ace- afte' "hich he' attention "as$ist'acte$ %& the sa!e $is*!a& in the sto'e an$ that she "as not *a&in a f+!! attentionto !%e't "ho "as 'e e'sin his ca'. 6e'e "e fin$ that the'e "as a cont'i%+to'&ne !i ence. 4 Cont'i%+to'& ne !i ence $oes not ,ean that the *a't& "i!! %e tota!!&$isentit!e$ f'o, co,*ensation- e en if the othe' *a't& s+ccee$s in *'o in it- "i!!affect the a,o+nt of $a,a es %& a**'o5i,ate!& 20'a&= as a 'es+!t !anche s+ffe'e$ *ain- $e*'ession- s!ee*!ess ni hts. ?e see thatthe $octo' "ho "as in atten$ance $i$ not ca''& o+t the stan$a'$ of ca'e. Un$e' the!a"- a stan$a'$ of ca'e is +se$ to $ete',ine "hethe' a *e'son has %een ne !i ent o' not- the'efo'e it is e5*ecte$ of a *e'son "ho has ac/+i'e$ the s#i!!s to $o the act "hichhe +n$e'ta#es- so if a *e'son has +n$e'ta#en a $+t& "hich 'e/+i'es e5t'a>o'$ina'& ca'eo' s#i!!s- he is %o+n$ to +se 'eat ca'e in o'$e' to a oi$ the fo'eseea%!e ha', to a

*e'son o' *'o*e'ties. ;o' e5a,*!e if an in$i i$+a! ho!$s hi,se!f o+t as %ein s*ecia!!&co,*etent o' /+a!ifie$ the'efo'e he is +n$e' $+t& to sho" the ca'e an$ s#i!!s +s+a!!&fo+n$ in the ca'ee'. In this case !anche e5*ecte$ to 'ecei e %ette' t'eat,ent f'o, the/+a!ifie$ $octo'- %+t he en$e$ +* $ia nosin that she ha$ a %'+ise$ #nee an$ a e he' as*i'in "hich "e'e ,eant to 'e!ief he' *ains %+t on the fo!!o"in $a& it "as fo+n$ thatthe *ain "as se e'e an$ Mi#e he' son $eci$e$ to ta#e he' to a $iffe'ent $octo' "hoe5a,ine$ the 5>'a& that "as $one %& the *'e io+s $octo' an$ conc!+$e$ that she ha$ ashatte'e$ #nee an$ that she nee$e$ an i,,e$iate s+' e'&. In this case "e fin$ that the

*'e io+s $octo' a e the, the "'on $ia nosis an$ a!so "'on $'+ s that *'o e$ to %e ineffecti e that !anche@s sit+ation "o'sene$. cco'$in to the conte,*o'a'& !a"she has a 'i ht to ta#e action a ainst the $octo' "ho is !ia%!e fo' not ca''&in o+t hisstan$a'$ of ca'e. A

Who shall be the defendant in Medical negligence case?

Un$e' the !a" Mi#e "i!! act+a!!& ta#e an action a ainst the hos*ita! %& a**!&in the'+!e of ica'io+s !ia%i!it& "hich is $efine$ as the !ia%i!it& of one *e'son fo' the to'tsco,,itte$ %& anothe' *e'son. he "'on $oe' is of co+'se !ia%!e to the in +'e$ *e'son

3 Ro e's- ?infie!$ B 9o!o"ic on o't (1A th e$n "eet B Ma5"e!!- Lon$on 2002) 1034

I%i$ 208 6o"a'th- e5t %oo# on o't ( +tte'"o'ths- Lon$on 1 8) A84A I%i$

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%+t anothe' *e'son ,a& %e oint!& !ia%!e "ith hi, to co,*ensate the in +'e$ *a't&. 7

he !a" a!so states that "he'e the in +'e$ *a't& chooses to s+e one of the to'tfeaso's-he s+%se/+ent!& *'e ente$ f'o, s+in the othe' e en if his c!ai, fo' $a,a es is notsatisfie$. o it is a$ isa%!e fo' the in +'e$ *a't& to s+e the to'tfeaso's oint!&- the'efo'ein this case "e fin$ that Mi#e can s+e the $octo' an$ the hos*ita! oint!&. 6e ,a&

the'efo'e a**!& the conce*t of ica'io+s !ia%i!it& "hich is fo+n$e$ on the '+!e of co,,on sense as e,*!o&ees a'e +s+a!!& *eo*!e of ,ea 'e ,eans an$ it is the'efo'e-on!& fai' that the in +'e$ *e'son is a!!o"e$ to 'eco e' $a,a es f'o, the e,*!o&e'.

h+s "he'e the'e is a 'e!ationshi* of ,aste' an$ se' ant- the fo',e' is a!"a&s !ia%!efo' the to'ts co,,itte$ %& the !atte' in the co+'se an$ sco*e of his $+ties. he ,aste' o' the e,*!o&e' can c!ai, co,*ensation f'o, the ne !i ent e,*!o&ee.

