The Chile Reader edited by Hutchison, Klubock, Milanich, and Winn

7/27/2019 The Chile Reader edited by Hutchison, Klubock, Milanich, and Winn

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Elizabeth Quay Hutchison,

Thomas Miller Klubock,

Nara B. Milanich,

and Peter Winn, editors

The

ChILe

ReadeR

History, Culture, PolitiCs


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eries edited by obin irk and rin tarn

T H E A R G E N T I N A R E A D E R

dited by abriela ouzeilles and raciela ontaldoT H E B R A Z I L R E A D E R

dited by obert . evine and John J. rocitti

T H E C H I L E R E A D E R

dited by lizabeth Quay utchison, homas iller lubock,

ara . ilanich, and eter Winn

T H E C O S T A R I C A R E A D E R

dited by teven almer and vn olina

T H E C U B A R E A D E R

dited by viva homsky, arry arr, and amela aria morkalo

T H E E C U A D O R R E A D E R

dited by arlos de la orre and teve trifer

T H E G UA T E M A L A R E A D E R

dited by reg randin, eborah . evenson, and lizabeth glesby

T H E M E X I C O R E A D E R

dited by ilbert . Joseph and imothy J. enderson

T H E P A R A G U A Y R E A D E R

dited by eter ambert and ndrew ickson

T H E P E R U R E A D E R , 2 N D E D I T I O N

dited by rin tarn, vn egregori, and obin irk

W

eries edited by obin irk and rin tarn

T H E A L A S K A N A T I V E R E A D E R

dited by aria Shaa Tla Williams

T H E B A N G L A D E S H R E A D E R

dited by eghna uhathakurta and Willem van chendel

T H E C Z E C H R E A D E R

dited by Jan aant, ina aantov, and Frances tarn

T H E I N D O N E S I A R E A D E R

dited by ineke ellwig and ric agliacozzo

T H E R U S S I A R E A D E R

dited by dele arker and ruce rant

T H E S R I L A N K A R E A D E R

dited by John liord olt


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The

Chile

ReadeR

H I S T O R Y , C U L T U R E , P O L I T I C S

Elizabeth Quay Hutchison, Thomas Miller Klubock,

Nara B. Milanich, and Peter Winn, editors

D U K E U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S Durham and London 2014


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2014 uke niversity ress

ll rights reserved

rinted in the nited tates o merica on acid-ree paper ypeset in onotype ante by W& ooks, nc.

ibrary o ongress ataloging-in-ublication ata

he hile reader : history, culture, politics /

lizabeth Quay utchison, homas iller lubock, ara . ilanich,

and eter Winn, eds.

pages cm (atin merica readers)

ncludes bibliographical reerences and index.

ISBN 978-0-8223-5346-1 (cloth : alk. paper)ISBN 978-0-8223-5360-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)

1. hileistory. 2. hileivil ization.

3. hi leolitics and government.

. utchison, lizabeth Q. (lizabeth Quay)

. lubock, homas iller.

. ilanich, ara ., 1972

. Winn, eter.

. eries: atin merica readers.

3081.C485 2013983dc23

2013020980


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ontents

cknowledgments xiii

ntroduction 1

IEnvironment and History 9

o etter and,Pedro de Valdivia 17

he oetry o lace: y ountry, Gabriela Mistral 21

razy eography, Benjamn Subercaseaux 25

atastrophe and ational haracter,Rolando Mellae 30

eorestation in hile: n arly eport, Claudio Gay 36

atastrophe in ewell,Pablo Neruda 42

all to onservation,Raael Elizalde Mac-Clure 45

n eense o the Forests,Ricardo Carrere 48ollution and olitics in reater antiago, Saar Van Hauwermeiren 52

II Chile beore Chile: Indigenous Peoples, Conquest,and Colonial Society 59

aleolithic Footprint 67

hinchorro: he Worlds ldest ummies 68

iaguita eramics 70

apuche extiles: ulture and ommerce 72

he nca eet the apuche, Garcilaso de la Vega 74

onquistador leads is ase to the ing,Pedro de Valdivia 80

xalting the oble avage,Alonso de Ercilla 85

ebating ndian lavery,Melchor Caldern and Diego de Rosales 92

o ell, ive, onate, rade, or xchange: ertication o ndian

nslavement 98

ortrait o ate olonial antiago, Vicente Carvallo y Goyeneche 102

From War to iplomacy: he ummit o apihue 109

he nsolence o eons,Mine Owners o Copiap 117


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viii Contents

III The Honorable Exception: The New Chilean Nationin the Nineteenth Century 121

evolutionary Journalist: Fundamental otions o the ights o

eoples, Camilo Henrquez 129n nglishwoman bserves the ew ation,Maria Graham 133

he uthoritarian epublic,Diego Portales 139

olitical atechism,Francisco Bilbao 143

iterature o ts wn:Martn Rivas,Alberto Blest Gana 147

he niversity and the ation,Andrs Bello 153

olish cientist among the apuche, Ignacio Domeyko 157

erman mmigrants in the outh, Vicente Prez Rosales 163

The Beagle Diary: eculiar ace o en, Charles Darwin 167ow to un an acienda,Manuel Jos Balmaceda 172

