The Chemistry of Gases. A Gas -Uniformly fills any container. -Mixes completely with any other gas...
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Transcript of The Chemistry of Gases. A Gas -Uniformly fills any container. -Mixes completely with any other gas...
The Chemistry of GasesThe Chemistry of Gases
A GasA Gas
- Uniformly fills any container.
- Mixes completely with any other gas
- Exerts pressure on its surroundings.
PressurePressure
- is equal to force/unit area
- SI units = Newton/meter2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)
- 1 standard atmosphere = 101,325 Pa
- 1 standard atmosphere = 1 atm =
760 mm Hg = 760 torr
05_47
h = 760mm Hgfor standardatmosphere
Vacuum
Effect of Atmospheric Effect of Atmospheric PressurePressure
05_48
h h
Atmosphericpressure (Patm)
Atmosphericpressure (Patm)
Gaspressure (Pgas)less thanatmospheric pressure
Gaspressure (Pgas)greater thanatmospheric pressure
(Pgas) = (Patm) - h (Pgas) = (Patm) + h
(a) (b)
Standard Pressure UnitsStandard Pressure Units
1 atmosphere =
760 mm Hg = 760 torr
1.013 x 105 Pa = 101.3 kPa
14.7 psi (pounds per square inch)
Pressure ConversionsPressure Conversions
The pressure of a gas is measured as 49 torr. Represent this as atmospheres and as Pascals.
49 torr| 1 atm = 6.4 x 10-2 atm
| 760 torr
49 torr | 1.013 x 105 Pa = 6.5 x 103 Pa
| 760 torr
Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law**
Pressure Volume = Constant (T = constant)
P1V1 = P2V2 (T = constant)
V 1/P (T = constant)
(*Holds precisely only at very low pressures.)
A gas that A gas that strictly obeys strictly obeys Boyle’s Law is called an Boyle’s Law is called an
ideal gasideal gas..
05_1541
Pext
Pext
Volume is decreased
05_50P
(in
Hg)
0
V(in3)
20 40 60
50
100
PP2
V
2V
(a)
00
1/P (in Hg)
0.01 0.02 0.03
20
40slope = k
(b)
V(in
3 )
1.53 L of sulfur dioxide gas at 5600 Pa is changed to 15000 Pa at constant temperature. What is its new volume?
P1V1 =P2V2 5600 x 1.53 = 15000 x V2
V2 = 0.57 L
1.0 L of hydrogen gas at 345 torr is connected
to an empty 2.5 L flask and allowed to combine. What is its new pressure?
345 x 1.0 = P2 x 3.5 P2 = 98.6 torr
Charles’s LawCharles’s Law
The volume of a gas is directly proportional to temperature, and extrapolates to zero at zero Kelvin.
V = bT (P = constant)
b = a proportionality constant
05_1543
Pext
Pext
Energy (heat) added
Balloon with Liquid NBalloon with Liquid N22
05_53
V(L
)
-300
T(ºC)
-200 -100 0 100 200
1
2
3
6
4
5
300
-273.2 ºC
N2O
H2
H2O
CH4
He
Charles’s LawCharles’s Law
VT
VT
P1
1
2
2 ( constant)
Always Change to KELVIN!Always Change to KELVIN!
K = C + 273
A sample of gas at 15o C and 1 atm has a volume of 2.58 L. What is its new volume at 38o C and 1 atm pressure?
Pressure remains constant at 1 atm
T1 = 15 + 273 = 288 K
T2 = 38 + 273 = 311 K
V1 = V2 or V1T2 = V2T1
T1 T2
2.58 x 311 = V2 x 288 V2 = 2.79 L
Gay-Lussac’s LawGay-Lussac’s Law
Pressure is directly proportional to the Kelvin Temperature
P = k T
or P1 = P2
T1 T2
05_1542
Pext
Pext
Temperature is increased
Standard Temperature Standard Temperature and Pressureand Pressure
“STP”
P = 1 atmosphere
T = C
The molar volume of an ideal gas is 22.42 liters at STP
Combined Gas LawCombined Gas Law
When all three change use:
P1 V1 = P2 V2
T1 T2
or P1V1 T2 = P2V2 T1
A cylinder contains 255 mL of CO2 at 27o C and 812 torr. What volume would this occupy at STP?
P1= 812 torr T1= 27o C + 273= 300 K
V1= 255 mL P2= 1 atm= 760 torr
T2 = 0o C = 273 K
P1V1T2=P2V2T1 (812)(255)(273)=V2(760)(300)
V2= 247.9 mL
Avogadro’s LawAvogadro’s Law
For a gas at constant temperature and pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas (at low pressures).