he enco+'a in *oint in this case is that the hos*ita! has a*o!o ise$ fo' thene !i ence co,,itte$ %& its $octo' an$ it "i!! not %e 'ea!!& $iffic+!t to *'o e it %+t atthe sa,e ti,e if the a*o!o & %& the hos*ita! is ta#en in an o*ti,istic o' ,o'a! sensethen it "ea#ens the 'o+n$s fo' s+it. efo'e s+in the hos*ita! it sho+!$ a!so %econsi$e'e$ that the'e is !i#e!ihoo$ of a**ointin an e5*e't to $ete',ine the affect of ,is$ia noses on !anche "he'e she $oes not t'+st on an& one e5ce*t he' P.

**oint,ent of e5*e't an$ 'e/+i'e,ents "o+!$ a!so inc+' hea & costs "he'eas on theothe' han$ it cannot %e fi',!& sai$ that co+'t "i!! ta#e the ,is$ia noses an$ $e!a& fo' entit!e,ent of han$so,e a,o+nt of $a,a es "hich co+!$ e5cee$ the costs. 6o"e e' if the s+it is %'o+ ht then Mi#e can s+e the hos*ita!- ince the !a" *'o i$es that a,aste' is !ia%!e fo' e e'& "'on f+! act of the se' ant if co,,itte$ in the co+'se of e,*!o&,ent e en "itho+t an& e5*'ess a**'o a! %& hi,. It is the'efo'e i,,ate'ia! thatthe a!!e e$ act "as not $one fo' the %enefit of the ,aste' .10

Pre action protocol

fte' Lo'$ ?oo!f@s 'eco,,en$ations- 11 the Ci i! P'oce$+'e i es *'e>action *'otoco!sfo' *e'sona! in +'& an$ c!inica! ne !i ence cases. he ai, "as to %+i!$ on an$inc'ease the %enefits of ea'!& %+t "e!! info',e$ sett!e,ent "hich en+ine!& satisf&

%oth *a'ties to $is*+teF. he '+!es 'e/+i'e that the 'e!e ant *'otoco!s a'e +se$ *'io' to!e a! *'ocee$in s %ein co,,ence$. Cost *ena!ties "i!! a**!& "he'e the *'e>action

*'otoco!s ha e not %een co,*!ie$ "ith. 12 In *e'sona! in +'& the c!ai, "i!! st'ai hta"a& %e s+% ect to the *e'sona! in +'& *'e>action *'otoco! (PIP P). he PIP P is

*'i,a'i!& $esi ne$ fo' fast t'ac# cases "ith a a!+e of !ess than G18-000. P'e>action *'otoco!s set o+t a'io+s ste*s that sho+!$ %e ta#en %& *a'ties %efo'e *'ocee$in s a'e

co,,ence$. he cent'a! ai, of the *'e>action *'otoco!s is to i$entif& iss+es an$e i$ence at an ea'!& sta e so as to enco+'a e sett!e,ent "itho+t the nee$ to iss+e *'ocee$in s at a!!. 13 E en "he'e sett!e,ent cannot %e 'eache$ the *a'ties sho+!$ %e ina %ette' *osition to $ea! at t'ia! "ith the iss+es i$entifie$.

7 6o"a'th- e5t%oo# on o't ( +tte'"o'ths- Lon$on 1 8) A32 6. 9+$ e i'$- E5*e'ts > the sha*e of thin s to co,e (HL9: 1 ) 7 I%i$

10 . E,an+e!- ;+n$a,enta! of %+siness La"- 4 th E$ition- E$+cationa! P+%!ishe'- 2004- *. 23>A711

Lo'$ ?oo!f ccess to 9+stice@ fina! Re*o't 9+!& 1 A12 CPR *a't 44139+st C!ai, www.justclaim.co.uk/index.php?page=cp2_4 - 5k accessed 28 th Ma ch 2!!8

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he c!ai,ant "i!! sen$ to the $efen$ant t"o co*ies of a !ette' of c!ai,- as#in hi,a%o+t the acci$ent an$ if he ac#no"!e$ es it. he c!ai,ant "i!! a!so te!! the $efen$anta%o+t the in +'ies s+staine$ an$ !oss s+ffe'e$. he na,e an$ a$$'ess of the hos*ita!"he'e t'eat,ent has %een o%taine$ an$ the c!ai,antJs hos*ita! 'efe'ence n+,%e'. Oneco*& of the !ette' is fo' the $efen$ant- the secon$ fo' *assin on to his ins+'e's. he

*e'io$ of 21 $a&s is i en to ac#no"!e$ e the !ette' of c!ai,. fte' ac#no"!e$ ,ent$efen$ant has ,a5i,+, th'ee ,onths f'o, the $ate of !ette' of c!ai, an$ he ,+stha e to 'e*!a& %efo'e the *e'io$- statin "hethe' !ia%i!it& is $enie$ o' not. 14