Franco-hilean in the aliornia old ush,Pedro Isidoro Combet 178

he Worst isery: etters to the antiago rphanage 183

ace o agabonds, Augusto Orrego Luco 186

IV Building a Modern Nation: Politics and the Social Questionin the Nitrate Era 193

udacious and ruel poilations: he War o the acic,Alejandro

Fierro 199

apuche hietain emembers acication,Pascual Coa 205

hile and ts thers 210

ace, ation, and the oto hileno,Nicols Palacios 213

itrates, ationalism, and the nd o the utocratic epublic, Jos Manuel

Balmaceda, Arturo Alessandri, and a popular poet 217

aniesto to the hilean eople,Democratic Party 224

od istributes is its nequally: n rchbishop eends ocialnequality, Mariano Casanova 227

Workers ovements and the irth o the hilean et,Luis Emilio

Recabarren 233

itrate Workers and tate iolence: he assacre at scuela anta ara

de quique,Elas Laertte 238

Women, Work, and abor olitics,Esther Valds de Daz 245

he ion o arapac, Arturo Alessandri 251

utocrats versus ristocrats: he ecay o hiles arliamentary epublic,Alberto Edwards 256

escuing the ody olitic: aniesto o a ilitary oup 259

he oet as reator o Worlds:Altazor, Vicente Huidobro 262


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Contents ix

other o hile? Womens urage and alle de lqui, Gabriela

Mistral 267

V Depression, Development, and the Politics o Compromise 273heir Work as aid the Foundation or reatness: hiles rab

ndustrialists 279

Is Chile a Catholic Country? Alberto Hurtado 284

old ysel ust Find Work, annot ontinue ere:

nterview with a ousehold Worker 289

Fundamental heoretical rinciples o the ocialist arty,Julio Csar

Jobet 293

ublic ealth risis, Salvador Allende 297rogress or ll ocial lasses: ampaigning or the opular Front,

Pedro Aguirre Cerda 301

ural Workers, andowners, and the olitics o ompromise, The League o

Poor Campesinos o Las Cabras and the National Society o Agriculture 305

A Case o Frustrated Development,Anbal Pinto 309

he ovement or the mancipation o hilean Women: nterview with

lena aarena 315

oetry and olitics:Memoirs and he eights o acchu icchu,PabloNeruda 320

iners trikes and the emise o the opular Front: .. tate

epartment ables 327

tates o xception,Elena Cafarena 331

he irth o a hantytown,Juan Lemuir 334

lein-aks: hiles First xperiment with eoliberalism 340

VI The Chilean Road to Socialism: Reorm and Revolution 343

etween apitalism and ommunism: ocial hristianity as a hird Way,

Eduardo Frei 353

roperty and roduction: amphlet romoting hristian emocracys

grarian eorm 356

he hristian et and ommunitarian ocialism,Jacques Chonchol and

Julio Silva Solar 362

he ew ong ovement: n nterview withnti-llimani 366

yrics o the ew ong ovement, Violeta Parra and Victor Jara 371

he lection o 1970 376


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x Contents

he lection o alvador llende: eclassied .. overnment

ocuments 380

he apuche and akeoverat ucaln: nterviews with easants and

andowners 386

evolution in the Factory: nterviews withWorkers at the

arur otton ill 393

he hilean evolution ne ear n, Salvador Allende Gossens 400

Women ead the pposition to llende: nterview with armen

aenz 406

o hat hile an enew ts arch Forward, Chilean Business and

Proessional Associations 410

he emands o the eople,Movement o the Revolutionary Let 415

reasonous istory,A Group o Retired Generals and Admirals 420nited tates olicy and overt ction against llende, The Church

