The Chemistry of Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases: TheoriesAcids and Bases: TheoriesAt the conclusion of our time At the conclusion of our time

together, you should be able to:together, you should be able to:

1. Explain the 3 different theories for an acid, Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis

2. Explain the 3 different theories for a base, Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis

3. Identify conjugate acids and bases

Oh, that smarts!!Oh, that smarts!!

Theory #1: Arrhenius (traditional) Theory #1: Arrhenius (traditional)

Acids – produce HAcids – produce H++ ions (or hydronium ions (or hydronium ions Hions H33OO++))

Bases – produce OHBases – produce OH-- ions ions

Simple look for an H at the beginning or Simple look for an H at the beginning or an OH at the end of a compoundan OH at the end of a compound

(problem: some bases don’t have (problem: some bases don’t have hydroxide ions!)hydroxide ions!)

Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water. Notice the H on the left.

Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH- in water, but notice there is no OH- on the left!!

AcidAcid

BaseBase

Theory #1: Arrhenius (traditional) Theory #1: Arrhenius (traditional)

Try #1 on your handout.Try #1 on your handout.

1.1. AA

2.2. SS

3.3. AA

4.4. BB

5.5. SS

6.6. BB

Pinned!!!Pinned!!!

Theory #2: Brønsted – LowryTheory #2: Brønsted – Lowry

Acids – proton donorAcids – proton donor

Bases – proton acceptorBases – proton acceptor

A “proton” is really just a A “proton” is really just a hydrogen atom that has lost hydrogen atom that has lost its electron!its electron!

A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donorA Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor

acid conjugate base

base conjugate acid

The Brønsted definition means NHThe Brønsted definition means NH33 is a is a

BASEBASE in water — in water —

and water is itself an and water is itself an ACIDACID

BaseAcidAcidBaseNH4

+ + OH-NH3 + H2OBaseAcidAcidBase

NH4+ + OH-NH3 + H2O

Label the acid, base, conjugate acid, and Label the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base in each reaction:conjugate base in each reaction:

CHCH33OH + NHOH + NH22-- CH CH33OO++ + NH + NH33 CHCH33OH + NHOH + NH22-- CH CH33OO++ + NH + NH33

acid conjugate acid

base conjugate base


HCN + SOHCN + SO44-2-2 HSO HSO44

-- + CN + CN-- HCN + SOHCN + SO44-2-2 HSO HSO44

-- + CN + CN--

acid conjugate base

base conjugate acid

Theory #2: Brønsted – LowryTheory #2: Brønsted – Lowry Try Page 10 Top TableTry Page 10 Top Table

1b. OH1b. OH--

2b. H2b. H22OO

3a. HCO3a. HCO33--

4b. NO4b. NO33--

5a. NH5a. NH44++

Theory #2: Brønsted – LowryTheory #2: Brønsted – Lowry Try Page 10 Bottom TableTry Page 10 Bottom Table

1b. H1b. H33OO++

2b. HCO2b. HCO33--

3b. H3b. H22COCO33

4a. SO4a. SO442-2-

5b. H5b. H33POPO44


HCl + POHCl + PO443-3- HPO HPO44

2- 2- + Cl + Cl--HCl + POHCl + PO443-3- HPO HPO44

2- 2- + Cl + Cl--

Acid Base Conjugate A Conjugate B

Kid’s Kid’s Letters to Letters to

God:God:

Lewis acid - a substance Lewis acid - a substance that accepts an that accepts an electron pairelectron pair

Lewis base - a Lewis base - a substance that donates substance that donates an electron pairan electron pair

Theory #3 – Lewis Theory #3 – Lewis

Formation of Formation of hydroniumhydronium ion is an excellent ion is an excellent example of the Lewis definition.example of the Lewis definition.

•Electron pair of the new O-H bond originates Electron pair of the new O-H bond originates on the Lewis base.on the Lewis base.

HH

H

BASE

••••••

O—HO—H

H+

ACID

•Left. Lewis acidLeft. Lewis acid•Right. Lewis baseRight. Lewis base

Do the Lewis Structures of Both!!