If he a$,its his !ia%i!it&- then it is *'es+,e$ that this a$,ission "i!! %in$ the$efen$ant fo' a!! c!ai,s +* to a!+e of G18-000. he $efen$ant has to i e 'easons fo' the $enia! if he $oes not a$,it the !ia%i!it&. 18 Un$e' the *'e action *'otoco!s the Pa'ties,a& 'e/+i'e an e5*e't to $ete',ine an& iss+e 'e!ate$ to the $is*+te. In the ,a o'it& of cases the Co+'t *'es+,es that a sin !e e5*e't "i!! %e s+fficient. he *a'ties ha e toeithe' a 'ee +*on this in$i i$+a!- o' ha e one i,*ose$ +*on the, %& the Co+'t. hec!ai,ant "i!!- s+% ect to the Co+'t@s o'$e'- %e 'e/+i'e$ to *a& the e5*e't. ?he'e ,o'ethan one e5*e't is *e',itte$- the e5*e'ts a'e 'e/+i'e$ to !i,it the sco*e of thei' e i$ence an$ ha e to c!ea'!& $e!i,it the ,atte's +*on "hich the& a 'ee an$ $isa 'ee.

Case Manage ent

fte' the ci i! *'oce$+'e 'efo',s the Ci i! *'oce$+'e no" *'o i$es fo' the case,ana e,ent- "hich e,%o$ies $iffe'ent t'ac#s fo' c!ai,s of $iffe'ent a!+e 1A. ,a!!c!ai,s t'ac# a**!ies to c!ai,s +* to G8-000 in a!+e (G1-000 in cases in o! in

*e'sona! in +'& o' ce'tain ho+sin $is'e*ai' c!ai,s). !!ocation to this t'ac# is nota+to,atic %+t s+% ect to the co+'t@s consi$e'ation of the state,ents of case s+%,itte$

%& the *a'ties. ;ast 'ac# a**!ies to c!ai,s a!+e$ %et"een G8-000 an$ G18-000. ?hena!!ocatin c!ai,s to the ;ast 'ac#- the co+'t "i!! i e case ,ana e,ent $i'ections tothe *a'ties an$ ,a& set a st'ict ti,eta%!e an$ fi5e$ cost !i,its. he t'ia! $ate (one $a&),a& %e fi5e$ at this sta e an$ "i!! no',a!!& %e "ithin 30 "ee#s. M+!ti 'ac# a**!iesto c!ai,s a!+e$ in e5cess of G18-000 to G80-000 .17

Pe'sona! in +'& c!ai,s of $a,a es a'e $i i$e$ into t"o cate o'ies- ene'a! an$s*ecia!. In +'ies ca+se$ to %o$& a'e ene'a! $a,a es as in this case !anche@s #nee"as shatte'e$ an$ she s+ffe'e$ "ith *ain an$ incon enience $+e to in +'&. U!ti,ateecono,ic !osses %& the 'es+!t of in +'ies a'e s*ecia! $a,a es. he a,o+nt of $a,a esa"a'$e$ %& the co+'ts in si,i!a' cases a'ies f'o, fi e tho+san$ to se enteentho+san$ *o+n$s. 1 In Bice v Birmingham motor tyres 19 co+'t a"a'$e$ G17-800 fo'

ene'a! $a,a es of #nee in +'&- "hi!e in Watson v Hillingdon20

co+'t a"a'$e$ G 000fo' ene'a! $a,a es of #nee in +'&. ?e sho+!$ c!ai, G14-780 as ene'a! $a,a es. If the a!+e of c!ai, in o+' case is G14780 then it "i!! o to fast t'ac#.

Conclusion14 P'e action *'otoco! fo' *e'sona! in +'& cases18 I%i$1A CPR *a't 317 I. 'ain e'- M. ;ea!& B M. *ence'- he Ci i! *'oce$+'e '+!es in action (2 n$ e$n Ca en$ish

*+%!ishe's- Lon$on 2000) 311 Da i$ . Mc!. Ke,* (e$)- Ke,* B Ke,*: he +ant+, of $a,a es- 1 A- o!+,e 3- "eet an$

Ma5"e!! Lon$on.1 2008 C.L.N. 320A20 2008 C.L.N. 3207

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cco'$in to the st+$& the case a ainst !%e't is a st'on case fo' co,*ensation-ho"e e' in the othe' case of ,e$ica! ne !i ence the'e can %e no fi', o*inion %eca+seso,e of its as*ects a'e "ea# fo' e5a,*!e $e!a& is not too !on an$ c!ai,s a ainsthos*ita!s fo' +nintentiona! ne !i ence a'e not 'ea!!& "e!co,e$. he co+'t ,a& fin$ the

case in cont'a$iction "ith o e''i$in o% ecti es- "hich asse't that the co+'ts as "e!! asthe *a'ties sho+!$ sa e ti,e an$ a!so costs of !iti ation. 21 !anche has sho"e$ theintention that he' son sho+!$ s+e on he' %eha!f. Un$e' the Ci i! P'oce$+'e she has the'i ht to $o it 22 an$ it "i!! %e con enient fo' he' as she can ha'$!& "a!# an$ ,enta!!&$e*'esse$.

?o'$ Co+nt:22AA

i%!io 'a*h&

21 CPR *a't 122 CPR '+!e 21- as she is ,enta!!& $e*'esse$ an$ he' P has confi',e$ it.

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oo#s

. 9e't - an$ R. Mi!!e'- ;+n$a,enta!s of +siness La" (3 '$ E$ition- Mac,i!!anP+%!ishe'- 2004)

Da i$ . Mc!. Ke,* (e$)- Ke,* B Ke,*: he +ant+, of $a,a es- 1 A- o!+,e3- "eet an$ Ma5"e!! Lon$on.

6o"a'th- e5t %oo# on o't ( +tte'"o'ths- Lon$on 1 8)

Ian 'ain e' B Michae! ;ea!& "ith Ma'tin *ence'- he Ci i! *'oce$+'e '+!es inaction (2 n$ e$n Ca en$ish *+%!ishe's- Lon$on 2000)

Ro e's- ?infie!$ B 9o!o"ic on o't (1A th e$n "eet B Ma5"e!!- Lon$on 2002)

. E,an+e!- ;+n$a,enta! of %+siness La"- 4 th E$ition- E$+cationa! P+%!ishe'- 2004-

6. 9+$ e i'$- E5*e'ts > the sha*e of thin s to co,e (HL9: 1 )

Lo'$ ?oo!f ccess to 9+stice@ fina! Re*o't 9+!& 1 A

""". +stc!ai,.co.+#

Cases

ice i',in ha, ,oto' t&'es 2008 C.L.N. 320A

?atson 6i!!in $on 2008 C.L.N. 3207

Part !

A
http://www.justclaim.co.uk/http://www.justclaim.co.uk/


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Man& in$i i$+a!s $esi'e the e5ec+tion of thei' $is*+tes to %e han$!e$ %& *'ofessiona!!a"&e's. It is the'efo'e i,*o'tant fo' in$i i$+a!s to cons+!t "ith thei' !a"&e's in o'$e' to $ete',ine the act+a! costs 'e/+i'e$ in the cases the& a'e in o! e$. he'e is ana' +,ent that those !a"&e's "ho o fo' !o"e' !iti ation costs $o+%t thei' o%s an$,a& not !i e +* to thei' e5*ectations "ith 'e a'$s to $efen$in the *!aintiff to his he'

satisfacto'&.

i,e is ,one&- is a co,,on sa&in that has *'o e$ that !a"&e's a'e ,o'e conce'ne$in thei' o"n inte'ests 'athe' than the *e'son "ho has e,*!o&e$ the, to act on thei'

%eha!f. he'efo'e "hen a *e'son i$entifies a !a"&e' an$ he she a 'ees to act as a 'ee$+*on- $i e' ence no" "i!! shift i,,e$iate!& to ho+'!& cha' es- e,e' enc& cha' esan$ othe' costs a,on . La"&e's in fact "i!! t'& to fin$ o+t if the *e'son "ho is his

*'inci*a! is act+a!!& a%!e to ,eet his *e'sona! inte'ests in te',s of !iti ation costs.!so it sho+!$ %e note$ that the ,o'e ti,e the case ta#es to %e conc!+$e$ "i!!

+!ti,ate!& $ete',ine the !iti ation costs an$ th+s *'inci*a!s "i!! ha e to $i ,o'einsi$e thei' *oc#ets to co e' the e5t'a costs. 23

Us+a!!& the $efences an$ c!ai,s *+t fo'"a'$ in the co+'t of !a" ha e an i,*act in an&$o+%tf+! case since the t"o +!ti,ate!& esta%!ishes the cost of fi!in s+it. Resea'chin$icates that !a"&e's of !ate ha e %een ,a#in a !ot of ,one& th'o+ h e5a e'atinthe cost of !iti ation in a'"a' !a, 24 it "as he!$ that so!icito's not 'e/+i'e toen a e in an e5*ensi e t'eas+'e h+nt@ %+t sho+!$ no',a!!& in ite c!ients to %'in thefi'st inte' ie" an& 'e!e ant ho+se ho!$ 'oa$ t'affic ins+'ance *o!ic& to asce'tain"hethe' the'e is an& a ai!a%!e fo', of E ins+'ance. Ho',a!!& !a"&e's $e,an$,o'e !iti ation costs "hen the cases the& a'e han$!in a'e consi$e'e$ to %ec+,%e'so,e an$ !a' e to ce'tain e5tent in so,e othe' cases. he ,atte's %'o+ ht tothe co+'t of !a" "hich a'e consi$e'e$ $is*+te$ a!so $ete',ines the necessa'&info',ation 'e/+i'e$ to han$!e s+ch cases an$ th+s in the *'ocess $e,an$s 'e!ati e!iti ation costs. P'e>action *'otoco!s +s+a!!& fo', the inne',ost *a't of 'e +!ations'e a'$in ci i! *'oce$+'es in a co+'t of !a" since it fo',s the %asis of +i$e!ines to %efo!!o"e$ *a'tic+!a'!& "hen the a 'ie e$ *a'ties a 'ee to $ete',ine his case %& +se of !iti ation.