Committee 422

veryone nows What s oing to appen,Radomiro Tomc to

General Carlos Prats 426

hese re y Final Words, Salvador Allende Gossens 428

VII The Pinochet Dictatorship: Military Rule andNeoliberal Economics 433

iary o a oup,Peter Winn 443

n the yes o od and istory, Government Junta o the Armed Forces

and Carabineros o Chile 450

inochets aravan o eath,Patricia Verdugo 454

Women and orture,National Commission on Political Detention and

Torture 459

peration ondor and the ransnationalization o error, U.S. FederalBureau o Investigation 465

rotected emocracy and the 1980 onstitution,Jaime Guzmn 468

hantytown rotest: nterviews with obladores 474

here s o Feminism without emocracy,Julieta Kirkwood 482he ids o arrio lto,Alberto Fuguet 487

exuality and occer,Pedro Lemebel 493

ompeting erspectives on ictatorship as evolution,Joaqun Lavn

and Ernesto Tironi 498

he Whole World Was Watching: he 1988 lebiscite, The Observer Group

o the Latin American Studies Association 512


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Contents xi

VIII Returning to Democracy: Transition and Continuity 521

Justice o the egree ossible: he ettig eport,Patricio Aylwin

Azcar 527

urveillance Within and Without: The Custody o the Eyes,DiamelaEltit 534

egislating ender quality? oices rom ongress and ivil ociety 538

ender and exuality in ransition 544

he redit-ard itizen, Toms Moulin 547

hiles reatest ddition to the panish anguage: Huevn,John Brennan

and Alvaro Taboada 553

ever ooked or ower,Augusto Pinochet Ugarte 555

istorians ritique inochets nti-istory,Eleven ChileanHistorians 560

he apuche ation and the hilean ation,Elicura Chihuaila 568

rowth with quity,Alejandro Foxley 575

o onservative and et o odern? he olitics o oncertacin,

Alredo Jocelyn-Holt 581

he atholic hurch oday,Antonio Delau, S. J. 585

o ever gain ive t, o ever gain eny t: he alech eport on

orture,Ricardo Lagos 588

he hilean rmy ater inochet,Juan Emilio Cheyre Espinosa 592

La Seora Presidenta,Michelle Bachelet 595

he icentennial eneration 601

elected eadings 605

cknowledgment o opyrights and ources 613

ndex 623


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xiii

cknowledgments

work o this size and complexity requires that a great many people share

the editors painas well as their successin bringing the project to rui-

tion. he editors would like to start by expressing our gratitude to each

other or persevering in this project over the last decade. lthough nishing

this book has been a shared enterprise, many o our most important debtsare individual. iz utchison would thereore like to thank egina, ante,

asqual, ita, eth, Justin, iguel, ymm, Jason, am, eidi, ricka, ole,

and ara or their unwavering support. om lubock would like to thank

shan, iran, and andhya. ara ilanich thanks icola, iacomo, and

uca. eter Winn would like to thank than, asha, and ue or their pa-

tience and support.

his book would not have been possible without the support and gener-

osity o our many colleagues and riends, on whose specialized advice wehave relied to identiy and obtain many o the texts and images that make

up this book. his long list includes many o those named elsewhere in

these acknowledgments, as well as arjorie gosn, argarita lvarado,

isa aldez, erike loeld, renda lsey, ario arcs, lredo Jocelyn-

olt, atherine ite, ala tun, ara nglica llanes, Jadwiga ieper,

Julio into, ricka erba, ngela ergara, and oledad rate. lthough

the elected eadings indicate some o the vast bibliography we have re-

lied on or the books scholarly apparatus, we are particularly indebted torian oveman or his enduring work, Chile: The Legacy o Hispanic Capi-

talism, without which many more errors o act and interpretation would

have surely crept into our manuscript. We extend special thanks to col-

leagues who gave us access to their archival materials, ricka eckman

and eonardo eon, and to those who shared their original interview tran-

scripts, namely isa aldez, icardo alladares and lison ruey, Florencia

allon, and argaret ower. For permission to reprint excerpts o their

published interviews, we thank uis iuentes and ilar olina. We aredeeply indebted to colleagues who have authored major published collec-

tions o historical documents, including eter ornbluh, author o The

Pinochet File; oa orrea, onsuelo Figueroa, lredo Jocelyn-olt, lau-


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xiv Acknowledgments

dio olle, and anuel icua, editors oDocumentos del siglo XX chileno;

ergio rez, editor oLa cuestin social en Chile: Ideas y debates precursores,

18041902; and to the curators and scholarly contributors to the hilean

ational ibrarys remarkable digital archive, Memoria chilena (www

.memoriachilena.cl).

lmost all o the selections in The Chile Readerare rom primary sources,

but licura hihuaila, Jacques honchol and Julio ilva olar, lejandro

Foxley, ergio rez and abriel alazar, Joaqun avn, and oms oulin

did grant us permission to publish translated excerpts o their longer works.

