Robert Hall Chinese Snuff Bottles XIII - The Boston Snuff Party
The Chinese Party-State
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Transcript of The Chinese Party-State
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The Chinese Party-State
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Outline
• Center of the party-state– Party structure at the center– Government structure at the center– National People’s Congress
• Local structure of party-state– Local people’s congresses– Local Party & government organs
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Communist party-state
• Organizational design of political system– the difficult task of institutionalization
• Mao Zedong borrowed from– the Leninist party-state of the Soviet Union– the imperial system of ancient China
• principles of guardianship and hierarchy• Mao added the idea of the “mass line”
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Common Features
• The political systems of imperial China and the former Soviet Union
• centralized control• bureaucratic administration• the role of ideology
– no room for private, individual interests– no room for organized opposition to the state
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Changes in the System
• Great Leap Forward (1958 - 1961)• Cultural Revolution (1966 - 1976)• political reforms in the post-Mao era• substantive issues, policies, and the
allocation of power have changed greatly• the formal structure of the political system
has endured
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Communist party-state
• Guardianship– the Party represents the historical best
interests of the people– the “people’s democratic dictatorship” allows
no organized opposition to party leadership• Hierarchy of party and govt. organizations
– “democratic centralism”– consultation and implementation
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V illa ge
T o w n sh ip
C o u n ty/D is trict
C it y
P ro v in ce
C e n ter
Party Structure
T o w n sh ip
C o u n ty/D is trict
C it y
P ro v in ce
C e n ter
Governm ent Structure
Village
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CCP General Secretary
• Jiang Zemin (1989 - 2002)• Hu Jintao (2002 - )
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Politburo Standing Committee
• Each heads party work in one area– organization and personnel– propaganda and education– finance and economy– political-legal affairs– foreign affairs– etc.
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CCP Central Committee
• About 200 members (and 150 alternate)• membership in CC reflects political power• Central Committee departments:
– Department of Organization– Department of Propaganda– Department of United Front– Department of International Liaison
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CCP National Congress
• Meets every 5 years since 1977– 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002– 16th National Party Congress– November 2002– 2154 delegates
• elects– Central Committee
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PRC Head of State
• President• Jiang Zemin
– 1993 - 2003– also the then CCP General Secretary
• Hu Jintao– 2003 - 2008– also the current CCP General Secretary
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Central Government
• Premier: Wen Jiabao (2003-2008)• State Council• 29 Ministries and Commissions
– Ministry of Foreign Affairs– Ministry of National Defense– Development and Reform Commission– People’s Bank of China, etc.
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Central Military Commission
• Commanders-in-chief of the People’s Liberation Army
• in both the central Party and government structures
• same composition• Chair: Hu Jintao• 11 members
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National People’s Congress
• According to the constitution, the highest organization of state authority
• NPC Standing Committee– the permanent body of NPC exercises all but
the most formal powers of the NPC• 8 Special Committees
– legislative affairs, nationalities, agriculture and rural, foreign affairs, etc.
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National People’s Congress
• NPC plenary sessions– meet annually in Beijing– for about 2 weeks
• the nearly 3,000 deputies are elected– for 5-year terms– by provincial-level people’s congresses
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Power Relationship
CCP Politburo
National PC State Council
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Local People’s Congresses
Eligible votersTownship
Eligible votersCounty
County or district PC’sCity
City PC’sProvince
Provincial PC’sNational
Elected byPeople’s Congresses
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Provincial Level Governments
• 22 Provinces• 5 Autonomous
Regions• 4 Municipalities• 2 Special
AdministrativeRegions
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5 Autonomous Regions
• Inner Mongolia• Xinjiang Uygur• Guangxi Zhuang• Ningxia Hui• Tibet
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Directly Administered Cities
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Special Administrative Regions
• Hong Kong (since 1997)• Macau
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Local Governments
• Cities– 4 cities at the rank of provinces– 15 cities at the rank of “semi-provinces”– 283 cities at the rank of prefectures– 374 cities at the rank of counties
• 1,636 counties and 852 city districts• 35,484 townships (and 900,000 villages)
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Local Party Structure
• 3.5 million party committees, party general branches, and party branches
• provinces, cities, counties, townships, and villages
• enterprises– state-owned enterprises– private enterprises
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Replicated at lower levels
Local party committee
local people’s congress local government