he ,ain o% ecti e of s+ch *'e>action *'otoco!s is +s+a!!& to t'& an$ a oi$+nnecessa'& costs $+'in the $ete',inin of an& cases in the co+'t of !a". 28 he'efo'eit "i!! %e +*on the co+'t of !a" to e5a,ine confo',it& o' non>confo',it& "ith

*e'tinent *'otoco! es*ecia!!& "hi!e i in o+t *'ocee$in s *ath th+s $ete',inin the

s+ita%!e costs of the s+it. It sho+!$ %e note$ that in a!! $is*+tes o' cases costs in o! e$ *a'tic+!a'!& in the sta e of *'e>action *'otoco! o+ ht to %e in *'o*o'tion to theint'icac& of the case as "e!! as %e *'o*o'tionate to the a ai!a%!e f+n$s $ete',ine$ %&the co+'t of !a" to %e at sta#e.

Con$itiona! fee a 'ee,ent is sai$ to %e an acco'$ in "hich a *'inci*a! an$ his !a"&e' conc+' to cont'i%+te to 'is# in o! e$ "ith 'e a'$s to !iti ation %& a 'eein to thee5tent on ho" ,+ch the !iti ation costs "i!! %e *ai$ afte' the o+tco,e of the case in

23 o'ie!& . P'e> ction P'otoco!s- 1 : Ret'ie e$ f'o,: """.$ca. o .+# accesse$ on 17 th ,a'ch20024

2000 E?C Ci 1401.28 I. 'ain e'- M. ;ea!& B M. *ence'- he Ci i! *'oce$+'e '+!es in action (2 n$ e$n Ca en$ish *+%!ishe's- Lon$on 2000) 141

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/+estion. ;o' e5a,*!e a c!ient can a 'ee "ith the !a"&e' that if the& !oose the casethen no ,one& "i!! %e *ai$ to the !a"&e'. 2A !so the& can conc+' to sha'e costs of !iti ations if the c!ient is $efeate$ in the case. Con$itiona! fee a 'ee,ents a'eacco,*anie$ %& s+ccess fees "hich a'e act+a!!& fees *ai$ in e5cess of no',a! costsinc+''e$ 27. he'efo'e- !anche in the a%o e case sho+!$ $eci$e %asin on a!! the a%o e

facto's 'e!e ant to !iti ation costs in o'$e' to $ete',ine "hethe' to s+e the hos*ita!-$octo' an$ !%e't. +ch consi$e'ations "i!! he!* he' sa e +nnecessa'& costs in the

*'ocess of co+'t *'ocee$in s .2

In this case "e a!so fin$ that !iti ation f+n$in is enco+'a e$ "he'e%& "e fin$ that,ost of the atto'ne&s a 'ee that ,o'e cons+!tation sho+!$ %e consi$e'e$ an$ fo!!o"e$in the 'e +!ation of the f+n$in of this !iti ation. his iss+e has a!"a&s %eenconsi$e'e$ as o%!i in on the $ecisions of the hi h Co+'t. Un$e' this "e fin$ thatthe'e is the fo',ation of !iti ation f+n$in co,*anies "hich a'e a!"a&s 'e a'$e$ asentities "hich %ase$ on co,,e'cia! cont'acts conce'nin a n+,%e' of !iti ants. heseco,*anies a'e fo+n$ to %e *a&in fo' the cost the !iti ation *'ocess an$ a!so+n$e'ta#in the 'is#s conce'nin the fai!+'e of the *a'tic+!a' case +n$e' in esti ation

%+t in a sit+ation "he'e the case is fo+n$ to %e s+ccessf+! the& a!"a&s a'e i en the asha'e in the *'ocee$s "hich is a!"a&s a 'ee$ +*on %& the c!ient. o,e of this!iti ation f+n$in co,*anies a!"a&s *'actices this +n$e' the e5ce*tion of the stat+to'&fo' !i/+i$ation since the& in o! e the,se! es in the *+'s+ance of oi$a%!et'ansactions. 2

!tho+ h in ,an& cases "e fin$ that co,,on !a" has %een e5e'cisin the e5c!+sionof this !iti ation f+n$in an$ this has %een act+a!!& %een +stifie$ %& ,ost +$icia!s&ste,s that can not site the e5*!o'ato'& %+siness +n$e'ta#in s- an$ the ai, fo' this isto sto* the a%+se on the e5istin co+'t *'oce$+'es fo' *e'sona! ains. In ,an& cases"e fin$ that the +$icia! s&ste,s on!& a!!o". his f+n$in is on!& a!!o"e$ to ta#e