ost o the remaining texts selected or the book required permissions

granted by authors agents and publishers, including the ociedad hilena

de erechos de utor, LOM diciones, and ditorial niversitaria. ther

permissions were granted directly by the authors amilies or estates, suchas the rden Franciscana de hile, the amily o adomiro omic, and the

ictor Jara, ablo eruda, alvador llende, and Jaime uzmn ounda-

tions. We particularly wish to thank ngel arra or the rights to publish his

mothers work, as well as assistance with the nglish-language lyrics, and

Juan Flores or his generosity in granting rights to republish the translation

by his ather, ngel Flores, o enjamin ubercaseauxs Crazy Geography.

he guts o this bookits historical documentswere made possible by

a crew o translators who worked tirelessly to render them in nglish: wethank Justin elacour, nrique argun, yan Judge, imothy orek, Jane

osaw, elissa ann, revor artenson, arson orris, avid chreiner,

arolyn Watson, and John . White or their translations o this material.

We are particularly grateul to achel tein or her masterul work with

challenging colonial texts, to ea odrguez-alanta or expert translations

o literary materials, and to ricka erba and loria lvarez or rendering

poetry and song in beautiul nglish. ristina ordero, arin osemblatt,

liot Weinberger, and nrique apata also generously granted us the rightsto their excellent published translations o hilean texts. hese translations,

as well as the reproduction and permissions costs, were unded by generous

nancial support rom UNMs atin merican and berian nstitute and the

epartment o istory, uke niversity ress, and olumbia niversitys

nstitute o atin merican tudies. he editors particularly wish to thank

steban ndrade at olumbia niversitys ILAS, or processing permission

payments, and aren oniachik and aula acheco at olumbias lobal

enter in antiago, or their assistance in bringing The Chile Reader to abroader audience.

urningThe Chile Reader into a book that would provide readers with

visual as well as textual sources required tremendous cooperation rom


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Acknowledgments xv

dozens o artists, photographers, and activists, as well as the agents, archi-

vists, and amily members who oten manage their work. lejandro ar-

ruel, Juan arlos ceres, om illehay, arcos onzlez aldz, lvaro

oppe, ugo nante, Fernando aldonado oi, arcelo ontecino, ic-

tor ugo obles, John pooner, avid ryse, pencer unick, and uido

argas gave us permission to publish their original photographs, while Jos

almes, uillo astias, and icardo orales allowed us to reproduce their

graphic art. any others gave permission to publish images belonging to

their amilies and/or organizations, including idia asas and driana -

mez uoz o the orporacin Foro ed de alud y erechos exuales y

eproductivos; the widow o emesio ntuez or her late husbands work;

oracio alinas (and ugusto and alena amaniego, who put us in touch

with him) or photos o nti-llimani; ario guirre aldonado or his a-thers historic photos o ewell (www.imagenesdesewell.cl); Fernanda u-

bio or her athers photos o laza ungay and inister llende; lizabeth

ira and iviana iaz or assistance with arpilleras; and ebastin os .,

or use o his grandathers lein-aks poster. We received extraordinary

help in securing reproductions and rights rom arolina uaznabar o the

useo istrico acional, Jimena osenkranz o the iblioteca acional,

lena amora o reamagen, arlena enna o the rchivo del rzobiz-

pado de antiago, and Father amuel Fernndez o the entro de studios yocumentacin adre urtado. uzanne chadl graciously provided access

to the am lick ollection o atin merican olitical osters at the ni-

versity o ew exico, while van oserup o the anish ational ibrary,

atie ishler o the rtists ights ociety, and erben van der eulen o

the nternational nstitute o ocial istory provided other reproductions.

he editors particularly want to thank arjorie gosn or generously al-

lowing us to place rma ullers remarkable arpillera on the books cover, as

well as photographer ddison oty and curator ey ariana unn o theational ispanic ultural enter or providing the reproduction or our

use.

uring the long gestation oThe Chile Reader, busy colleagues have in-

vested their time in reading our proposals, drats, chapters, and manuscript.

We deeply appreciate the support and eedback we have received rom John

inges, aul rake, rian oveman, aterina izzigoni, and Fernando ur-

cell; eidi insman has spent so much time with this book that she knows

it better than some o the editors! We thank ill elson or creating hisne maps o the long narrow country, and at the niversity o ew ex-

ico, iz utchison wishes to thank ellie aker, atricia ent, and licia

omero or their tireless work to obtain authors permissions; ana llison,


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xvi Acknowledgments

olanda artnez, and arbara Waer or a variety o rescue operations; and

hawn ustin or his arduous labor on the index. For their help in obtaining

and processing copyright permissions at uke we thank anessa oriott

nderson, lena Feinstein, itch Fraas, hina edel, om obinson, sa-

bel ios-orres, egan Williams, and particularly orien live, who gave

so much time and heart to make this book turn out well. iriam ngress

has patiently shepherded this project through multiple editorial stages over

many years, and iz mith and hris rochetire have supported our work

at the production stage. artha amsey was a dedicated and sympathetic

copy editor. bove all, we warmly thank alerie illholland, senior editor

and creator o the eaders series, or her patience and heartelt devotion to

The Chile Reader. We hope that our whole community o colleagues, riends,

amily, translators, contributors, and publishers nds satisaction and rec-ompense in what we have created together.


