The Chemical Composition of Cellsthexgene.weebly.com/uploads/3/1/3/3/31333379/chapter_2...Rinorea...
Transcript of The Chemical Composition of Cellsthexgene.weebly.com/uploads/3/1/3/3/31333379/chapter_2...Rinorea...
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The Chemical Composition of Cells
Chapter 2
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Rinorea niccolifera: Nickel-Eating Plant Discovered in Philippines
• Hyperaccumulator
plant species
• Phytoremediation
refers to the use of
hyperacccumulator
plants to remove
heavy metals in
contaminated soils
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Rinorea niccolifera: Nickel-Eating Plant Discovered in Philippines
• Phytomining is the
use of
hyperacccumulator
plants to grow and
harvest in order to
recover
commercially
valuable metals in
plant shoots from
metal-rich sites.
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The Chemical Composition of Cells
Elements of life
Chemical bonds
Inorganic compounds
Organic compounds
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Key Terms: Atoms
Proton
positive electric charge, small mass
Neutron
uncharged, about same mass as proton
Electron
negative charge, extremely small mass
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A Carbon Atom
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Electrons
Move around the nucleus at
different energy levels
Allow elements to combine
chemically to form chemical
compounds
Ions are atoms which tend to gain
or lose electrons
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Electron Configurations
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KEY TERMS
IONIC BOND
An electrostatic attraction between
oppositely charged ions
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Ionic Bonding
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KEY TERMS
COVALENT BOND
A chemical bond involving one or
more shared pairs of electrons
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Covalent Bonding in Hydrogen
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Covalent Bonding in Methane
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KEY TERMS
HYDROGEN BOND
An attraction between a slightly
positive hydrogen atom in one
molecule and a slightly negative
atom (usually oxygen) in another
molecule
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Discuss the properties of water,
and explain the importance of
water to life
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Water Has a strong dissolving ability
Molecules form hydrogen bonds with one another
(cohesion)
Molecules form hydrogen bonds to substances
with ionic or polar regions (adhesion)
Adhesion & Cohesion are particularly important
for transport
All living things require water to survive
Almost all chemical reactions that sustain life
occur in aqueous solution
High Melting & Freezing Points
Insulation Property after freezing (e.g., lakes)
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Water Structure
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Acids and Bases
Acids dissociate in water to form
hydrogen ions (protons, H+)
Bases dissociate in water to yield
negatively charged hydroxide ions
(OH-)
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pH Scale
A measure of the relative
concentrations of H+ and OH- in a
solution
A solution’s acidity or alkalinity is
expressed in terms of the pH scale
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Describe the chemical
compositions and functions of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids
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KEY TERMS
CARBOHYDRATE
An organic compound containing
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in
the approximate ratio of 1C:2H:1O
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Carbohydrates 1
Include sugars, starches, cellulose
Important fuel molecules,
components of molecules (nucleic
acids) and cell walls
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Carbohydrates 2
Monosaccharides
simple sugars
Disaccharides
two monosaccharide units
Polysaccharides
many monosaccharide units
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Common Monosaccharides
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Sucrose Synthesis
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Starch: A Storage Polysaccharide
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Cellulose: A Structural Polysaccharide
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KEY TERMS
LIPID
Any of a group of organic
compounds that are insoluble in
water but soluble in fat solvents
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Lipids 1
Have a greasy consistency, do not
readily dissolve in water
Important fuel molecules,
components of cell membranes,
waterproof coverings over plant
surfaces, light-gathering molecules
for photosynthesis
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Lipids 2
A neutral fat or oil molecule is
composed of a molecule of
glycerol plus one, two or three fatty
acids
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Formation of a Neutral Fat or Oil
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KEY TERMS
PROTEIN
A large, complex organic
compound composed of amino
acid subunits
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Protein
A macromolecule composed of
amino acids joined by peptide
bonds
Order of amino acids determines
structure and function of a protein
molecule
Enzymes: Proteins that increase
the rate of chemical reactions
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Amino Acids
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Peptide Bonds
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Organization of Protein Molecules
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KEY TERMS
NUCLEIC ACID
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Large, complex organic molecules
composed of nucleotides
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Nucleic Acids
Control the cell’s life processes
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Transmits information from one
generation to the next
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Involved in protein synthesis
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Nucleotides Repeating units that form nucleic acids
Order of nucleotides in a nucleic acid chain
determines the specific information encoded
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A modified nucleotide compound important in
energy transfers in biological systems
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids