The Changing Peering Environment
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Transcript of The Changing Peering Environment
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The ChangingThe ChangingPeering EnvironmentPeering Environment
Keith [email protected]
Executive Chairman, London Internet Exchange
Internet Peering
3rd December 1998
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OverviewOverview
• Trends
• Is the market consolidating ?
• Peering & Settlement
• Experiences at LINX
• Competition
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Some TrendsSome Trends
• Growth in IXP numbers:– handful in 1993
– over 100 end 1998
– distribution typical (~50% in US)
– more “local” exchanges
“IXP” = Internet eXchange Point
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Growth in ISP NumbersGrowth in ISP Numbers
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Growth in ISPGrowth in ISPMembership of IXPsMembership of IXPs
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Members Applications
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Growth in IXP TrafficGrowth in IXP Traffic
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Telephony Tariff TrendsTelephony Tariff Trends
• Much retail voice telephony traffic is becoming “too cheap to meter”
• e.g.– inclusive minutes– Internet telephony– national “L” rate 0845 in UK– free local call regime standing up to
Internet dial-up demands in US
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Tariff ConvergenceTariff Convergence
• Trend is not simply of voice settlement model being adopted by Internet
• Evidence that as bandwidth demands increase, it is not always economic or practical to count every last bit
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Has the ISP market Has the ISP market Consolidated ?Consolidated ?
• A few very big players
merging merging merging• Medium players getting larger
• Total number of ISPs is staying constant
• So there must be new entrants
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Is the ISP market Is the ISP market Consolidating ?Consolidating ?
• New players are seeing market opportunities:– due to new technologies
– in particular market segments
• Is this different from other industries ?
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Will the ISP market Will the ISP market Consolidate ?Consolidate ?
• Biggest difference from other industries is issue of “capture”
• Key emergent resources and technologies need protection from vested interest control
• Stifling competition stifles innovation• Key is strong regulation of potential
capturing monopolies– e.g. Microsoft, NSI
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Settlement & CompetitionSettlement & Competition
• Non-settlement exchange can inhibit competition by preventing peering where there is no other basis for agreement
• Settlement exchange can inhibit competition by encouraging revenue flow from small to large players
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IXPs & CompetitionIXPs & Competition
• Exchange point andco-location facilities promote fair competition:– reduce supplier lock-in
– lower barriers to entry
– increase transparency
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UK State of PlayUK State of Play• Most peering via LINX
– majority of members do peer (~80%)– disputes unusual
• Some smaller players via2 regional exchanges
• Limited (<10) private bi-lateral peerings
• Lots of settlement-based bi-lateral wholesale/transit
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LINX BackgroundLINX Background
• LINX is UK nationalInternet Exchange Point
• Represents 60 largest UK++ ISPs
• Tries to encourage open peering and competition between ISPs
• Promotes self-regulation (e.g IWF), but is not “regulator”
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LINX Peering EnvironmentLINX Peering Environment
• Published & well-defined membership criteria
• Minimum of interference in member peering autonomy
• Peering agreements private matter between members
• Incentives to peer
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LINX Peering Practice (1)LINX Peering Practice (1)
• Members must peer with at least:
– one other member
– LINX routers
• In order to:
– to acquire voting rights
– to remain member after 3 months
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LINX Peering Practice (2)LINX Peering Practice (2)• Members must:
– publish peering contacts– respond to peering requests
within 2 days
• Peering matrix on web page helps end-users put pressure on
• Independent staff can intervene
• Template “standard” peering agreement bring worked upon
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Good Peering PracticeGood Peering Practice
• “Self-regulatory” measures
• Peering policies should be:
– registered
– in public domain
– consistently & fairly implemented
– stable
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Settlement at the LINXSettlement at the LINX
• Recently removed restriction on settlement-based peering
• Historical rule set by founder members
• Was inhibiting some large players from joining
• Potential regulatory concern area
• Not consistent with principle of non-intervention in peerings
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Alternatives to SettlementAlternatives to Settlement
• Tiered peering used by some and works well:– exchange of subset of customer
routes/territory– multiple ASes/routing policies– or bandwidth limited
• Fixed fee peering
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QoS and SettlementQoS and Settlement• Quality of service commonly
advocated reason for need for settlement-based peering
• It is a red herring
• Existing complex inter-provider arrangement are at manageability limit already
• This will be a minority premium service, not the norm
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Quality of Service IssuesQuality of Service Issues
• Inter-provider routing on Internet is policy based, uses BGP
• BGP does not support QoS
• QoS routing (e.g. RSVP) cannot do inter-provider policy routing
• So only practical inter-provider QoS mechanism is link rate limiting
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QoS in PracticeQoS in Practice
• 3 ways to do link rate-limiting:– private point-to-point links
– ATM switches
– new generation of LAN (ethernet) switches
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Where do IXPs fit in ?Where do IXPs fit in ?
• Within EU, “national” IXPs should be needed less as telecoms market opens
• Small number of pan-European IXPs emerginge.g. AMS-IX, DGIX, DE-CIX, LINX,
VIX all have 25-35% non-domestic members
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IXP GrowthIXP Growth
• Many of the new IXPs are local/regionale.g. MaNAP, LoNAP, Scot-IX in UK;
many in US
• Motivated by strong IXP/co-lo synergy (e.g. PAIX)
• Often intent is to stimulate local Internet economy rather than simply efficient traffic exchange
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Growth in Co-locationGrowth in Co-location
• Major boom industry at present– e.g. Telehouse, Compaq, Co-lomotion
• TeleCity in UK major venture-capital funded start-up
• No less than 8 responders to LNX 2nd site tender less than 10km apart !
• PAIX is research project that makes profit !
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Growth in Co-locationGrowth in Co-location
• Remains much unmet demand forco-lo space outside UK & US
• ISPs want quality space
• Web hosting ISPs want lots of quality space
• Co-lo customers want choice of ISPs & carriers in facilities
• Existing facilities filling up
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Co-Lo Growth & PeeringCo-Lo Growth & Peering
• Private bi-lateral peering is not simple or cheap across multipleco-lo sites
• Cheap dark fibre may be one solutione.g Stockholm, Palo Alto,
almost Docklands
• Is scaling this future role for IXPs ?
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ConclusionsConclusions
• Open peering can promote competition
• Closed bi-lateral exchange can inhibit it
• Open peering arbiter can facilitate competition:– as L1/L2 exchange– as organisational environment
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SummarySummary• Market will determine:
– when– whether– where
settlement or not is best
• There is room for diversity
• Attempts to buck market will probably fail