14/21

Intrductin

In Septeber 200, ater aking wrd headines with a ajr earthquake,

the inauguratin a new cnservative president, and the nging draa

thirty-three iners trapped undergrund, Chie arked its bicentenary

with an utpuring pubic ceebratins. Fr weeks bere and ater the

Septeber 8 natina hiday, Chiean edia bried with reectinsn the cuntrys 200 years natina ie. In cncerts and perrances,

ectures, and parades, and in the pages the press, Chieans exained,

ceebrated, and critiqued every aspect their histry and identity as a na-

tin. Majr pubic events, such as the inauguratin in Santiags Santa Luca

Parksite the rst Spanish setteent a cerative statue dedi-

cated t Chies indigenus pepes and sybicay returning t the

the parks ain paza, as regrunded signicant events and thees in

the natina ery. Especiay ntewrthy was the diversity perspec-tives represented; angside the rsters cia estivities a pethra

aternative events prierated whse rganizers prised a ess cnven-

tina, re critica visin the natin.

The bicentennia reectins nand cpeting arguents abutthe

past were by n eans a unique ccurrence. Ater the arrest the ex-

dictatr August Pinchet in 998 and again during a wave 20 student

prtests, Chieans engaged in passinate debates abut their sciety that

were siutaneusy debates abut the cuntrys past. The Chile Readertakes its cue r this ipuse t think abut the eanings natina his-

try and the reatinship Chies past and present.

Fr uch its histry, Chie has ebraced the ante exceptina-

isthe ntin that Chie is sehw diferent r its Latin Aerican

neighbrs. In recent years bth inside and utside Chie, in Latin Aerica

and beynd, this siver a cuntry has been tuted r its ecnic per-

rance, pitica stabiity, and dernity. In act, this aura histrica

exceptinais itse has a ng histry. During the cnia perid, Chiesdistinct character derived r its status as a rete backwater the

Spanish Epire, a cny pagued by a perpetua war with an unusuay

resistant indigenus ppuatin. In the eary nineteenth century, bserv-


15/21

2 Introduction

ers inside and utside the newy independent repubic bserved that Chie

had avided the vience and pitica chas that characterized st the

heispheres new natins, adpting a stabe and centraized, i authritar-

ian, pitica syste.

In the id-twentieth century Chiean exceptinais reached its peak.

Chie enjyed a reputatin as a de cuntry, a participatry decracy

that basted peaceu eectra pitics in a heisphere pagued by iitary

interventins in pitica ie. During the Cd War, Chie becae ne the

wrds key idegica battegrunds, bringing Savadr Aende t pwer

as the rst decraticay eected Marxist president in the wrd. This back-

drp as heps expain the gba ipact the cup 973, when that st-

ried decratic traditin et a bruta end at the hands the dictatrship

August Pinchet. Then again during seventeen years iitary rue,Chie was tuted as a de by bth critics and deenders the dictatr-

ship: a disturbing ebe the vient pitica repressin that swept the

regin at the height the Cd War, Chie was as seen as a success stry

neibera arket rer in Latin Aerica. The transitin t civiian

decracy in the 990swhich presented the rearkabe case a bruta,

ng-running dictatrship terinated thrugh a nnvient pebiscitehas

urther strengthened ntins Chiean exceptinais, as has the Chiean

ecnic irace, re than a decade high grwth with w inatinand a draatic drp in pverty. Tday, r any in Chie and beynd, the

cuntry enjys an enviabe status as a stabe, dern, capitaist decracy

withut peer in the regin.

The Chile Readerprbes this distinctive character, seeking t expain hw

and why, in the present as at key ents in the past, Chie has wed a

path that appears s diferent r that its Latin Aerican neighbrs. But

it as prbes exceptinais as yth, that is, hw particuar ideas abut

Chies exceptina character have been centra t natina identity and havebth eerged r and heped shape Chies histrica devepent. One

ga this vue is t hep readers recgnize these yths, the histry

n which they are buit, and hw they have served natinaist, cass, and

idegica agendas. Traveers and students cnteprary Chie wh are

uent in the stries Chieans te abut thesevesand that thers te

abut thewi be better abe t navigate the pitica and cutura terrain

the de cuntry in the twenty-rst century.