*!ace in the sett!e,ent of iss+es %et"een the *!aintiff an$ the f+n$e'- tho+ h the +'&'e a'$s this f+n$in to %e as e/+a! as a co,,on c'i,e co,,itte$.

his !iti ation f+n$in ca''ies a n+,%e' of a$ anta es "hich inc!+$e the *e',issionof c'e$ito's to *+'s+e the to't feaso's once the case *'o es to %e i,*ossi%!e as a 'es+!tof !ac# of f+n$s. his f+n$in c+ts the th'eat fo' these c'e$ito's an$ the !iti ation

*'actitione' in +n$e'ta#in the *'ocess of !iti ation. It a!so *'o i$es an e/+a!'ec+*e'ation fo' the c'e$ito's. he othe' a$ anta e that this f+n$in ca''& is theassistance in the so! in of the inso! encies in ,o'e const'+cti e ,anne' th+s

enco+'a in the enfo'ce,ent of the co'*o'ations act th+s a!!o"in a n+,%e' of %'eachof cont'acts to han$!e$ an$ so! e$. Un$e' this "e fin$ that the f+n$in c'eates a ,a o' effect that is 'est'icte$ to"a'$s the $e e!o*,ent of the *'ece$ents a ainst thoseco'*o'ate $efen$ants that can *'o e to ha e no s+its a ainst the, as a 'es+!t f !ac# of f+n$in fo' the c'e$ito's. he !iti ation *'ocess is fo+n$ to %e ens+'in the access to

+stice fo' co,,en$a%!e c!ai,s that co+!$ ha e %een a%an$one$ this ,eans that in the

2A Pe'sona! In +'& La"e's www.accidentsdi ect.com accessed "# th Ma ch 2!!827 Ca!!e'& a'& 2001 1 ?LR 2112 C . it "as he!$ that 20< 'e*'esents the a**'o*'iate C;s+ccess fee +*!ift in si,*!e 'oa$ t'affic c!ai,s.2 L. I' ine- Ci i! P'ocee$in s R+!es (CPR)- 1 Ret'ie e$ f'o,: """.$ca. o .+# accesse$ on 17 th

,a'ch 2002 M. 6e,s"o'th- he ne" *'e>action *'otoco! fo' *e'sona! in +'& c!ai,s>2- HL9: 1 - *. 48
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case "he'e "e ,a& fin$ that the *!aintiff is o%!i ate$ to c!ai, fo' his o' he' co,*ensation %+t %eca+se of !ac# of f+n$s she o' he can not o ahea$ an$ c!ai, fo' the $a,a es since the cha' es fo' in esti ation an$ fin$in e i$ence fo' that state$case a'e state$ to %e too hi h fo' hi, to affo'$ an$ th'o+ h the !iti ation f+n$in this,a& ease his "a& of ettin +stice $one to hi, "he'e%& he can ain his $a,a es an$

*a& fo' the !iti ation *'actitione's. his a!so in$icates that the *!aintiff can %e *+t in a *osition of c!ai,in fo' his 'i hts %& +n$e'ta#in an action a ainst the $efen$ant "ho,a& %e *'ono+nce$ to %e "ea!th& an$ e en those "ho a'e ins+'e$. 30

he othe' $isa$ anta e is that of !ac# of eno+ h *'otection %& these !iti ation f+n$e'sto the e5istin cons+,e's- these *'otections ,a& inc!+$e that of t'a$e *'actices an$the fai' t'a$in !a"s "hich a'e a!"a&s ,eant to *'o i$e the *!aintiff "ith$e,onst'ati e 'e,e$ies that "i!! act+a!!& nee$ hi, to %e in a *osition of noticin the

*'o%!e, "ith the !iti ation f+n$in co,*an&@s con$+ct in o'$e' to *+'s+e a 'e,e$&. 31

?e a!so fin$ that the !a" *'o i$es that a n+,%e' of *'otections fo' the c!ient sho+!$ %e *'o i$e$ fo' the e5istence the 'e!ationshi* %et"een the so!icito' an$ the c!ient.Co+'t is fo+n$ to %e ho!$in that the nat+'e of the cont'act that e5ists %et"een thec!ai,ant an$ the Liti ation ;+n$in Co,*an& is of act+a!!& no inte'est to the$efen$ant.