V = an
a = proportionality constant
V = volume of the gas
n = number of moles of gas
05_1544
Increase volume to return to originalpressure
Gas cylinder
Moles of gasincreases
Pext Pext
Pext
Ideal Gas LawIdeal Gas Law
- An equation of state for a gas.
- “state” is the condition of the gas at a given time.
PV = nRT
Ideal Gas LawIdeal Gas Law
PV = nRT
R = proportionality constant
= 0.08206 L atm mol
P = pressure in atm
V = volume in liters
n = moles
T = temperature in Kelvins
Holds closely at P < 1 atm
Ideal Gas LawsIdeal Gas Laws
Can be used to calculate molar masses by gas density
density= mass = molar mass
volume molar volume
At STP, molar volume is 22.4 L
Suppose you have a sample of ammonia gas with a volume of 856 mL at a pressure of 932 torr and 28o C. What is the mass of the ammonia present?
P= 932 torr / 760 torr = 1.23 atm
V = 0.856 L T = 28 + 273= 301 K
n = PV = (1.23)(.856) = 0.0426 moles
RT (.0821)(301)
mass = moles x MM= 0.0426 x 17= 0.724g
Dalton’s Law of Dalton’s Law of Partial PressuresPartial Pressures
For a mixture of gases in a container,
PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . .
Used primarily when collecting
gases over water.
Mixtures of helium and oxygen are used for deep scuba diving. If 46 L oxygen and 12 L He at 1.0 atm are put into a 5.0 L tank at 25oC, calculate the partial pressures of each gas and the total pressure in the tank.
n = PV = (1)(46) and (1)(12)
RT (.0821)(298) (.0821)(298)
nO2= 1.9 mol nHe = 0.49 mol
In the tank, V= 5.0 L
PO2 =nRT / V = (1.9)(.0821)(298) / 5.0 = 9.3 atm
Phe = (0.49)(.0821)(298)/ 5.0 = 2.4 atm
Ptotal = 9.3 + 2.4 = 11.7 atm
HomeworkHomework
#1 p223ff 8, 12, 15, 17, 18, 30
Stoichiometry and GasesStoichiometry and GasesA sample of solid potassium chlorate decomposes by the equation 2 KClO3 (s) -----> 2 KCl (s) + 3 O2 (g)
If 650 mL of oxygen at 22oC and 754 torr is collected over water, how much KClO3 decomposed?
PH2O = 21 torr (from table of vapor pressure)
PO2 = 754 - 21 = 733 torr / 760 = 0.964 atm
nO2 = PV /RT = (.964)(.650) / (.0821)(295) = 0.0259
0.0259 mol O2 | 2 mol KClO3 | 122.6 g KClO3 = 2.11 g
| 3 mol O2 | 1 mol KClO3 KClO3
HomeworkHomework
#2 p226ff 32, 35, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44
Kinetic Molecular TheoryKinetic Molecular Theory
1. Volume of individual particles is zero.
2. Collisions of particles with container walls cause pressure exerted by gas.
3. Particles exert no forces on each other.
4. Average kinetic energy Kelvin temperature of a gas.
The Meaning of The Meaning of TemperatureTemperature
Kelvin temperature is an index of the random motions of gas particles (higher T means greater motion.)
(KE)32avg RT
05_58
Rel
ativ
e nu
mbe
r of
O2
mol
ecu
les
with
giv
en
velo
city
0
Molecular velocity (m/s)
4 x 102 8 x102
05_59
Rel
ativ
e nu
mbe
r of
N2
mol
ecu
les
with
giv
en
velo
city
0Velocity (m/s)1000 2000 3000
273 K
1273 K
2273 K
Effusion: describes the passage of gas into an evacuated chamber.
Diffusion: describes the mixing of gases. The rate of diffusion is the rate of gas mixing.
05_60
Gas
Vacuum
Pinhole
Diffusion RatesDiffusion Rates
Rate of effusion for gas 1Rate of effusion for gas 2
2
1
MM
Distance traveled by gas 1Distance traveled by gas 2
2
1
MM
Effusion:Effusion:
Diffusion:Diffusion:
Find the ratio of the effusion rates of UF6 versus H2.
Rate H2 = MMUF6 = 352 =13.2
Rate UF6 MMH2 2
HomeworkHomework
#3 p228ff 53, 54, 68, 70, 72, 76
#4 p229ff 77, 89, 91, 92
Super XCR #97
Real GasesReal Gases
Must correct ideal gas behavior when at high pressure (smaller volume) and low temperature (attractive forces become important).
05_62
00
P(atm)
200 400 600 800
1.0
2.0
PV
nRTCO2
H2
CH4N2
Ideal
gas
1000
Real GasesReal Gases
[ ]P a V nb nRTobs2( / ) n V
corrected pressurecorrected pressure corrected volumecorrected volume
PPidealideal VVidealideal