The Chile Readeris cpsed priary dcuents, incuding bth writ-ten texts and iustratins, spanning re than 500 years Chiean his-

try. Mst these wrks are by Chiean authrs, and any these are

pubished here in Engish r the rst tie. Brie intrductins accpany


16/21

Introduction 3

each dcuent, prviding histrica cntext and expaining its signicance.

Whie this signicance is in se cases bviusas in an 82 prcaatin

caing r independence r Spain r President Savadr Aendes na

radi address t the natinwe as present aterias that reect uncia

expressins and pints view. The Readerakes avaiabe interviews, iter-

ature, artwrk, cartns, crrespndence, aniests, ethngraphies, and

phtgraphs that reect the perspectives a wide variety pepe, dis-

senting views, and cntested eries the past. Thus we hear r Ma-

puche Indians and Spanish cnists, peasants and aristcrats, einists and

iitary strngen, entrepreneurs and wrkers, priests and pets. These

dcuentary seectins as prvide pints departure r readers t ex-

aine thees gender, cass, and ethnic reatins in Chie acrss tie. In

the end, this seectin is neither cprehensive nr exhaustive: rather, theeditrs have chsen ebeatic texts and iages that speak t thees such

as decracy, scia inequaity, ecnic devepent, the envirnent,

and ethnicity that are particuary reevant in tdays Chie.

The Reader is rganized arund a series recurring tensins inked t

the persistent narrative Chiean exceptinais. One the st endur-

ing these narratives has been the discussin ecnic dernizatin

and its recurring neesis, sciecnic inequaitythrughut Chies

natina perid. Chieans have been debating what it eans t be dernand hw t achieve ecnic devepent since the birth the natin.

This debate runs thrugh eary nineteenth-century strugges ver the eg-

acy Spanish rue, ver reign ecnic inuence, and ver the shape

that the state shud take. By the end the nineteenth century, Chie had

ebraced a surace dernizatin thrugh an ecny based n exprts

priary cdities t wrd arkets (ntaby cpper and nitrates). Yet

even as the eary twentieth century brught such apparent signs der-

nity as the grwth cities, the unding actries, and a bradeningpitica sphere, it as spurred critica vices wh cndened unreguated

capitaist devepents ther ace, incuding scia inequaity, deepening

pverty r any Chieans, and sharpening cass divisins. Cnicts ver

these very diferent visins hw t prduce ecnic dernizatin es-

caated thrughut the 960s and 970s, as Chie passed thrugh rerist

and revutinary sciaist attepts t generate devepent whie as in-

creasing scia equaity and pitica participatin, experients that ended

abrupty with the U.S.-supprted iitary interventin 973. A deningevent Chies natina histry, the cup brught t pwer a iitary dic-

tatrship that pursued a neibera ree-arket de r ecnic grwth,

which was argey aintained by the decraticay eected caitin gv-


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4 Introduction

ernents that rued Chie r tw decades ater the end iitary rue in

990. In 200, Chie becae the rst Suth Aerican eber the Organi-

zatin r Ecnic Cperatin and Devepent, the eite cub thirty-

ur deveped natins. But recent studies shw it has the wrst ince

inequaity and st sciecnicay segregated educatina syste

any natin in that cub. The Readergives readers access t texts and iages

that dcuent the enduring tensins between ecnic dernizatin

and scia inequaity that have pagued Chiean devepent and arked

its pitica discurse.

A secnd and reated tensin evident in even a cursry reading Chies

natina histry is the cpeting pressure between authritarian and de-

cratic rs gvernance. Fr the cnservative cnstitutin the

eary repubic t the gegraphicay and adinistrativey centraized rce twentieth-century statehd, Chiean pitica eites and histrians aike

have auded the reative success their increasingy stabe, decratic, and

centraized state. The pweru yth Chiean decratic rue is see-

ingy cnred by its tw perids dictatrship (92793 and 973990),

which are viewed as exceptina; the yth as eides the deay univer-

sa sufrage t a its citizens (universa ae sufrage 887, eae sufrage

949). On cser exainatin the state and party ratin that under-

girds Chiean decracy, rever, histrians have nted the systeaticexcusin particuar grupssuch as the peasantryeven in perids

civiian rue. Chiean pitics in the twentieth century as evidenced the

cncentratin pwer in the hands a sa pitica and ecnic eite,

even as ppuar pitica participatin expanded under ppuist and revu-

tinary gvernents. Finay, athugh Pinchets regie institutinaized

authritarian practices, this state exceptin was in se ways unex-

ceptina, as Chie was rued thrugh states exceptin r siege r uch

its histry. In additin, the iitary exercised subte rs inuencen the pitica and ecnic ie the natin bth bere and ater the

dictatrship. Teingy, the renditin Chies natina histry prduced r

the bicentennia ceebratins by the new cnservative gvernent ended

bere Aendes sciaist gvernent, the iitary cup, and the seventeen-

year dictatrship, ignring ne the st sybicay pweru ents

in Chiean histry: the bbing the presidentia paace, La Mneda, a

syb Chiean decracy, by the iitary n Septeber , 973.

