The Cite is Right
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Transcript of The Cite is Right
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The Cite is Right!
WHAT?
WHY?
WHEN?
HOW?
WHAT ?
What is a citation?Citation - abbreviated pointer to source used
• In the body of your text
• In-text citation
Allows reader to:
• know when you are stating an idea, fact or
some text that is not your own
• know whose idea, fact or text it is
• find full details of the source in your reference
list
In a recent study (Thomson, 2005) it was argued that income from tourism had risen. However, others suggest income from this sector had fallen over the same period (Smith & Jones, 2005).
In a recent study1 it was argued that income from tourism had risen. However, others suggest this sector income had fallen from over the same period2.
What is a reference?
In a recent study (Thomson, 2005) it was argued that income from tourism had risen. However, others suggest income from this sector had fallen over the same period (Smith & Jones, 2005).
In a recent study1 it was argued that income from tourism had risen. However, others suggest income from this sector had fallen over the same period2.
Reference – full details of sources used
At the end of your work (reference list)
End-text citation
Allows reader to :• see breadth & depth of reading• locate sources • verify if necessary
Reference list
Smith, A. & Jones, J.(2005) ‘Fluctuations in tourism – the economic impact’, Journal of Tourism 12 (1), pp. 23-36.
Thomson, M. (2005) ‘Tourism revenues: an economic perspective, International Journal of Tourism 43 (2), pp. 45-50.
1. Thomson, M. (2005) ‘Tourism revenues: an economic perspective, International Journal of Tourism 43 (2), pp. 45-50.
2. Smith, A. & Jones, J.( 2005) ‘Fluctuations in tourism – the economic impact’, Journal of Tourism 12 (1), pp. 23-36.
Example
What is a citation style?
Format of citations and references Numbers, author/date, brackets [ ] ( ), superscript, capitalisation, italics, underlining, etc.
Hundreds of different stylesAuthor/date e.g. Harvard (variations)Numeric e.g. Vancouver
Journal styles e.g. BMJ, RSC
Ask tutor which style to use
Must be consistent in use of style
What is a citation style?
Numeric(1) [1]1. Handelman G J, Levin NW. Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of mechanisms. Heart Failure Reviews 2008;13(4):393-404.
Author/date(Handelman and Levin, 2008)Handelman, G. J. & Levin, N. W. (2008) Iron and anemia in human biology: a reviewof mechanisms. Heart Failure Reviews, 13, 393-404.
British Medical Journal1
1. Handelman GJ, Levin NW. Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of mechanisms. Heart Failure Reviews 2008;13(4):393-404.
Reference list / bibliographyTerms often used interchangeably - a list of what you’ve read at the end of a piece of work
Reference listFull details of all documents cited (mentioned) in the text
BibliographyFull details of all documents cited (mentioned) in the text and/or Full details of other (background) reading - not cited
usually for larger pieces of work
Check with your School on terminology and what is required
WHY ?
Avoiding plagiarismWords/ideas, etc = intellectual property
Using someone else’s words or ideas and passing them off as your own from e.g.
• published material e.g. book• unpublished e.g. tutor’s notes / classmate’s work• material from a web page including images• buying ready-mades from the internet
By failing to acknowledge / attribute• cutting & pasting• paraphrasing• quoting
Detection: vocabulary, style, fluency, Turnitin
HWU Student Guide to Plagiarismhttp://www.hw.ac.uk/registry/resources/PlagiarismGuide.pdf
During the last decade, there has been a shift from "instructivist" approaches towards "constructivist" approaches in the field of instructional design.
Over the last ten years, there has been a marked change from "instructivist" points of view to "constructivist" points of view among instructional designers.
How to recognise plagiarism. [Online]. Available at: http://www.indiana.edu/~istd/example2paraphrasing.html (accessed 13 Oct 2008)
ryancr Flickr.com
Andy Butterton/PA
Jenkins, R. (2008) ‘TV psychiatrist Raj Persaud suspended for plagiarism. Raj Persaud brought profession into disrepute’ The Times, 21 June TimesOnline [Online]. Available at: http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article4179597.ece (Accessed: 14 October 2008)
Found guilty of plagiarism
Copying the work of other authors in a book and articles
“Chunks of prose, apparently written by Dr Persaud, were the work of other authors.” (Jenkins, 2008)
“He failed to attribute the so-called ‘stolen words’” (Jenkins, 2008)
General Medical Council hearing-
plagiarism dishonest
brought profession into disrepute
suspended from practising medicine for 3 months
“It was not my intention to pass off other people’s work as mine.” (Jenkins, 2008)
Academic writingRead widely - from appropriate sources - show your reading
Discuss other authors’ ideas - attribute them
“I accept that my use of the work of some authors lacked adequate acknowledgement.”