!tho+ h it is 'e*o'te$ that the'e is +nce'taint& that *'e ai!s a'o+n$ the !a" fo' the!iti ation f+n$in "e fin$ that the'e is the e5istence of !ac# of +nifo',it& in ,an&!e a! instit+tions that a**!& the +se of these f+n$in "he'e%& ,an& of the $ecisionsa'e ,a$e not %asin on the *'otection of the cons+,e' not e en %& the *'o ision of the ins+'ance co e'in the !iti ation *'oce$+'es. his %'in s in the i$ea of thee5istence of the Liti ation f+n$in co,*anies that a'e state$ to %e of no *'ofit,a#in . ct+a!!& "e fin$ that these non>*'ofit ,a#in !iti ation co,*anies a'ea!"a&s foc+se$ to"a'$s *'otection of the c!ai,ants to"a'$s the !iti ation *'ocee$in sinc!+$in the f+n$in a''an e,ents. his act+a!!& $one %& ens+'in that the'e is thec'eation of a $i'ect 'e!ationshi* %et"een the c!ient an$ the !a"&e' th+s ens+'in thatthe !a"&e's o%!i ations to the c!ai,ant a'e f+!!& en a e$ th'o+ h the f+n$in

*'ocee$in s- this is the'efo'e fo+n$ to %e *'o,otin a tota! $isc!os+'e of the ,atte' %&the !a"&e' to the *!aintiff an$ th+s a!!o"in hi, to ,a#e ,o'e info',e$ $ecisiona%o+t the case *+ttin in ,in$ the con$+ct of the *'ocee$in s. his "i!! act+a!!&acco'$in to the !a" %'in in the i$ea of *'e entin ,ost of the c!ai,ant f'o, the+nnecessa'& !iti ation *'oce$+'es that a'e a!"a&s $one fo' the %enefit of the !iti antan$ th+s !o"e'in the cost of !iti ation th'o+ h ens+'in that the !iti ation

a''an e,ents a'e $one fo!!o"in the *+%!ic *o!ic& e5istin in the !e a! instit+tions.32

he co+'t is a!"a&s +n$e' an o%!i ation to ens+'e that this *'otection is a!"a&s $one %& fo!!o"in the c'ite'ia state$ %e!o": if the'e is the c'eation of the $i'ect 'etaine' an$a 'ee,ents to"a'$s the costs of !iti ation %et"een the *!aintiff an$ the so!icito': if the

*!aintiff "as +n$e' the 'i ht to choose the so!icito'= if the *!aintiff "as *+t +n$e' so,eso*histications= "hethe' the'e "as eno+ h $isc!os+'e of the f+n$e' to the *!aintiff="as the *!aintiff a%!e to ,a#e info',e$ $ecisions a%o+t the *'ocee$in s= is the'e an&

30 . ,ith an$ ai!e&- In$e*en$ent ?o'#in Pa't&- a' an$ La" ociet&- Ci i! 9+stice on 'ia! > heCase fo' Chan e- the 6ei!%'on Re*o't- Chs 2 an$ 4Chs 10- 11- an$ 14- 1 3- *. 7A>23431

I%i$32 ?. Lo'$- an$ . +c#e',an- ccess to 9+stice: P!+s ca chan e- 8 MLR 773 1 A- *. 24


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'easona%!e in$e*en$ent a$ ice to the *!aintiff= $i$ the so!icito' ha e eno+ h cont'o!o e' the case *'ocee$in s an$ a!so "hethe' the f+n$e' ha$ an& !ia%i!it& fo' thes+ccessf+! $efen$ants cost.

he'efo'e the !a" *'o i$es that fo' the *'ocee$in s to %e s+ccessf+! the'e sho+!$ %e a

fo!!o" +* fo' a**'oach +se$ in the fo',+!ation of the f+n$in a 'ee,ent "ith a !esseffect on the co+'t *'ocee$in s- this sho+!$ %'in in the in$ication of the feat+'es to %econsi$e'e$ "hi!e ,a#in s+ch a 'ee,ents an$ this ,a& inc!+$e= a notification of thec'ite'ia +se$ %& the co+'ts in the consi$e'ation of the !iti ation f+n$in a''an e,ent-a!so the 'e/+i'e,ent "hethe' the !e a! te',s 'e a'$in the !iti ation an$ it $isc!os+'ea'e a$he'e$ to. he othe' facto' that sho+!$ %e consi$e'e$ "hi!e ca''&in o+t the!iti ation *'ocess is that of inc'easin the t'ans*a'enc& "he'e%& a!! those in$i i$+a!s"ho a'e sai$ to %e !i/+i$ato's a'e ,an$ate$ to o%tain a co+'t a**'o a! fo' an&!iti ation f+n$in a 'ee,ents that is *+ttin in ,in$ that in a sit+ation "he'e thea 'ee,ent ca''ies o $+'ation of ,o'e than th'ee ,onths - this in$icates that an&!iti ation f+n$in cont'act that is si ne$ %& the !i/+i$ato's a'e a!! so! e$ %& theco+'ts- th+s it is *'o i$e$ that if the'e is an inc'e,ent in the t'ans*a'enc& conce'ninthe content of the te',s of the a 'ee,ent this "i!! a+to,atica!!& !ea$ to an inc'ease inthe co,*etition a,on the !e a! instit+tions an$ a!so the !iti ation f+n$in se' ices inthe !e a! ,a'#et th+s !ea$in to the 'e$+ction of the !iti ation costs fo' the c!ai,ant. 33