One the east exained the verarching tensins inring na-tina histry is the assertin that Chiein cntradistinctin t se its

csest neighbrsis cpsed an ethnicay hgeneus ppuatin.

In act, this natina attribute has ng been invked t expain its pitica,


18/21

Introduction 5

ecnic, and iitary achieveents. Reegating indigenus ppuatins

and their histries either t the past as cnquered pepes r arginaiz-

ing their signicance in the present, Chiean natin-buiding has typicay

hgenized ethnic diference and et Mapuches and ther native and

Arican-descended grups ut the natina narrative. This tendency was

st ceary expressed by se turn--the-twentieth-century inteectuas,

wh advcated Eurpeanizatin and viewed Chies indigenus ppuatin

as an ipedient t prgress, whie thers ceebrated Chies Indian war-

rir rts and vaunted the estiz ppuatin as the basis the natins

iitary triuphs and ptentia ecnic success. Even in the atter view,

hwever, the gries the Mapuche were reegated t a distant past and na-

tinaist writers ked rward t the bigica and cutura absrptin

Mapuches int a natina, ethnicay estiz citizenry. The excusin theMapuche, wh cpse 0 percent the Chiean ppuatin, r bth

the cuntrys decracy and r the ruits ecnic dernizatin

was again evident in the cuntrys bicentennia ceebratins. Even as the

Chiean state returned the Santa Luca hi t the Mapuche, ast every

ajr eader the gvernent, incuding the president hise, were en-

jying a re cnventina bicentennia ceebratin in the city Vaparas

where the Cngress is cated, denstrating the inia iprtance they

attributed bth t Mapuche histry and Mapuches current cnditin as aarginaized ethnic inrity.

By cntrast, Chies iigrant ppuatins, thugh saer than thse

se its neighbrs, have received greater recgnitin. A pace has been

ade in the natina iaginary r iigrant cunities (r Geran

arers in the suth t Paestinian anuacturers in Santiag and British

ining entrepreneurs in the nrth). The cutura and racia cntributins

Nrth Aericans and Eurpeans t natina prgress have been ceebrated.

The Chile Readeraddresses the histrica rts, as we as degraphic andcutura efects, this ethnic diversity, a part Chies histry that reveas

a variety distinct cutura and regina identities and inrs episdes

territria, ecnic, and reigius cnict. By exaining the varied his-

try ethnic cunities in the Chiean natin and iustrating hw racia

hierarchies and ethnic diferences have structured Chiean ntins cass

and natin, the Reader prepares readers t engage thughtuy with the

ways Chieans haveand have ntcnrnted the pitics ethnic di-

erence in the past and the present.In apparent cntrast t current schary trends that ephasize gba

and transnatina raes anaysis, The Chile Reader, ike a the readers

in the Duke series, is rganized arund a natin. This cntrast, which we


19/21

r

l

P A C I F I C

O C E A N

AT L A N T I C

O C E A N

0

0 300 km

200 mi

N

ANTRTICACHILENA

ANTARCTICA

ARICA

PARAGUAY

URUGUAY

BRAZILB O L I V I A

A R G E N T I N A

PERU

TARAPAC

COQUIMBO

MAULE

BOBO

LA ARAUCANA

LOS LAGOS

LOS ROS

AISN

Chilo

OHIGGINS

MAGALLANES

ANTOFAGASTA

ATACAMA

VALPARASOMETROPOLITAN

REGION(Santiago)Santiago

CalamaTocopilla

CoquimboOvalle

Via del Mar

San Bernardo

CuricLinares

ChillnLos Angeles

OsornoValdivia

Talcahuano

Arica

Quilpu

Iquique

Antofagasta

Copiap

Valparaso

Concepcin

La Serena

RancaguaTalca

Temuco

Puerto Montt

Coihaique

Punta Arenas

Pitica Map Cnteprary Chie.