Raj Persaud (Jenkins, 2008)
Formulate your own response / conclusion
Use work of others to support your own opinions
Add weight to your discussion
Potential for better essays, dissertations, theses!
Jenkins, R. (2008) ‘TV psychiatrist Raj Persaud suspended for plagiarism. Raj Persaud brought profession into disrepute’ The Times, 21 June TimesOnline [Online]. Available at:http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article4179597.ece (Accessed: 14 October 2008)
WHEN ?
When not to cite
Common knowledge e.g. Gordon Brown is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
However, each subject will have its own common knowledge e.g. Mitochondria are found in cells If in doubt – ask your tutor
Your own ideas / thoughts / conclusionse.g. It could be argued that television is a key contributor to children’s
learning.
Jones (2006), for example, suggests that children absorb information more efficiently when presented in audio-visual form.
When not to cite
Your own opinion e.g.
I believe that television can play a positive role in children’s education. Baker (2006) presents convincing evidence that children’s recall is greater
for visually presented facts and these findings have been supported by Morton (2007).
• Don’t cite if you don’t need to! Try not to pepper your work with unnecessary citations in an effort to get extra marks.
• Never cite something you haven’t read.
When to cite
Ideas or words of others
Any idea, opinion or finding that isn’t your own • from print or web based sources• if cutting and pasting• even if rewording or paraphrasing
Quotes
Exact words taken from another source• print or web• published or unpublished (e.g. lecture notes)
When to citeStatistics
if not your own
e.g. In 2006, 20% of people in the UK lived below the poverty line.
Tables, graphs, images, radio programmes
Quiz Paul Robeson Library (n.d.) How to avoid plagiarism: An online tutorial [Online]. Available
at:http://library.camden.rutgers.edu/EducationalModule/Plagiarism/ (Accessed: 14 October 2008)
HOW ?
Reference Construction
• You’ll be using different sorts of material in your essays– books, book chapters, journal articles, web-pages,
newspaper articles…
• To cite and reference these sources correctly, you need to take note of specific details – often called bibliographic details
• Some types of information require you to take note of more details than others
Citation Style• How you format your in-text citations and reference
list/bibliography will depend on your chosen citation style
• Author date / numeric = two main types of style– Hundreds of different styles e.g.
• Harvard (author/date). Variations!• Vancouver (numeric)
• Citation style determines the -– order in which details are listed– format e.g. in UPPER CASE, italics or bold – punctuation e.g. where to use commas, semi-colons , full stops,
etc.
• Check with your School which style you should use
Referencing Terms
• The next few slides list the elements of information (bibliographic details) required to cite and reference different types of material correctly
• See the handout ‘Referencing Terms’ for a description
Book• Author name/s – surname and first name (or first name
initials)• Year of publication• Title of the book• Edition• Place of publication• Name of publisher
For e-books, all of the above , plus• eBook supplier• [online]• URL / web address• date accessed
Book (single author) - example
In-textSloman (2006) indicates that…. or . . . . It has been shown that… (1)
Reference list / bibliographySloman, J. (2006) Economics, Harlow, FT Prentice Hall. (author/date)1. Sloman, J., Economics. 6th ed. 2006, Harlow: FT Prentice Hall. (numeric)
• Refer to handout for examples using other styles• Online book, same as print book plus supplier, [online] URL and (date accessed)
• SLOMAN, John• 2006• Economics• 6th edition• Harlow• FT Prentice Hall
• Author names: surname, first name or initial/s• Year of publication• Title of the book• Edition• Place of publication• Name of publisher
Book (multiple authors) - example
In-textIt has been argued that . . (Perman et al., 2003) or . . Recent research has proven that . . (1)
Reference list / bibliographyPerman, R., Ma, Y., McGilvrary, J. & Common, M. (2003) Natural resource andEnvironmental Economics, Harlow, Pearson Education. (author/date)
1. Perman, R., et al., Natural Resource and Environmental Economics. 3rd ed. 2003, Harlow: Pearson Education. (numeric)
• Refer to handout for examples using other styles• Online book, same as print book plus supplier, [online] URL and (date accessed)
• Perman, R., Ma, Y., McGilvray, J., & Common, M.
