The Church and Society

Chapter 15

Section 4

New Religious Orders

• The Cisterian monks farmed the land as well as worshiped and prayed

• They developed many new farming techniques.

Medieval Nuns

• Many women from noble families entered convents.

• Women who were scholars found the convents ideal places to study and write.

Hildegard of Bingen

• Hildegard headed a convent in Germany.

• She composed music for the Church.

The Friars

• Friars differed from monks. They did not stay at the monasteries.

• They went out into the world to preach.

• They lived by begging.

• The first order of friars was founded by Francis of Assisi.

The Role of Religion

• Daily life in the Middle Ages revolved around the Church.

• Priests ran the schools and hospitals.

• On Sundays and holy days, went to mass.

The Sacraments

• Church rituals were called sacraments.• The most important of these was

communion, in which people took bread and wine to remind them of Jesus’ death.

The Sacraments

1. Baptism

2. Confirmation

3. COMMUNION

4. Holy Matrimony

5. Marriage

6. Holy Orders

7. Penance

The Saints

• Many Christians also prayed to saints.

• Saints were holy men and women who died and were believed to be in heaven.

• The most honored of the saints was Mary, the mother of Jesus.

The Inquisition

• The Church tried to put an end to heresy, or religious beliefs that conflict with Church teachings.

• The Inquisition, or Church court tried heretics.

• If they confesses they were punished and returned to the Church.

• If they refused to confess, they could be executed!

Anti-Semitism

• Many Europeans hated Jews.• When disease or economic problems

arose, people blamed the Jews.• Hatred of Jews is known as anti-

Semitism.• Jew were made to live in separate

communities called ghettos.

Jewish Expulsions c. 1100–1500

Chapter 15-4 part 2

Medieval Architecture

• Religion was an important part of life and society in the Middle Ages.

• As result Church leaders and wealthy merchants paid to build large new churches called cathedrals.

• They were built in the Romanesque or Gothic style.

Romanesque Style

• The Romanesque churches were rectangular buildings with long, rounded roofs called barrel vaults.

Romanesque Cathedrals

Romanesque• This style refers to

the manner of Roman architect.

• The buildings were massive structures.

• They resembled fortresses with thick towers and roofs

Small windows means

dim interior

Rounded arches

Romanesque Arch

Gothic Churches

• Gothic cathedrals had ribbed vaults and pointed arches instead of rounded barrel vaults.

• Castles became unpopular

• Cities were growing and thriving

• Italian fresco artist Giotto

• Money replaces land as wealth

• Cathedrals created seats for bishops

• Pointed arches to help push support to the exterior

• More windows• Stain glass- taught the

bible• External support

system improved -flying buttress

• Taller and weightless

Gothic Cathedrals

• This style of cathedral reached towards the heavens with tall, slender towers, flying buttresses, and were adorned with huge windows of stained glass.

• The cathedrals took the general shape of a cross or crucifix.

Features of the Gothic Cathedral

• Pointed arch

• Flying buttresses

• Vaults

• Gargoyles

• Stained glass windows

The pointed arch

• Having the arch meet at an angle, rather than a curve added strength

Flying Buttresses

• Flying buttresses reach over a side aisle to support the heavy stone roof of the cathedral

Vaults

• These were internal supports of the cathedral ceiling.

Gargoyles• These were

carved down spouts, through which the water from the roof fell to the ground.

• They were carved to look like frightening creatures, that appeared to be spitting the water on the ground.

Stained Glass Windows

The Rose Window

• Stained glass windows let light into the cathedral.

• The windows often told stories with the glass pictures.

• Most cathedrals had a rose window at the entrance of the cathedral.

Romanesque

or

Gothic?

Romanesque

Rounded arches

Thick walls and few windows

Romanesque vs: GothicThick walls Thin walls

Few windows Stain glass windows

Rock buttress Flying buttress

Dim interior Bright interior

Wealth = land Wealth = money

Rounded arches Pointed arches

The First Universities

• Two of the first universities were in in Bologna, Italy and Paris, France.

• They were created to educate and train scholars.

• Students studied grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.

• Students did not have books.

Universities

• The students studied for four to six years.

• Then a committee of teachers gave them an oral exam.

• They could earn a doctor’s degree in law, medicine, or theology, the study of religion.

Thomas Aquinas

• A new way of thinking called scholasticism began to emerge in the 1100s.

• Followers used reason to explore questions of faith.

• The priest, Thomas Aquinas, was scholasticism’s greatest champion.

1225–1274Thomas Aquinas

Monte Cassino monasteryThomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas

• Thomas Aquinas wrote several works explaining the teachings of Aristotle and how these teachings would work with Christian ideas.

• He also wrote about the government, with an emphasis on natural law.

Medieval Language

• Educated people spoke or wrote in Latin. The Church used Latin in its worship and daily affairs.

• The local language used by the people of region for everyday use was called the vernacular language.

Medieval Literature

• During the 1100s new literature was written in the vernacular.

• Troubadours wrote poems about love.• Heroic epics were written about knights

fighting for the kings and lords.• Geoffrey Chaucer wrote witty tales about

the people of medieval life.