20/21

Introduction 7

suggest is as apparent, pints t yet anther tensin that has arked Chie

thrughut its histry, that between isatin and gba insertin. Since

cnia ties Chies gegraphic isatin has been requenty highighted;

the territry has ten been described as a ng, thin siver enveped be-

tween the ridabe peaks the Andes and the vast expanse the Pacic,

cut f t the nrth by the hstie Atacaa Desert, the wrds driest, and

t the suth by the rete and rbidding ands and waters Patagnia,

Tierra de Fueg, and Antarctica. This pecuiar gegraphy served as the ba-

sis r the regins adinistrative isatin under Iberian rue and ater as

the tepate r territria cais ade by the Chiean natin-state against

neighbring Argentina, Bivia, and Peru. But such isatin asks a his-

trica reaity vita gba cnnectins between Chie and the rest the

wrd, cnnectins that ng predate ate twentieth-century gbaizatin,athugh they have utipied greaty in recent decades. Cais t isa-

tin (and by ipicatin, exceptinais) are beied by evidence regina

trade netwrks, trans-Andean indigenus cunities in the suth, i-

gratin and territria expansin in the nrth, and ceanic shipping net-

wrks that cnnected Vaparas t prts in Nrth and Suth Aerica,

Eurpe, Austraia, and East Asia. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries,

Chies ecny reied n substantia reign investent and trade, ink-

ages that have shaped everything r the natins ethnic cunities tits scia and pitica veents. During the nineteenth century, British

erchants, wh wud ce t cpse se Chies eading aiies,

payed a centra re in the ecny and sciety, dinating trade and exer-

cising cnsiderabe inuence in banking, rairads, and even nitrate prduc-

tin, whie during the twentieth century U.S.-wned cpper ines in the

Andes and Atacaa desert prduced the cuntrys ajr surce reign

revenue. The tensin between natina isatinis and gba integratin

was particuary evident during the iitary regie, whse vient excessesdrve a dipatic wedge between Chie and the internatina cunity

and whse rigid censrship isated Chie cuturay, even as the regie

ebraced a de neibera ecnic integratin. Since the return t

decracy in 990, this integratin with regina and gba arkets has

ny increased. AReaderdedicated t a natina histry reains reevant

in an increasingy gba and transnatina wrd: the stry Chies eer-

gence as a natin iustrates hw deepy the stry natins is predicated n

internatina ws pepe, ideas, and capita. This natina histry as i-uinates iprtant cparative and regina diensins in the cuntrys

natina devepent, reveaing dynaics and reatins that denstrate


21/21

8 Introduction

Chies siiarity with, as uch as exceptin r, brader regina and

wrd histrica devepents.

Athugh The Chile Readeris a substantia te, we hpe that it wi serve

students and traveers new t Chie as a aithu and useu cpanin in

their jurneys, bth actua and iagined. The Reader is therere bth a

t and a pint entry that can be apprached in utipe ways: read r

cver t cver, digested in dcuentary seectins n a particuar thee,

r expred thrugh a singe chrngica chapter abut an era particu-

ar interest. Whatever nes apprach, chapter and dcuent intrductins

wi rient ne t the key events, actrs, and ents in Chiean histry

and sciety. A ntes, ther than thse indicated as written by a texts authr

r transatr, are by the editrs this vue. We as hpe thisReaderwi

be interest t experienced teachers and speciaistseven i they take is-sue with certain seectins and interpretatins. Finay, The Readerbenets

enrusy r the extensive crpus schary wrk n which it draws.

Readers are encuraged t cnsut the seected readings t access the rich

and inrative scharship n Chie that wi enabe the t deve deeper

int its histry and expre new thees and ther perspectives.

By adpting a histrica perspective and epying priary surces, The

Chile Readerpresents Chies any vices and aws readers t ake deci-

sins r theseves abut the cpex reaities behind Chies career as ade r Latin Aerica and t judge r theseves the debates ver its

past and present. The authrs, histrians r the United States with ng

experience in research, scharship, and teaching abut Chie and Latin

Aerica, have earned r and cntributed t Chieans nging efrts

t understand and interpret that cuntrys past. They have sught thrugh

their writing and teaching t deepen U.S. understandings the regin and

the U.S. re in its histry. Thse efrtsike this bkhave cntributed

t the critica reebering Chies past, bth within Chie and r U.S.audiences accusted t narratives U.S. exceptinais and Latin Aeri-

can ineririty, vience, and victiizatin. The histry Chie, ike any

ther natina histries suth the Ri Grande, prvides an iprtant

vantage pint r which U.S. readers ay nt ny earn abut this ng,

thin cuntry, but as think criticay abut their wn cuntryand its wn

cais t exceptinais. As ur Chiean ceagues have expressed s we,

histry is prjectin. It is the scia cnstructin uture reaity.1

Note

. Sergi Grez and Gabrie Saazar,Mannifesto de historiadores (Santiag: lom , 999), 9.

The Chile Reader edited by Hutchison, Klubock, Milanich, and Winn

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Transcript of The Chile Reader edited by Hutchison, Klubock, Milanich, and Winn