• 2003• Natural Resource and Environmental Economics• 3rd edition• Harlow• Pearson Education
• Author names: surname, first name or initial/s• Year of publication• Title of the book• Edition• Place of publication• Name of publisher
Chapter in edited book
• Author name/s – surname and first name (or first name initials)
• Year of publication• Title of the chapter• Editor’s name or names• Title of the book• Edition• Pages• Place of publication• Name of publisher
Chapter in edited book - example• Author name/s – surname and first name (or first name initials)• Year of publication• Title of the chapter• Editor’s name or names• Title of the book• Edition• Pages• Place of publication• Name of publisher
• Watson, G., Londsdale, C., Cox, N., & Sanderson, J. • 2007• Strategic supply chain management: the power of incentives• Waters, D (Editor)• Global Logistics• 5th ed• pp. 91-106• London• Kogan Page
Chapter in edited book - example• Watson, G., Londsdale, C., Cox, N., & Sanderson, J. • 2007• Strategic supply chain management: the power of incentives• Waters, D (Editor)• Global Logistics• 5th ed• pp. 91-106• London• Kogan Page
• Author name/s – surname and first name (or first name initials)• Year of publication• Title of the chapter• Editor’s name or names• Title of the book• Edition• Pages• Place of publication• Name of publisher
In-textIn a recent study (Watson et al., 2007) it has been argued that... orWatson has proven that . . . (1)
Reference list / bibliographyWatson, G., Lonsdale, C., Cox, N. & Sanderson, J. (2007) Strategic supply chain management: the power of incentives. In Waters, D. (Ed.) Global Logistics. 5th ed.London,Kogan Page. (author/date)
1. Watson, G., et al., Strategic supply chain management: the power of incentives, in Global Logistics, D. Waters, Editor. 2007, Kogan Page: London. P. 91-106. (numeric)
• Refer to handout for examples using other styles• Online book, same as print book plus supplier, [online] URL and (date accessed)
Journal Article
• Author name/s – surname and first name (or first name initials)
• Year of publication• Title of the article• Title of the journal/source/publication• Volume number/Part number• Issue number• Page numbers
Journal Article - example
In-textDeVoss and Rosati (2002) gave a useful summary… or DeVoss and Rosati (1) gave a useful summary…
Reference list / bibliographyDeVoss, D. & Rosati, A.C. (2002) “It wasn’t me, was it?” Plagiarism and the Web.Computers and Composition, 19, 191-203. (author/date)
1. DeVoss, D. and A.C.Rosati, “It wasn’t me, was it?” Plagiarism and the Web. Computers and Composition, 2002. 19(2): p. 191-203. (numeric)
• Refer to handout for examples using other styles• Online journal, same as print journal plus name of collection [online], URL of collection and (date
accessed).
• DeVoss, D., & Rosati, A. C.• 2002• "It wasn't me, was it?" Plagiarism and the Web.• Computers and Composition• 19• 2• 191-203
• Author name/s: surname, first name or initials• Year of publication• Title of the article
• Title of the journal/source/publication• Volume number/Part number• Issue number• Page numbers
Web-page
• Author/s (surname and initials or organisation)
• year site published or last updated
• title of internet site
• URL / web address
• date accessed
Web-page - example
In-textThe Open Gardens scheme (British Red Cross, 2008)… orThe Open Gardens scheme (1) . . .
Reference list / bibliographyBritish Red Cross (2008) Open Gardens. Available at:http://www.redcross.org.uk/index.asp?id=39992 (Accessed: 17 June 2008). (author/date)
1. British Red Cross. Open Gardens [Internet]. [Cited 17 June 2008]. Available from: http://www.redcross.org.uk/index.asp?id=39992 (numeric)
• British Red Cross
• 2008• Open Gardens• http://www.redcross.org.uk/index.asp?id=39992•17 June 2008
• Author/s (surname and initials or organisation)• Year site published or last updated• Title of internet site• URL• Date accessed
More examples. . . . • Other sources of information source . . .
historical books wikistranslated books research reportsreference books company reportsatlases acts of parliamentblogs government publications
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right: The essential guide to Referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Peartree Press
• Citing and referencing Two or more texts supporting the same pointQuotations Using page numbers in in-text citationsSecondary citations
Refer to ‘Citing and Referencing’ handout for more information
Secondary Referencing/Citations
Referring to a piece of work you read about in anothersource (when you have not read the original work)
In text citationChen (2007) cites the work of Kelly (1999) who concluded…Other common conventions (as cited in..), (cited in…),
(see…), (cited by…), (quoted in…)
Reference list / bibliographyOnly cite the source you actually read
Refer to ‘Citing and Referencing’ handout for moreinformation
Reference lists / bibliographies• If using the author/date style (e.g. Harvard)
– references should be listed alphabetically by the first authors' surnames, regardless of the order they appear in the text.
– if you cite the same reference more than once, it is only listed once in the reference list / bibliography
• If using the numeric style (e.g. Vancouver)– references should be listed numerically in the order they appear
in your text – if you cite the same reference more than once, you use the
same number (unless you are referring to different page numbers)
• Usually single line spacing – check with your supervisor
Its all Latin to me…You may have seen the following -
• Op. cit. opere citato in the work cited• Ibid. Ibidem in the same place• Et al. et alii and others
These are used in some numeric styles
Reference list1. Thomson, M. (2005) ‘Tourism revenues: an economic perspective,
International Journal of Tourism 43 (2), pp. 45-502. Handelman, G. J. & Levin, N. W. (2008) Iron and anemia in human biology: a
review of mechanisms. Heart Failure Reviews, 13, 393-404.3. Smith, A. & Jones, J.(2005) ‘Fluctuations in tourism – the economic impact’,
Journal of Tourism 12 (1), pp. 23-36. 4. Du, J., et al. (2008) ‘Economic institutions and FDI location choice: Evidence
from US multinationals in China’, Journal of Comparative Economics, 36(3), pp.412-429.
