Microsoft PowerPoint - CPN2006BeijingTOD_Asian.pptUrban Development and Planning in China China Planning Network 3rd Annual Conference
Beijing, China June 14-16, 2006

The Chinese Edition of TOD TOD
Background Growing interest in TOD worldwide: A strategy
towards sustainable development --
http://www.reconnectingamerica.org
Background (con’t ) • Rapid development and growing ambition in rapid
rail transit in Chinese cities
– Large scale rail transit expansions in the past decade:
Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen
– Many other cities have built or planned to build rail or rapid bus transit (incomplete list):
TianjinShenyang, Wuhan, Chengdu, Dalian,, Nanjing, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Suzhou

Research Project
Case Study: Hong Kong, Taipei, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shenzhen, Wuhan

– Desktop research
– Site visits
Quite a Common View …
TOD developed in the U.S. does not have much to offer to guide the planning and development of Chinese cities. TOD

1. TOD-USA Applicable to Chinese Cities? “TOD-”
2. TOD, good concept, but how? By whom? TOD
• Mainland:
– Some mis-interpret (or on purpose) TOD as “traffic-oriented development”
• Lack of operational TOD in the Chinese context TOD

Elements of TOD-USA (“TOD-”) 1. Higher Density 2. Mixed Uses 3. Pedestrian Friendly
Environment 4. 400-800 Meters Radius 5. Transit Services
1.
2.
3.
4. 400
5.
2,5886,2369,669(/km2) Municipal Density
6,700 (2004)$25,000$13,000
Pedestrian Environment
“TOD-” TOD
1. Higher Density Land use efficiency --
2. Mixed Uses Increase choices/options/diversity --
3. Pedestrian Friendly Environment: Quality design --
4. 400 Meters Radius Market size 400---
5. Transit Services Transit quality (more than ridership and revenue) --
A Chinese Edition of TOD TOD ()
Five D’s Squared (5D2): “5D” 1. Differentiated Density
2. Dockized District
3. Deluxe Design
4. Diverse Destinations
5. Distributed Dividends “”

• Taipei: max. FAR bonus 50% higher than the surrounding area
50%
0.5 km
2. Create a sense of arrival
3. Decrease walking ‘cost’ ‘’
4. Market size determined by the quality of the built environment

Admiralty Station Stores and MTR Share Entrances
Reduce walking ‘cost’ with protected walkways
Xujiahui Station,
Shanghai

2. Schedule optimization for feeder transportation
3. Site planning and design for place-making
Place Identity
• Improve safety
• Reduce energy use
• Lower noise
Attentions to Details
Xujiahui Square
#4: Diverse Destinations
TOD land use planning in local AND regional spatial scale
• Local Scale: mixed land use in the station area

• Regional scale: job-housing along transit corridors and within the commuting sheds

• A TOD Typology. Different types of TOD (by location, technology, age, and function will have different use composition and design principles) TOD TOD /

– Commonly accepted among scholars
– Joint Development practice exists long before TOD

• Common practice and stronger interests in “Development-Oriented Transit” (DOT)
The Hong Kong Model
• MTR: “Rail + Property” or “P+R” Model “+”
• KCR: “Linear City” Model “”
The Characteristics of R+P model +
1. Self-financing: MTRC is responsible for rail construction and operating costs.
2. No capital/operation subsidies or government guaranteed loan is required
3. MTRC coordinates the planning, construction and management of both railway and property
4. MTRC is the land owner of the railway and related property development land until the completion of the project
1.,
2.
4.,
The Concept of Transit-Oriented Development (Reference: Ho, T. 2006)
Model of TOD Comprehensive Development

Implement the “R+P” Model “”
1. MTR obtains ‘Land Development Right’ from the government and develops comprehensive plan.
2. MTR pays land cost on the ‘Greenfield – No Railway’ basis.
3. MTR builds railway and develops property in partnership with developers.
4. Property value goes up with railway.
5. MTR benefits from the value enhancement which is used to build new railways.
1.
“”
High-rise residential buildings

Seamless connection between the rail station and property, providing a convenient and high-quality living environment
5/F (Park-and-ride Facilities and Residential Parking)
Podium Garden
4/F (Residential Parking)
3/F (Platforms of Airport Express and Tung Chung Line, Shopping Mall)
2/F (Platforms of Airport Express and Tung Chung Line, Shopping Mall)
1/F (Station Concourse, Shopping Mall and PTI)
G/F (Loading/Unloading, Shopping Mall, PTI and Parking)
PTI

Source: Ho 2006
A transit hub:
A residential cluster:
A shopping mall:
A civic center:
Government’s Benefit from the “R+P” Model “+”
HK$billion
Value to Government/HK Land premium 62.0 Market cap (15/11/05) 62.9 Cash dividends 2.2 IPO proceeds 10.0
Cost to Government
Govt equity injection (34.0) Additional equity required to complete network --
Value creation 103.1
•
Government has built the MTR Network without spending cash, and instead, gain $103.1 million in value.
Taipei: Zhong-Xiao Fu-Xing & Yong-An Market Stations

Sun Sun YatYat--sensen Park Station, Shanghai, Park Station, Shanghai, China China Dream of Dragon project:Dream of Dragon project:
Summary
TOD
TOD
Five D’s Squared (5D2): “5D” 1. Differentiated Density
2. Dockized District
3. Deluxe Design
4. Diverse Destinations
5. Distributed Dividends “”