Acids and Bases: TheoriesAcids and Bases: TheoriesLet’s see if you can:Let’s see if you can:

1. Explain the 3 different theories for an acid, Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis

2. Explain the 3 different theories for a base, Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis

3. Identify conjugate acids and bases

Pass the Clicker!!!

Which of the following definitions of an Which of the following definitions of an acid includes conjugate acids?acid includes conjugate acids?

1.1. ArrheniusArrhenius

2.2. Bronsted-LowryBronsted-Lowry

3.3. LewisLewis

4.4. KenzigKenzig

5.5. WoodsWoods

6.6. ToburenToburen

7.7. SabolSabol

8.8. SansonSanson

Which of the following definitions of an Which of the following definitions of an acid defines an acid as a proton donor?acid defines an acid as a proton donor?



3.3. LewisLewis

4.4. KenzigKenzig

5.5. WoodsWoods

6.6. ToburenToburen

7.7. SabolSabol

8.8. SansonSanson

Which of the following definitions of an Which of the following definitions of an acid defines an acid as accepting an acid defines an acid as accepting an

electron pair?electron pair?



3.3. LewisLewis

4.4. KenzigKenzig

5.5. WoodsWoods

6.6. ToburenToburen

7.7. SabolSabol

8.8. SansonSanson

Oh my goodness!!!Oh my goodness!!!

Which of the following definitions of an Which of the following definitions of an acid defines an acid as producing acid defines an acid as producing

hydrogen ions?hydrogen ions?



3.3. LewisLewis

4.4. KenzigKenzig

5.5. WoodsWoods

6.6. ToburenToburen

7.7. SabolSabol

8.8. SansonSanson

Identify the conjugate base in the Identify the conjugate base in the following equation.following equation.

1.1. NHNH33

2.2. HH22OO

3.3. NHNH44++

4.4. OH-OH-

Hittite Innovations:Hittite Innovations:

According to Arrehnius theory,Cu(OH)According to Arrehnius theory,Cu(OH)22 is is

a(n):a(n):

1.1. AcidAcid

2.2. BaseBase

3.3. SaltSalt

According to Arrehnius theory,NaAccording to Arrehnius theory,Na22SOSO44 is is

a(n): a(n):

1.1. AcidAcid

2.2. BaseBase

3.3. SaltSalt

Using the Bronsted Lowry theory, the Using the Bronsted Lowry theory, the conjugate base of Hconjugate base of H22SOSO44 would be: would be:

1.1. HSOHSO44++

2.2. HH33SOSO44--

3.3. HSOHSO44--

4.4. HH33SOSO44++

HH22O + COO + CO332-2- OH OH-- + HCO + HCO33

According to Bronsted Lowry theory, in the According to Bronsted Lowry theory, in the above reaction, Habove reaction, H22O is a(n)O is a(n)

1.1. AcidAcid

2.2. BaseBase

3.3. Conjugate acidConjugate acid

4.4. Conjugate baseConjugate base

According to Lewis theory,PClAccording to Lewis theory,PCl33 is a(n) is a(n)

1.1. AcidAcid

2.2. BaseBase

3.3. SaltSalt

4.4. Conjugate AcidConjugate Acid

5.5. Conjugate BaseConjugate Base

HNO is calledHNO is called

1.1. Hydronitric acidHydronitric acid

2.2. Nitric acidNitric acid

3.3. Nitrous acidNitrous acid

4.4. Hyponitrous acidHyponitrous acid

5.5. Pernitric acidPernitric acid

The pOH of a 0.0030M solution of HThe pOH of a 0.0030M solution of H22SOSO44 is: is:

1.1. 2.522.52

2.2. 11.4811.48

3.3. 2.222.22

4.4. 11.7811.78

5.5. 0.990.99

6.6. 13.0113.01


COCO33-2 -2 + H+ H33OO++ HCO HCO33

-- + H + H22OO COCO33-2 -2 + H+ H33OO++ HCO HCO33

-- + H + H22OO

HH22O + NHO + NH22-- NH NH33 + OH + OH-- HH22O + NHO + NH22-- NH NH33 + OH + OH--


HCl + OHHCl + OH-- Cl Cl-- + H + H22OO HCl + OHHCl + OH-- Cl Cl-- + H + H22OO

Acid Base Conjugate B Conjugate A

The Chemistry of Acids and Bases

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