5. Ibid., p. 4136. Thomson, M. op.cit., p.46.
TIPS & TOOLS
Paraphrasing and Quoting• Paraphrasing (putting things in your own words) can be tricky
• It is not just a matter of substituting a few words– e.g ten years for decade, point of view for perspective, etc
• The original material has to change sufficiently in terms of language and structure– bad paraphrasing plus a reference is still plagiarism– try re-writing the original text without looking at it
• If you can’t put in to your own words, use quotation marks and cite and reference the source– if you don’t quote verbatim, then use [square brackets] to indicate words
you have added and … for words you have removed.– don’t over-use quotes, summarising the argument into your own words
shows a better understanding
• Examples in ‘Citing and Referencing’ handout
Note Taking• Be systematic and thorough
• Think about all the (bibliographic) details you need to reference correctly and note them down
• Remember to note down all the details you’ll need e.g. – not just author surnames - initials too– not just book title – but chapter title too if relevant– not just the really good quote – but the page
number you found it on– not just the web address for the website – but the
date you accessed it, etc, etc.
Note Taking• It can be very difficult, time consuming and frustrating to
try to find these details later.
• If you don’t have all the details, you really can’t refer to the source in your text because you won’t be able to reference it properly.
• Try using a colour coding system in your notes e.g. highlight the following types of text in different colours. .
- your own words - paraphrased text - exact sentences or phrases from your source
which you want to paraphrase later - quotes (or use quotation marks)
If your notes look like this – get organised!
Why, oh why, did I not take better notes?
Remember Raj…
“I realise I should have been much more carefulwhen I started writing the book. At the time, giventhe stress I was under, given the deadlines and myother work, I thought I was adequately attributingwork.”
Raj Persaud (Jenkins, 2008)
Jenkins, R. (2008) ‘TV psychiatrist Raj Persaud suspended for plagiarism. Raj Persaud brought profession into disrepute’ The Times, 21 JuneTimesOnline [Online]. Available at:http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article4179597.ece(Accessed: 14 October 2008)
• Store the bibliographic details of all your sources in one place e.g. a password protected online library
• Add notes and your own keywords (tags)
• Type source details in manually or download from a database search
• Organise your sources e.g. in folders for different assignments, by subject, etc.
Reference management software
Reference management software
• Format reference lists automatically
• Change citation / referencing styles easily
• Cite while you write i.e. insert in-text citations as you type
• Helps ensure consistency– no worries on where you put the commas, colons, full stops and
italics!– change the order of your in-text citations and the reference list is
re-ordered accordingly (v.useful for numbered bibliography)
Web-based, online access
Access from home or halls
‘Lite’ version
Most suitable for undergraduate students
Library provides help and advice
Desk-top – PC Caledonia computers
Can’t access from home or halls
Most suitable for research (PhD) level students and staff
UICS provide training for PG and staff
Library lunchtime workshop
Further guidance - citing & referencing
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right: The essential guide toReferencing and plagiarism. 810.61PEA/ 3 hour loan
University of the West of England (2008). Referencing. [Online]http://learntech.uwe.ac.uk/referencing/ (Accessed: 13th October 2008)
University of Portsmouth/University Library. (2007) Interactive referencingguide.[Online] Available at: http://www.referencing.port.ac.uk/apa/index.html (Accessed:13th October 2008)
Birmingham City University Business School (2006). Harvard Referencing.[online] http://essential.tbs.bcu.ac.uk/harvard.html and Conducting and citingresearch[online] http://essential.tbs.bcu.ac.uk/research.html (Accessed: 13thOctober 2008)
JISC. (2008) Plagiarism advisory service. [Online] Available at:http://www.jiscpas.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 13th October 2008)
Further guidance – academic writing
Advice available from the Academic Skills Servicehttp://www.hw.ac.uk/sbc/library/academic_skills/index.htm
Books on academic writing in the library at 810.61
Books on study skills in the library at 371.3
Help/Contact• Library helpdesk
IM/chat: www.hw.ac.uk/library/chat.html
• Your Subject Librarianor [email protected] or [email protected]
• Effective Learning Advisor/Academic Counsellor [email protected]
• Endnote desktop training (UICS for PG Students): www.hw.ac.uk/uics/Training/endnote.htm
QUESTIONS?