efo'e the e ent ins+'ance co e' is ta#en o+t %efo'e an&thin has ha**ene$. ?henso,ethin ha**ens to t'i e' the nee$ fo' !e a! action- it is #no"n as the e entJ. heins+'ance is *ai$ on an ann+a! %asis- %& *a&in a *'e,i+, to an ins+'ance co,*an&.It is +s+a!!& a ai!a%!e "ith an e5istin ins+'ance *o!ic& s+ch as ho+seho!$ ins+'ancean$ ca' ins+'ance an$ "i!! co e' an& +nins+'e$ !oss 'e!ate$ to 'oa$ t'affic acci$ents-,a& not nee$ to ente' into a con$itiona! fee a 'ee,ent- %+t it "o+!$ *a& costs on!& if the ins+'ance co,*an& thin#s that the'e is a oo$ chance of "innin . It "i!! not co e' an& costs an$ ,a& ha e to *a& if !ose. 34

fte' the e ent ins+'ance is on!& ta#en o+t once the e entJ has occ+''e$ to ins+'ea ainst the 'is# of !osin case. It is +s+a!!& +se$ %& *eo*!e "ho $o not ha e efo'e theE ent ins+'ance. fte' the e ent ins+'ance is *+'chase$ "hen a co+'se of !e a! actionhas %een $eci$e$ +*on. It is +s+a!!& *ai$ as a sin !e *'e,i+,. his ins+'ance is oftenoffe'e$ %& so!icito's an$ c!ai, ,ana e,ent co,*anies. If !ose the c!ai, the ins+'anceco,*an& "i!! *a& o**onentJs !e a! costs an$ e5*enses. If "in it sho+!$ %e *ossi%!e to

et %ac# ,ost of *'e,i+, an$ !e a! costs f'o, the !osin si$e. P'e,i+,s fo' efo'e

the E ent ins+'ance a'e not 'eco e'a%!e.38

?e a!so fin$ that +n$e' !iti ation the !a"&e's a'e *'o i$e$ "ith in$e*en$ence f'o,the !iti ation f+n$in co,*anies "he'e%& "e fin$ that th'o+ h this the !iti ationf+n$in fi', is ena%!e$ to et so,e !e a! fees inc!+$in the %enefit acc'+e$ f'o, theca*acit& of the f+n$e's %a' ainin *o"e's o e' the 'e,ainin *'i e- since ,ost of theti,es the so!icito' has a 'i ht to %e *ai$ a s+ccess fees f'o, the f+n$in of the

*'ocee$in s- th+s as f+n$e's the& a!so %ea' the 'is# of not %enefitin f'o, the!iti ation *'ocess once the o+tco,e of the case is fo+n$ to %e not of a s+ccess sincethe& ha e to *a& the so!icito' i''es*ecti e of the o+tco,e of the case.

33

. 9e't - an$ R. Mi!!e'- ;+n$a,enta!s of +siness La"- 3'$

E$ition- Mac,i!!an P+%!ishe'- 2004- *. 3434 htt*: """.$ca. o .+# confeea ' fa/s.ht,38I%i$

10


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?e a!so fin$ that the co+'ts *'o i$e that the cost of !iti ation sho+!$ not %e *'o*o'tionate to the $a,a es ca+se$ to the co,*!ainant a!tho+ h ,an& a' +e that it isin 'a'e cases that "e fin$ that the fee i en to the !a"&e' o' the atto'ne& s+'*asses theco,*ensation fo' the $a,a es ca+se$. In s*ite of a!! the !iti ation f+n$in s cost "i!!

'e,ain a c'+cia! iss+e %eca+se e e'& case is not fo' co,*ensation an$ e en in cases of co,*ensation= $a,a es a'e a"a'$e$ to one *a't& an$ fo' the othe' *a't& %+'$en of costs is c'+cia!!& i,*o'tant.

?o'$ Co+nt: 2383

i%!io 'a*h&

11


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M. 6e,s"o'th- he ne" *'e>action *'otoco! fo' *e'sona! in +'& c!ai,s>2- HL9: 1 -

. 9e't - an$ R. Mi!!e'- ;+n$a,enta!s of +siness La"- 3 '$ E$ition- Mac,i!!anP+%!ishe'- 2004-

. ,ith an$ ai!e&- In$e*en$ent ?o'#in Pa't&- a' an$ La" ociet&- Ci i! 9+sticeon 'ia! > he Case fo' Chan e- the 6ei!%'on Re*o't-

. +c#e',an- Lord Woolfs Access to Justice: lus ca change - MLR (1 A)

o'ie!& . P'e> ction P'otoco!s- 1 : Ret'ie e$ f'o,: """.$ca. o .+#

L. I' ine- Ci i! P'ocee$in s R+!es (CPR)- 1 Ret'ie e$ f'o,: """.$ca. o .+#

htt*: """.$ca. o .+# confeea ' fa/s.ht,

a'"a' !a, 2000 E?C Ci 1401

Ca!!e'& a'& 2001 1 ?LR 2112 C

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